Color images of multi-colored flower patterns were captured by a commercially available color scanner.The γ-correction was applied for the transformation from sRGB to XYZ of the CIE color system. X, Y, Z, L*, a*, b*, C*_ab and h_ab of the CIE color system were obtained for each pixel (i, j) in the color image. Mean values for L*, a*, b*, C*_ab and h_ab of all pixels (-L*, -a*, -b*, -C*_ab and -h _ab ) were obtained as color information parameters. An averaged color was made by using the -L*, -a* and -b* of a multi-colored flower pattern. Semantic differential analysis was performed on the multi-colored patterns and their averaged mono-colors according to the following feeling scales: heavy-light, deep-pale, dark-light, hard-soft, turbid-transparent and gaudy-plain. The heavy-light, deep-pale, dark-lightand hard-soft feelings had high correlation to the -L*. Averaged mono-colors of multi-colored patterns were classified into 11 kinds of tones by a visual sensory test. The evaluation of the tones of the averaged mono-colors in multi-colored patterns was discussed in relation to the color information parameters.

抄録全体を表示

Creep damage was imposed on the austenitic stainless steel SUS304HTB for boiler tube use under the conditions of 650℃-130MPa and 700℃-75MPa. EBSD(Electron BackScatter Diffraction pattern) observation was conducted on the creep damaged samples using KAM(Kernel Average Misorientation) maps and GROD(Grain Reference Orientation Deviation) maps. Area averaged KAM and GROD values; KAM_<> and GROD_<> were used as the comparative parameter to time fraction and creep strain. While KAM_<> showed apparent dependence on EBSD pixel step size (i.e. observation magnification), GROD_<> did not show such dependence. KAM strain pa rameter, M_<εKAM> proposed here showed more unified and monotonic correlation with creep strain than KAM_<> GROD_<> showed much more unified and linear correlation with strain except for final rupture stage. Using GROD_<> creep void growth process can be quantitatively evaluated.

抄録全体を表示

In this paper, elastoplastic crushing behavior of circular tubes under axial compressive loading is studied by using nonlinear finite element analysis software MSC.Marc. In particular, effects of strain hardening on the average crushing load P in axial collapse are investigated. It is found that the average load P

ave

depends on the scale of strain-hardening, and the theoretical result of P

ave

for rigid perfectly plastic material cannot be used to evaluate the load P

ave

with strain-hardening material. So in order to take into consideration the strain hardening effect on the average load P

ave

, we propose an energy equivalent flow stress σ _flow defined by the value of average effective plastic strain ε _{p, eq} which arises in one folded wrinkle, and evaluate the average load P

ave

by using σ _flow instead of yield stress σ _y . This approximate evaluation agrees well with the experimental result.

抄録全体を表示

安価な装置として市販のカラースキャナを用いて，簡便，迅速，微細な測色を行った．色彩画像解析を50種類の単一色布の測色に適用した．sRGBからCIEカラーシステムのXYZへの変換にγ-補正を適用し，単一色布の画像内の各画素(i,j)に対して，CIELABの公式を用いてCIEL^*，a^*，b^*，C^* およびhを求めた．すべての画素に対するX，Y，Z，L^*，a^*，b^*，C^* およびh の値を分光色差計で測定された値と比較するために，それぞれ

-X，-Y，-Z，-L^*，-C^* および-hとして平均化した．カラースキャナで測定された値と分光色差計で測定された値は非常によく一致した．このことはカラースキャナで測定された値が十分正確であり，カラースキャナで多色画像の各画素を約0.35mm間隔で簡便，迅速，微細に測定できることがわかった．この応用として，カラースキャナを用いた測色を多色の色柄布に適用した．グレープおよびオレンジジュースで果汁汚染された色柄布の洗浄性を-L^*，-C^* および-hの色彩情報量から評価できることがわかった．

抄録全体を表示

Purpose
We wish to point a connection between the clavicle and the scapula in skeletal structures of the upper extremities. However, except for the motion of elevation, the movements of the scapula and clavicle had been rather neglected so far. We have previously reported that the scapula movement was 50° from the trunk horizontally, using a VICON motion analysing system in male in their 30s and concluded that the gleno-humeral rhythm existed, not only in the up-and-down motions but in other motions, as well. Here, we will report on how the glenohumeral rhythm changes with ageing, using an ordinary graduator.
Methods
3 and 5-year-old infants (46-27 males and 19 females), and adults in their 30s (20 males) and 60s (23 males) were the subjects. We investigated the angles between the bilateral spines at the positions of a) 90° abduction, b) 90° flexion, c) maximum adduction and the adults were measured at positions of d) maximum abduction of the arm.
Results
We obtained the following results: the angle between a) and b); infants - 79° (. ),30s - 58°(. ),60s-51° (. ), between b) and c); infants - 16° (. ),30s-13° (. ),60s - 7° (. ), and between a) and d); 30s-15° (. ),60s-7° (. ). There was no sex difference in the infants.
Discussion
The results we obtained, clarified that the scapula motion range decreases considerably with ageing. It is an important phenomenon and one of the factors of diseases in the middle-aged and elderly.

抄録全体を表示

EBSD (Electron BackScatter Diffraction pattern) observations were conducted on damage samples under creep, low cycle fatigue and creep-fatigue tests for Mod.9Cr heat resistant steel. GOS (Grain Orientation Spread) maps and GROD (Grain Reference Orientation Deviation) maps were obtained and GOS_<> and GROD_<> were calculated from these maps. Both GOS_<> and GROD_<> similarly show initial decrease and subsequent stable or small fluctuating trend with increasing damage. GOS_<> did not show apparent dependence of pixel size. The "EBSD strain parameter" was introduced as GOS_<> multiplied by normalized boundary spacing. The good correlation between EBSD strain parameter and creep strain was obtained from creep and creep-fatigue damage samples.

抄録全体を表示

Nd: YAG laser has high penetrating rate to the tissue, and it is possible to vaporize the tissue, efficiently. Taking advantages of these characters of the Nd: YAG laser, we carried out transurethral laser surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia by method of contact irradiation in 57 cases between April 1993 and August 1994. Forty-nine cases of them were without other adjuvant therapies.
Patients' age ranged 53-85 years old (. 69). The results of preoperative examinations were as follows: AUA-Prostate Symptom Score (AUA-PSS) was 15-32 points (. 21), maximum flow rate (Qmax) 0.4-14.4 ml/sec(. 6.25), and average flow rate 0.4-9.8ml/sec. (. 3.7).
In all cases, the prostatic tissue was evaporated by contact irradiation method at over 50 watts output. No bleeding was found during and after the operation. Total amount of irradiation was 1700-117030 joules (. 26235), operation time 15-105 minutes (. 46.6). The results of postoperative examinations were as follows: AUA-PSS of 4-26points (. 11), maximum flow rate(Qmax) 2.9-29ml/sec. and average flow rate 1.8-18.4ml/sec. (. 9.0).
There were 18 cases with transitory urinary retention when catheters were removed 3-5days after the operation. Acute epididymitis was found in 3 cases. Now we are researching the long term results of 1 year follow up, postopeatively.

抄録全体を表示

入力装置としてカラースキャナが測色に用いられた.カラースキャナから取り込まれた93種類のカラーカードのカラー画像のsRGB値と色差計によって測定されたXYZ値の間に重回帰分析が適用された.この結果, XYZ値がsRGB値から精度よく計算され, カラースキャナによる測色が, 多色の色彩変化の評価にかなり有効であることがわかった.そこで, この画像解析が色柄布の変退色を評価するのに適用された.画像中の各画素のL^*, a^*およびb^*がCIELABの公式を用いて計算され, L^*, a^*およびb^*の全画素の平均値がそれぞれ-L^*, -a^*および-b^*として得られた.単一色に対して, 分光光度計によって測定されたL^*, a^*およびb^*と画像解析から求められた-L^*, -a^*および-b^*との間にはよい対応関係がみられた.多色系色柄布の変退色の定量的評価に対する画像解析の実行可能性と有用性について検討された.

抄録全体を表示

This study investigated bond strength of CAD/CAM-manufactured composite resin and ceramic veneers to a zirconia framework and analyzed the effect of treatments of veneer surfaces. A CAD/CAM resin-based (

) composite or lithium disilicate ceramic (IEC) block was used as the veneer material. and IEC specimens were assigned to receive one of three surface treatments (n = 22): no surface treatment, acid-etching with 9.5% hydrofluoric acid gel, and airborne-particle abrasion with alumina particles. Zirconia disks and or IEC specimens in each group were bonded with a resin-based luting agent, and shear bond strength of the specimens was measured at 0 and 20,000 thermocycles. Significant differences were assessed by the Steel-Dwass test for multiple comparisons and Mann-Whitney U-test (α = 0.05). As compared with other surface treatments, bond strengths were significantly higher at 0 and 20,000 thermocycles in the airborne-particle abraded and acid-etched IEC specimens. Airborne-particle abrasion of the surface of specimens increased bond strength between veneers and zirconia frameworks, while hydrofluoric acid treatment enhanced bond strength between IEC veneers and zirconia frameworks.

抄録全体を表示

The samples for gas chromatographic analyses of the representative lower sulfur compounds such as carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, methyl mercaptan and sulfur dioxide in the exhaust gases from two corn starch factories, i.e., an unautomated and an automated factories, were prepared by direct cold trap with liquid oxygen and detected by the flame photometric detector.
The detected concentration ranges and average values of the five representative lower sulfur compounds in the exhaust gas from the unautomated factory were as follows; carbonyl sulfide 0.020.03ppm (. 0.025ppm), hydrogen sulfide 0.52.1ppm (. 1.3ppm), carbon disulfide 0.01ppm (. 0.01ppm), methyl mercaptan 0.30.6ppm (. 0.45ppm), sulfur dioxide 0.10.3ppm (. 0.2ppm), or dimethyl sulfide 0.050.1ppm (. 0.075ppm).
On the other hand, those from the automated factory were as follows; carbonyl sulfide 0.02ppm, hydrogen sulfide 0.02ppm, carbon disulfide 0.004ppm, methyl mercaptan 0.01ppm, rather high concentration of sulfur dioxide being 680ppm.

抄録全体を表示

A heat balance study was done on the small glacier AX010 in Shorong Himal under weather conditions of air temperature (. 2.3°C), low humidity (. 7.0 mb), low wind speed (. 1.2 m/sec) and high cloud amount. For the whole observation period, the percentage of each component to the heat income was 87 % for net radiation, 12 % for sensible heat, and 1 % for latent heat.

抄録全体を表示

  The temperature dependence of the magnetic viscosity coefficient Sv and average anisotropy field H_A() were examined for Ba-ferrite fine particles having mean particle volume V of 3.2 × 10^-17 cm³, in the temperature range from 200 to 413K. A study was done for the relationship between the activation volume ν calculated based on Sv and average anisotropy constant K_A() for Ba-ferrite fine particles. This experiment showed that the temperature dependence of Sv is the same as that of coercive force Hc, and Sv increases with the increase of the temperature. H_A() linearly increases as the temperature increases in the temperature range from 293 to 413 K. The activation volume ν is inversely proportional to K_A(). The values of ν and the critical volume Vc for superparamagnetic behaviour at 293K, are approximately 1.35 × 10^-17 and 0.23 × 10^-17 cm³, respectively. Larger K_A() value is necessary for smaller ν value which is an important factor for high-density magnetic recording. Also, the relations V/ν › 1 and V/Vc ›› 1 are of significant importance.

抄録全体を表示

In this study, we conducted a Multi-Objective Design Exploration (MODE) using Genetic Programming (GP) for extracting design information from non-dominated solutions. Tree-based Genetic Programming is applied to non-dominated solutions and to discover design information between objective function and design parameters as expressions in symbolic form without prior knowledge of the problem. The unique feature of GP is that it finds not only the linear relationship between parameters, but also the nonlinear relationship automatically. In MODE, GP can be used as a symbolic regression technique to extract the relationship between objective functions and design parameters as symbolic equations.
We addressed two problems. First one is a test problem in which the relationship between objective function and design parameters of data set is given as a symbolic equation which includes nonlinear terms. Objective functions of tree-based GP are minimization of the number of nodes for simplicity of equation and mean absolute error for accuracy of equation. As the result, various optimal equations which include from simple equations with large residual to complex equations with small residual are obtained. These optimal equations are called ``Non-dominated equations'' here. Nonlinear terms included in data set can be extracted by analyzing the trend of non-dominated equations. In practical problem, the relationship between objective function and design parameters of non-dominated solutions is unknown. Second one is the multi-objective aerodynamic design optimization problem of flapping airfoil motion. Objective functions for optimization are maximization of the time-averaged lift(CL,

ave

) and the time-averaged thrust(CT,

ave

), and minimization of the time-averaged required power(CPR,

ave

). The objective values are evaluated using a two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes solver and a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm code is used to obtain non-dominated solutions. Tree-based GP is applied to each objective function for optimization separately. As the result of analyzing non-dominated equations, pitch offset and frequency have large effect on CL,

ave

and CT,

ave

. Furthermore frequency and the square of frequency significantly affect CPR,

ave

.

抄録全体を表示

CIELAB色空間を利用した色彩特徴解析が様々な色彩や模様をもつ24種類の布の色彩テクスチャの特徴づけに適用された．これらの布の測色が市販のカラースキャナで行われた．色彩テクスチャの画像内の各画素(i,j)に対してCIEカラーシステムのX,Y,Z,L^*,a^*,b^*,C^*_abおよびh_abが，それぞれの測定とこれらの値の適切な変換をすることにより求められた．すべての画素に対するL^*，C^*_abおよびh_abの平均値(

-L^*, -C^*_abおよび-h_ab)が色彩情報量としてそれぞれ求められた．各布のL^*値の分布から統計的に抽出された角二次モーメント(ASM)，コントラスト(CON)，相関(COR)，エントロピー(ENT)およびフラクタル次元(D)が視覚的特徴量として測定された．色彩テクスチャの鮮やか-くすんだ，派手一地味，目立つ-目立たない，硬い-柔らかい，強い-弱い，暖かい-寒い，重い-軽い，明るい-暗い，複雑-単純，変化のある-変化のない，均一-不均一の感情がSD法により官能評価された．官能評価値と画像情報量との関係が因子分析により検討された．これらの結果は，形態的な感情は視覚的特徴量(ASM,CON,COR,ENTおよびD)と，重い，硬い，暗いの感情は-L^*_abと，鮮やか，派手な，目立つ，強いの感情は-C^*_abと，暖寒感は-h_abと関係することを示した．

抄録全体を表示

High definition B/W still picture image pickup system has been developed, using 900k pixel IT-CCD. This system is composed of high quality B/W CCD camera, SCSI controler, SCSI board, and application software. More than 800TV line vertical resolution pictures are obtained.

抄録全体を表示

　画像解析が浴衣, アロハシャツおよびかりゆしウェアの様々な色柄模様の視覚的特徴の評価に適用された. これらの色柄模様の測色がカラースキャナーで行われた. 画像内の各画素 (i, j) に対してCIEカラーシステムのL^*, a^*, b^*, C^*およびhが求められた. すべての画素に対するL^*, a^*, b^*, C^*およびhの平均値 (

-L^*, -a^*, -b^*, -C^*および-h) が色彩情報量としてそれぞれ求められた. 色柄模様のグレイレベル分布から統計的に抽出された角二次モーメント, コントラスト, 相関およびエントロピーが形態情報量として測定された. 視覚的特徴が色柄模様の類似性や相違性との関係から議論された. さらに, 順伝搬型ニューラルネット学習アルゴリズムが適用され, 視覚的評価システムの精度の向上に非常に良い結果を与えた. 学習した順伝搬型ニューラルネットモデルは色柄模様を用いて浴衣, アロハシャツおよびかりゆしウェアの判別への適用が十分実行可能であることが示された.

抄録全体を表示

It seems to us that there has not been a paper about Average Reference Electrode Method since the publication by Goldman' and Offner² in 1950. From the results mentioned above, comparing with MP, characteristics of . R. are:
(1) In many cases, localized EEG abnormality was more clearly represented.
(2) As to non-focal EEG abnormality, records which are very useful to diagnosis can be obtained, except a extremely low amplitude brain potential.
(3) Since . R. did not use ear lobe as reference, the electrical activity in temporal region was easily observed, and artifact by abnormal electrical activity did not take place.
(4) Physiological artifact was difficult to mix. On the other hand, alternative current artifact tended to slightly mix on some occasions. Since amplitude was represented lowerly than the case in which ear lobe was used as reference electrode, it is not suitable to record low amplitude.
From those results, it can be emphasized that . R. is much more helpful for localizing space taking lesion of the brain than MP. And we convince that accuracy of EEG diagnosis can be increased by using . R.

抄録全体を表示

The crystallographic orientation changes during fatigue crack initiation process in ferrite steels with different grain sizes and chemical compositions were evaluated by the electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). EBSD measurement and fatigue test were alternately carried out using small specimen. Misorientation parameter named Grain Reference Orientation Deviation (GROD), which is defined as orientation difference between each measuring point and datum orientation, was calculated. GROD_<>, which is average of GROD within observed area, increased until crack initiation, and then remained constant. However, the value of constant (the threshold of crack initiation) is different with grain sizes and chemical compositions. In order to consider the influence of grain size, a new parameter ΔGROD_<>/d_<>^2 (d_<>; the average of grain size) was proposed. The threshold of this parameter is approximately the same for the similar chemical component with the different grain size. Moreover, the threshold increased along with fatigue strength improvement for the different chemical compositions with the same grain size. This result suggests that the proposed parameter is effective for fatigue damage evaluation in crack initiation process.

抄録全体を表示

In order to widely investigate the reducing effects of protein denaturing potency of ionic and amphoteric surfactants by introducing oxyethylene residue in their structures, we synthesized 15 surfactants of five families, so called, [F-1] Dodecyl sulfate and dodecyl poly (. 2 and 4) oxyethylene sulfates, [F-2] N-dodecyl betain and N-dodecyl poly (. 2 and 4) oxyethylene betains, [F-3] N-tetradecyl betain and N-tetradecyl poly (avc. 2 and 4) oxyethylene betains [F-4] N-dodecyl-N, N-dimethyl amine oxide and N-dodecyl poly (. 2 and 4) oxyethylene-N, N-dimethyl amine oxides, and [F-5] N-dodecyl-N, N, N-trimethyl ammonium chloride and N-dodecyl poly (. 2 and 4) oxyethylene-N, N, N-trimethyl ammonium chlorides.
The albumin protein denaturing potencies of these surfactants were measured on various concentrations.
In above five families, especially in the case of [F-2], [F-3] and [F-4] we found that introducing oxyethylene residue in their structures gave remarkable reducing effects of albumine denaturing potencies.

抄録全体を表示

沖縄県内で供用された種雄牛の産肉能力について,その年次的傾向と島嶼間比較を行なう目的で分析を行なった.使用したデータは,1978年から1986年まで沖縄県で屠畜された去勢牛1182頭の枝肉格付成績である.分析対象形質は枝肉重量,DCG(1日枝肉生産量),ロース芯面積,脂肪交雑評点および格付等級である.分析対象期間は,1期:1978-80年,2期:1981-83年および3期:1984-85年の3期とした.伊江島では,供用可能な種雄牛の平均能力(種雄牛の平均能力)は特定の形質に偏ることがなく,比較的バランスのとれたものであった.また,実際に供用された種雄牛の能力(供用種雄牛の能力)は,種雄牛の平均能力以下の水準に留まり,供用方法の非効率性が明らかとなった.国頭地域では,種雄牛の平均能力および供用種雄牛の能力が,共に増体性に関する形質において高く,増体性の改良を重視した種雄牛の選択および供用が行なわれていた.宮古島では,種雄牛の選択と供用に食い違いがみられるなど,非効率的な供用が示唆された,石塩島の種雄牛の平均能力は4地域の中で最も高くかつバランスがとれていたが,供用種雄牛の能力をみると,種雄牛の供用は増体性重視の方向に大きく偏っていた.肉質に関する形質の改良は,すべての地域において低迷していたが,これは肉質に関する能力の把握が充分ではないことを示し,精度の高い遺伝的評価システムの必要性が示唆された.

抄録全体を表示