The socialization of the Web changes the ways we behave both online and offline, leading to a novel emergent phenomenon called ``collective attention'' in which people's attention is suddenly concentrated on a particular real-life event. Visualizing collective attention is fundamental to understand human behavior in the digital age. Here we propose ``association networks'' to visualize usage-based, term-association patterns in a large dataset of tweets (short text messages) during collective attention events. First, we train the word2vec model to obtain vector representations of terms (words) based on semantic similarities, and then construct association networks: given some terms as seeds, the associated terms are linked with each other using the trained word2vec model, and considering the resulting terms as new seeds, the same procedure is repeated. Using two sets of Twitter data---the 2011 Japan earthquake and the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup---we demonstrate how association networks visualize collective attention on these events. Provided the Japan earthquake dataset, the association networks that emerged from the most frequently used terms, such as earthquake and tsunami, exhibit distinct network structure related to people's attention during the earthquake, whereas one that emerged from emotion-related terms, such as great and terrible, shows a large connected cluster of negative terms and small clusters of positive terms. Furthermore, we compare association networks in different datasets, using the same seed terms. These results indicate the proposed method to be a useful tool for visualizing the implicit nature of collective attention that is otherwise invisible.

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本稿では，平和都市広島でスポーツイベントを開催することが，平和メッセージの発信と積極的平和に向けた取組み，平和学習の効果，市民啓発の4点からみて，どのような意義があるのかを検討した．その結果，平和都市としての国際的知名度があり，また原爆遺産など負の遺産が立地し，そこからさまざまな学びを得ることができる広島市のような都市においては，世界平和の実現を目的に掲げてスポーツイベントを開催する意義が大いにあり，それを政策として展開することもスポーツ振興と平和推進に有効であることが確認できた．それは，スポーツイベントの開催を通じて参加者や観客を迎え入れるスポーツツーリズムと，人類の負の遺産からの学びを得ることを目的に旅行するダークツーリズムを組み合わせたものといえる．そして，これを実効化させるには，スポーツと平和学習による教育プログラムの充実が必要である．

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Based on the concept that the social (institutional) structure created by sports organizations guides and shapes the character (psychological) structure of its players, the purpose of this study was to elucidate the characteristics associated with the institutional structure created by the Japan Football Association (JFA). In order to distinguish the influential forces associated with the institutional structure of the JFA, we analyzed JFA News bulletins published by the organization between 1978 and 2013. The following six sports-related components were subsequently identified: "Sports Ideology"; "Sports Rules"; "Sports Symbol"; "Sports Behavior Pattern"; "Sports Civilization"; and "Sports Organizations". Our results suggested that between 1978 and 2005, the "Sports Ideology" component of the institution appeared to emphasize the importance of a high level of performance, the "Sports Behavior Pattern" component sought to instruct players on how to acquire the skills necessary for better performance, and the "Sports Symbol" component stressed the status, including the recognition and worldwide praise, that could be attained by highly skilled players who become members of professional or national teams. Therefore, the JFA was shown to have adopted a subjective stance in promoting both an improvement in performance levels and the acquisition of more highly skilled players. At the same time, by emphasizing their own authority, the JFA enhanced the players' sense of belonging or urge to belong to the organization. However, from 2006, the year the JFA Academy was founded, both the "Sports Ideology" and the "Sports Behavior Pattern" components began to emphasize how playing football enables boys to become men and provides a meaningful way to make contributions to society. Therefore, this study suggests that the JFA has transformed from a sports organization emphasizing improvements in the skill and performance levels of Japanese football players into an organization that, in addition to the emphasis on skill and performance, is attempting to establish new social and cultural values.

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