Archery at the Olympic games is a competition that hits a target 70 m away. The shooting performance of bows has improved, and athletes are required to have high accuracy shooting at the 10-point zone with a diameter of 122 mm. It is important to know the flight trajectory and attitude of

shot to improve the competitive ability. For this purpose, it is necessary to analyze an image of each shot by a high-speed video camera with high accuracy. In this study, an automatic image analysis software for analyzing the velocity and attitude of archery arrows in free flight was developed. In order to confirm the reliability of the analysis results, we measured the velocity and attitude of arrows launched at various initial velocities by a shooting machine using compressed air, and also the arrows shot from bows by an athlete and a robot. Consistency between the results of the conventional visual analysis and those of the automatic image analysis was confirmed. The analysis time was reduced to 1/10 or less. Based on the information obtained from the automatic image analysis, it became possible to examine the flight characteristics of shots, such as the variations in the initial velocity, the initial angle of attack and the velocity decay rate. Knowing these flight characteristics on site will contribute to the optimization of parts composition and the improvement of the athletes’ competitive ability.

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This system already has Japanese Patent Application 2000-159699 using the blue light absorption and JPA2001-393262 using the thermal impedance for the chloride film detection in the garbage. We, human being has the three big ecological problem. The first is the nuclear waste in the northan part of the Japan Sea, the second is the irregular weather that will be less oxygen caused by carbon fuels and the third is Dioxins caused by the incineration of the chloride film and garbage. The first and the second will be solved by the investment and stopping car. The third is required for development of a automatic chloride film detector of the treatment for waste garbage plastics that is Sanuki RDF System against Dioxins. The first method is detecting the plastisizer in the chloride films of garbage and is not suitable for heated films by the wicro wave cooker. The plasticizer will go into the cooked food. The second thermal impedance method detects PVDC, PVC, heated PVDC, heated PVC and non chloride films.

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We propose modal logics of ordered arrows to represent belief update as logical calculus of modal logic. Belief update, proposed by Katsuno and Mendelzon, is a theoretical formulation of the way we change our beliefs by getting or losing information based on changes of the world. Modal logics of ordered arrows are the extension of modal logics of arrows proposed by Vakarelov. We propose ordered

frames (OA frames, for short) that represent structures of state transition diagrams and relative plausibility of state transitions. OA frames provide Kripke semantics for modal logics of ordered arrows (OA models, for short). We also propose an axiomization of the logic of all OA frames and call this logic OAL(ordered logic). OAL contains all axioms and inference rules of BAL(basic logics). We prove that OAL is sound and complete for the class of all OA models. Moreover, we represent belief update operations and postulates as formulae in OAL, which means that belief update is characterized as logical calculus of OAL.

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This study investigated Korean traditional archery in the 18^th century by reference to the Eosagopungcheop (records of the old custom of King's archery) of King Jeongjo, who was known for both literary and military accomplishments in the Joseon era. Through these records, we were able to obtain information on the types of archery, the variety of targets and arrows, the methods of scoring and recording, and the features of traditional archery. The findings were as follows:
1.  The arrows employed were Yuyeopjeon (willow-leaf ), Soso (small ), and Cheoljeon (iron ). All of them featured in examinations for military officers.
2.  In terms of quantity and frequency, the willow-leaf was used most commonly.
3.  The small was considered the piece , which was a weapon unique to Korea.
4.  It became clear that the iron , which was very heavy and thick, was used to break shields. It seems that this type of was considered the most important for military officer examinations, because it played an important role in breaking down the enemy's defense in Korea, depending on the archery tactics.
5.  The targets employed included cloth targets, leather targets and a variety of other types.
6.  It was clarified that in terms of accuracy, targets were ranked in order of size. On the pierce leather target standard, the other targets appeared to be named ‘Fragment’, ‘Small’, ‘Palm’ in descending order of size.
7.  Each type of was paired with a specific target. The willow-leaf was paired mainly with leather targets. The small was paired with both leather and cloth targets, and the iron was paired with shield or club targets.
8.  According to the records, a practice session comprised basically 10 sequences, each involving the shooting of 5 arrows.
9.  The scoring system differed depending on the type of target. For leather targets, the score was separated into two hit zones: the center and the surrounding area. However, the score was not separated in this way for cloth targets.
10.  The willow-leaf used on leather or club (cudgel) targets was the item to compete in accuracy. The small , used mainly on cloth targets, was used in contests held on shooting ranges. The iron , used mainly on shields or clubs as targets, was used for determining destructive power and accuracy.
11.  The inscriptions in the records are divided as to whether the shooting sequence was single or multiple.
12.  The records reveal that Korean traditional archery was still widely practiced at the end of the 18th century, when firearms had become common in all parts of the world.

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The aerodynamic properties of an archery

(A/C/E; Easton) have been investigated by extending our previous work, in which the laminar-turbulent transition of the boundary layer on the shaft were found to take place in the Re number range 1.3×10⁴ < Re < 1.8×10⁴. In this paper, we focus on the influence of attitude on the transition. Two support-interference-free tests were carried out to provide the aerodynamic properties, such as the drag, lift and pitching moment coefficients. The static aerodynamic properties were measured in a wind tunnel with JAXA's 60cm Magnetic Suspension and Balance System.. Secondly, free flight experiments were performed. The ’s trajectory and attitude were recorded using four high-speed video cameras. By analyzing the recorded images, we obtained the initial and final velocities, from which the drag coefficient was determined. The trajectory and attitude of the were computed numerically by integrating the equations of motion of rigid body, using the initial data obtained from the video images. The laminar-turbulent transition of the boundary layer taken place, if the maximum angle of attack exceeds about 0.5°at Re=1.8×10⁴. The influence of the flexural oscillation of an is also discussed.

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Abstract: This paper demonstrates how ’s theorem formulates not only a social decision process but also serves to clarify moral rules; further, that such an interpretation is consistent with conventional understanding due to ’s methodology that “the scientific method can elucidate ethical problems.” In order to achieve this aim, this paper traces the development of ’s theory by examining the debate between and Bergson and Little, among others. We then argue that seeks to scientifically prove moral rules, in contrast to Bergson, whose economic theory cannot effectively address ethical problems. Finally, we apply ’s methodology to the more general problem of the relationship between economics and philosophy. 　　The structure of this paper is as follows: In Section II, we present the relationship between science and value in welfare economics prior to the publication of Social Choice and Individual Values (SCIV） in 1951. In Section III, we clarify that science and ethics-or the elucidations of the social decision process and of social welfare-appear in the first edition of SCIV. Section IV presents Bergson and Little’s criticism that does not methodologically ground the relationship between science and ethics. In Section V, we clarify ’s methodological foundation and how it is affected by Popper’s thought, expressed in the statement “scientific theories can elucidate ethical problems.” In Section VI, we check ’s methodology in the second edition of SCIV, published in 1963. Finally, Section VII demonstrates that considered social preference as a moral rule based on his methodology in the second edition of SCIV. JEL classification numbers: B 23, B 41, D71.

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The flexural oscillation of an archery and its influence on aerodynamic properties are investigated by a free flight experiment. Two launching systems are developed. The first system utilizes compressed air as a power source and it launches an without oscillation. The second system is an archery robot releasing an oscillating from a recurve bow, in which a releaser is used to reduce the oscillation amplitude besides a finger-like mechanism. We also asked two expert archers to shoot arrows (72 shots in total). Using two high-speed video cameras, we record the trajectory of an and analyze its velocity decay rate, from which the drag coefficient C_D is estimated. The third high-speed video camera records the flexural oscillation of an , just after it is launched. The flexural oscillation induces laminar to turbulent transitions of the boundary layer on the shaft. The standard deviation of the measured C_D of the launched by the archers is found to be very small, suggesting that the oscillation of an appropriate amplitude is necessary to make the boundary layer turbulent and to improve the repeatability of the trajectory.

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The aim of this study was to examine the effects of biological or nonbiological cues on reflexive orienting. Twelve university students participated in Experiment 1, in which a target which was presented in the left or the right visual field followed the gaze face or the and they were required to detect the target. The results showed that the response to the target presented at the side where the eyes gazed toward and where the indicated was faster than that presented at the reversed side in the SOA-100 ms and the SOA-550 ms conditions. Such a cueing effect obtained for the gaze-cue and the -cue disappeared in the SOA-1000 ms condition. These findings suggested that the reflexive orienting from the as well as the gaze would accrue. Thirty-six university students participated in Experiment 2. They were divided into the three groups, and each group was given the following three types of localization tasks. One was the gaze-cueing task which was the same as the Experiment 1. The second one was the -cuing task which was also the same as the Experiment 1. The last one was Kanji-cueing task in which the target followed a Kanji character which means "left" or "right". The results supported the findings in Experiment 1. That is, the gaze-cue and the -cue accrued the reflexive orienting. On the contrary the Kanji-cue did not. The mechanism of reflexive orienting from eye, , and word (Kanji) were discussed.

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Gelatinized starch in aqueous solution combines with some chemicals which are waterinsoluble or sparingly soluble and solubility of these chemicals is increased 5-to 10-fold. Solubility of the root starch is the best among many starches, because root starch is easy to gelatinize. In the extraction method of Gegen Tang which is decided by "Shang Han Lun" ( ?? ?? ?? ) gelatinized root starch is considered to form a conjugate with ephedrine so that ephedra herb (ephedrine) and pueraria radix ( root starch) are extracted before other drugs are extracted. The complex ephedrine, combined with root starch, is stable and interferes with isolation of ephedrine by steam distillation and dialysis. The extraction method of Shang Han Lun is correct and suitable by the presentday standards.

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"SEA-", developed by Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation, is an advanced new bow form for medium-speed ships such as LPG carriers. The bow end form of SEA- around the loaded draught is much sharper than that of conventional hull ships. With SEA-, bow waves are greatly reduced in loaded condition compared with conventional hull ships. Model tank test results show that SEA- can reduce the wave resistance to a half and the required main engine horsepower by 6-10%. On the other hand, the superiority of SEA- ships' propulsive performance in loaded condition cannot be verified in sea trial because actual ships' speed tests in sea trials are generally carried out in ballast condition except oil tankers. Therefore, the authors have analyzed, to confirm the high propulsive performance of SEA- ships, the voyage data of three SEA- ships and one conventional hull ship, which are sister ships of 59,200m3 LPG carriers. The results show that the propulsive performance of the SEA- ships is superior to that of the conventional hull ship and that its analyzed speed advantage agrees with the estimate from the model tank test results.

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The aim of this paper is to clarify the sphere and critical implications of general possibility theorem with regard to liberal democracy, with reference to the latest studies of social choice theory.
  The construction and thesis of this paper is as follow. First, we introduce theorem and argue that this theorem can be interpreted to prove the impossibility of democratic collective choice. Second, after reviewing past research in political science and social choice theory, we conclude that theorem has little in the way of critical implications with regard to the realizability of liberal democracy. Third, we clarify that theorem can be interpreted to prove not only the impossibility of collective choice, but also the impossibility of moral rules which are the base of the society. Finally, we conclude that theorem has some critical implications with regard to the sustainability of liberal democratic society.

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This paper presents an evaluation of the effect on viewer recognition of viewing at an angle a sign with markings. Focusing on the case in which a sign at an intersection is marked with an pointing in the direction of a given destination, this paper (a) investigates, using linear transformation, how to represent such an in a manner which ensures that drivers follow the proper direction, even when the is viewed from different angles, and (b) proposes a specific approach to representing such an . It has been shown that the direction and magnification of a given marking are important factors in the recognition of the proper direction on the part of observers.

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The flow past an archery bare-shaft

is computed by using a CFD code. Two types of point, i.e., bullet point and streamlined point, are simulated for the Reynolds number, based on the shaft diameter, in a range 1.0 × 10⁴ ≤ Re ≤ 2.0 × 10⁴, and the attack angle, α, varied between 0.0° and 1.0°. The flow field around the point and the surface of shaft is visualized mainly for the quasi-steady state flows. The drag coefficient C_D is computed for the ranges of Re and α, and compared with the previous analytical, as well as experimental values.The results of the present study appears to suggest that for the with bullet point and non-zero attack angle, the onset of unsteadiness is triggered by the separation at the joint portion between point and shaft, while for the with streamlined point, unsteadiness manifests at the tail and gradually spread upstream on the surface of the shaft.

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The flow past an archery bare-shaft

was numerically studied for the angle of attack, α, in a range of 0-3.0 degrees. The Reynolds number, Re, based on the diameter was varied as 10000, 15000 and 20000, and the length of the shaft was fixed at about 120. Two kinds of point, S-type and B-type, were adopted. The numerical result showed that the boundary layer flow on the shaft was steady for Re=10000 and 15000 at α=0 degrees for both types of point. For S-type point at Re=15000, it was steady up to α=0.6 degrees and unsteady for α ≧ 0.8 degrees. Within this range of α, the drag and lift of the was found to be in good agreement with wind tunnel experiment.

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This manuscript proposes a long mouse cursor for making users perceive a sense of self-ownership. A long mouse cursor is a designed mouse cursor represented by a long that starts closely at your body and ends to a target on the computer screen. A sense of self-ownership is a feeling of belonging to one's body and has the potential for making user interface more natural and intuitive. This manuscript evaluates an influence of our basic idea of a long mouse cursor and visibility of the hand on a sense of self-ownership as well as performance of mouse manipulation. This manuscript conducts an experiment with a simple clicking task to evaluate the long mouse cursor. The result shows that a long mouse cursor and visibility of the hand have a significant impact on a sense of self-ownership.

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This research aims to clarify the magical power of the bow and that appear in ancient Japanese myths, including ‘Kojiki’and‘ Nihon shoki.’
In my the previous study, I clarified the following in relation to the magical power of the sword that appears in ancient Japanese myths:
1. the magical power of the sword
2. the relationship between the sword and gods (when discussing the magical power of the sword, the sword must be sacred; this is the basis of why the sword is sacred)
3. the attribute of the sword that connects the celestial world of the gods and the terrestrial world of human beings (this provides an assumption for the relationship between the sword and the gods).
In this research, I investigated whether the magical power of the bow and has the same structure as that of the sword, by comparing the findings of the previous study, and confirmed the following:
In the myth of Arnenowakahiko, three points were found: 1. the magical power of the bow and ; 2. the relationship between the gods and the bow and ; and 3. the bow and 's attribute connecting between the celestial world of the gods and the terrestrial world of human beings, suggesting that the magical power of the bow and has the same structure as that of the sword.· A difference from the magical power of the sword was revealed in the myth of Ninuriya.·Besides the magical power of Hekija (exorcising evil gods and demons), I found the magical power of Seisei (creating).·Although arrows themselves originally had magical power, the red color of Ninuziya represents the magical power of the blood, by which the magical power of the was enhanced.·In the Ninuriya myth, I could not find the magical power of the bow, but found only the magical power of the .·In the Ninuriya myth, the flows down the river to the terrestrial world as the god's incarnation. This implies that the world of gods lies in the horizontal direction of the terrestrial world. However, in the Kilo myths a view of the world is expressed in a form that basically stands solid in the vertical direction. The sword and of the Arnenowakahiko myth connected the celestial world of the gods to the human world on Earth. The view of the world in this vertical direction was, however, created by a new ideology, and the world view was originally horizontal. The was previously understood as something that connected the comparatively old transcendence axis in the horizontal direction.

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This paper describes the dynamics of Japanese bows and arrows. In "kyudo" (Japanese archery), archers twist the grip at the moment of shooting, to avoid the "archers' paradox" which is a change of trajectory of the caused by the structure of the bow and the . To investigate the relation between the trajectory of an and the twisting force on the grip, we proposed a dynamic model simplifying three rigid limbs and two elastic hinge. And we made an experimental apparatus that can give a force to twist the grip, and performed a shooting experiment. We measured with a strain gauge the twisting force on the grip, the tension of the string, bending moment at the center of , and the compressive force of the neck. After that, we performed a computer simulation with the model we suggested and compared its result with the result of the experiment. As a result of comparison we proved that the tendency of computer simulation is consistent with the experiment. Then using this model, we investigated the relation between the twisting force and the trajectory of an . As a result of simulation, twisting force is shown to be specially important during the term from taking a stance to the beginning of the shooting.

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