Edo recurrently suffered with numerous big fires. However, there were few documents, recording the numbers of deaths and sizes of burned areas caused by those fires. We examined the document of fires occurred within Edo area on "Edo Saigai Nenpyo". And we invented the method to estimate the size of fire from the document. We chose 19 cases that the numbers of deaths have been shown in the document and we investigated the relations between the numbers of deaths and the sizes of fires. It became clear that the frequency of big fires during the last half of the Edo Period was different with that of the first half.

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目的：閉じこもり高齢者に影響を及ぼす要因とライフスタイルのカットオフ値を求めることを目的とした。方法：２００７年 A 市保健センターにおいて健康診断を受けた６０歳以上の住民のうち，男女２１１名を対象に，閉じこもり，ライフスタイル，生活機能，主観的健康感に関する質問紙による調査を行った。結果：閉じこもりと年齢，ライフスタイル，生活機能，主観的健康感が閉じこもりの有無と有意に関連しており，ROC 分析では，閉じこもりの AUC（area under the curve）は高い値を示した（０．８８）。結論：地域で閉じこもり予防活動等を行う際には，高齢者のライフスタイル，生活機能に着目した活動内容を援助することにおいて有効であることが示唆された。

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Basil Hall, who as captain of His Majesty's Ship Lyra stayed in Ryükyü for forty days in 1816, wrote, “Two of the natives have been studying English with great assiduity, and with considerable success. One is called Madera, the other Anya… They are both keen fellows, and always amongst the strangers.” These two officials were Fusaaki Maehira and Masasuke Aniya.
This paper intends to follow Aniya's activities as an interpreter by examining the books of Captain Beechey, C. Gutzlaff, W. Williams and P. Parker, who successively came to Ryükyü from 1820s to 1840s.
When the British warship Blossom, the British ship Lord Amherst and the American ship Morrison arrived at Naha port, the crew were surprised by being warned by a native interpreter, “What for come Doo-choo? How many guns? Plenty guns?” in broken English. He was Aniya who had learnt English when the Alceste and Lyra stayed in Ryükyü in 1816.
Though Ryükyü Kingdom strictly denied trading with foreign countries, native government treated foreigners kindly, supplying water and food without demanding any payment. Captain Beechey who came to Ryukyu in 1827 and other authors of log-books praised Aniya as an able interpreter and recognized Ryukyu kingdom as a very polite and amicable country.
When Commander Perry's squadron came to Ryukyu on its way to Japan in 1853 and 1854, Chôten Itarajiki (later Chôchfi Makishi), who had studied English from Aniya (later Yoseyama) played a remarkable role in his difficult negotiations with Americans. English studies in Ryükyü were initiated by Maehira and Aniya, and then were succeeded by Itarajiki.

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This paper focuses on the role of Sheng Xuanhuai 盛宣懐 in the complex political changes under the Guang Xu (光緒) Political Reform after the Sino-Japanese War in 1895. It is populary understood that the Political Reform movement was broken down by the refusal of Empresses Dowager, who after the Boxer Uprising changed its conservative policy and agreed to take an unyielding stand against the foreign powers. The general view is based on the mistaken idea that there was no effort made at institutional reform during the two years following the "Hundred Days" of 1898. Political reform during the late Qing period began with a plan to modernize its military forces, which had been defeated by Japan. The edict of 1895, which required the reconstitution of tariffs, was the most important policy for the fiscal reconstruction of the central government. In order to change the tariff rate and increase revenue, diplomatic negotiations to revise the commercial treaty (Treaty of Tientsin, 1858) were begun in the fall of 1899. Then, as the Boxer Uprising broke out in North China, Sheng Xuanhuai took a part in diplomatic negotiations to maintain safety in Yangzu and South-east coast of China. These negotiations prepared the international protocol of 1901 and the Mackay Treaty, which revised tariff rates. It is the conventional understanding that the Guang Xu Political Reform was suddenly started in 1901; however, the analysis in this paper shows that Sheng Xuanhuai, who had contacted Wang Wenshao (王文韶), carefully presented the plan of Political Reform. Especially, it attracts our attention that Sheng Xuanhuai's telegram letter (30th Dec, 1900) to Wang Wenshao used the special term 'composing reform plans' one month earlier than the edict of Guang Xu Political Reform, and became a key term of the Guang Xu Political Reform from 1901. The author shows that Sheng Xuanhuai proposed the establishment of an administrator for commerce.

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本稿は，愛媛県鬼北町における座敷雛がいかにして発生し，その後の中止と復活を経たうえで地域行事の一つとして継承されてきた過程を分析した。これらにより，鬼北町の地域文化としての座敷雛の特徴や役割を明らかにすることを目的とした。 八幡浜市真穴地区が発祥とされる座敷雛は，20世紀前半に，同地区と鬼北町旧広見町の住民との間での婚姻関係の成立により伝播した。1990年代になって，きほく座敷雛保存会のメンバーが座敷雛展示を復活させ，その造園技術やメンバーの継続的確保などによって，座敷雛展示は次第に鬼北町における代表的な地域行事の一つとして定着した。さらに，道の駅での展示の開始や，鬼北町内外の組織と連携したイベントの実施など，座敷雛展示の拡大や継続は，地域に活力を与える一助として貢献した。 メンバーの高齢化を理由に，2019年にこの活動は終了したが，座敷雛展示は25年間にわたって継続されたことに加え，約100年前の地域間交流や人の往来を浮き彫りにしたことも評価されるべきである。

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コククジラのアジア系個体群の過去から現在に至る生息状況を知るため、文献を調査した。確認された生息域は、北はベーリング海・オホーツク海北部から、南は南シナ海の中国南部沿岸までの広い範囲に及んだ。確認地点は、各海域の沿岸が大部分であったが、北太平洋の水深4000～5000mの海域からも記録があった。摂餌海域は、本来はオホーツク海北部であったが、現在はサハリン北東部沿岸に狭まっていると考えられる。明治期の文献によれば、北海道周辺も摂餌海域であったと考えられる。回遊ルートは、従来から、日本海の大陸側、日本列島太平洋側のルートが知られていた。前者のルートは、朝鮮半島では1930年代以降捕獲が少数になった後も、1980年代まで記録があり、少数が回遊ルートとして利用していたと考えられるが、1989年を最後に記録がなく、近年はほとんど利用されていないと思われる。後者のルートは、2000年以降も目撃、混獲、ストランディングが見られることから、現在も回遊ルートとして利用されていると考えられる。この他に、日本海の日本列島側の回遊ルートの存在が明治期の文献から示唆されていたが、1950年以降、混獲やストランディングが確認されたことから、回遊ルートとして時々利用されていると思われる。しかしながら、本回遊ルートは、記録が少なく、太平洋側のルートに比べ利用は少ないこと思われる。繁殖海域は朝鮮半島南部と中国沿岸の間と推測されるが、記録が少なく、さらなる調査が必要である。

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本稿では,大学院での3期にわたる日本語教育実習を振り返り,クラス内での学習者の発話量を増やすために筆者が取り組んだアクション・リサーチについて報告する。秋実習および冬実習を振り返り,筆者の問題点が学習者とのインターアクションおよび訂正フィードバックの方法にあり,それにより学習者の発話の機会を奪ってしまっていたことがわかった。また,冬実習では学習者間の発話量の偏りも生じてしまっていた。その反省から春実習の課題として,学習者の発話機会を増やすために筆者のインターアクションおよび訂正フィードバックの改善を試みた。分析の結果,インターアクション,訂正フィードバックに関して一定の改善は見られたものの,学習者間の発話量の偏りをなくすことはできなかった。また新たに,レベル差のあるクラスで,レベルの低い学習者や消極的な学習者にどのように発話の機会を与えるかという課題も見つかった。今後は各学習者の能力、性格などにも配慮して指名するなどの改善が必要であるとわかった。

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The author, in this monograph, intends to give concrete explanation to the contents of contract for building Hiyamizu church by Yosuke Tetsukawa following Kirifuru church built in 1906. Five pocketbooks prepared by Yosuke Tetsukawa which were the basis of his "application for verification", clearly illustrate how it came about as to why Hiyamizu church was not a brick building, but a wooden one and details of contracted work, the names and job classification of workers, construction expenses and relation with missionaries.

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The Russian government sent Nikolai P. Rezanov as the sencond special envoy to Japan in 1804, but, to his great disappointment his offers were refused and the negotiations broke down.
His disappointment turned into resentment, until he made up his mind to seek revenge on Japan and ordered his men, Khvostov and Davidov, to make assaults on Japanese bases in Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, in retaliation for Japan's refusal of Russia's requirement for trade.
Khvostov assaulted Etorofu Island, plundering the island and setting fire to the guardhouse and the warehouse, and when he left the island, he left a note behind to the Japanese official. By having Doeff, superintendent of Dutch factory, read the note, it was found that the note was a declaration written in Russian and French, showing their motive for their assaults on Japanese bases.
After that, another incident happened at Kunashiri Island in 1811. The Diana, a Russian surveying ship, appeared off Kunashiri Island and when the captain V. M. Golovnin and his men were getting to land, Japanese officials played tricks on the Russians and succeeded in capturing them.
Golovnin and seven other Russians were transferred to Matsumae and imprisoned there for about two years.
During their imprisonment, Golovnin instructed Sadasuke Murakami, Sajaroh Baba, Sanai Adachi and others in Russian. As each student had by nature an aptitude for languages the instruction in Russian by Golovnin was quite successful and it was to take the initiative in studying foreign languages except Dutch in Japan.

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