A suspension of the granulosis virus of the summer fruit tortrix, Adoxophyes orana fasciata, was sprayed in a manner similar to chemical insecticidal application against the egg stage at a dosage of 4, 000 diseased, full-grown larvae per hectare. The effectiveness of virus application was compared with that obtained by the chemical treatment against hatching larvae. The larval mortalities due to the disseminated virus in the virus treated plots were consistently higher than those due to the naturally persisting virus in the chemical treated plots in all generations. No difference was observed between the two treatments with regards to the intensities of other mortality factors. Incorporating observed parameters of the ratios of the population increase, simple population models for the two treatments were constructed. It is shown that (1) the virus spray becomes more effective than the chemical treatment if the larval density exceeds about one larva per branch in the first generation, (2) if it was lower than one larva per branch, few economical problems will arise through virus application, and (3) low densities in the first generation result in a saw-toothed like fluctuation, while high densities result in a dampened fluctuation towards the third generation, irrespective of the treatments.

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Linear relations of the mean crowding to the mean density were satisfied for both the within-tree and the pooled distributions for pests on apples studied in this paper, i. e., Archips fuscocupreanus WALSINGHAM, Adoxophyes orana FISCHER von ROSLERSTAMM, Lithocolletis ringoniella MATSUMURA, Panonychus ulmi KOCH, Typhlocyba ishidai MATSUMURA and Aphis pomi DEGEER. Using parameters obtained from the regression equations, stop lines of a new method of sequential sampling developed by KUNO (1969) were drawn for both the simple random and the two-stage sampling : the former was for the estimation of the mean density in given tree and the latter in a given orchard. Five stop lines were used actually in the field to test their utilities and it was ascertained that the method presents many possibilities to obtain the necessary information in fieldwark, because it can be applicable well not only to the simple random sampling but also to the two-stage sampling.

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Based on teh life table studies for the leaf miner, Phyllonoructer ringoniella MATSUMURA, five mortality factors which played important roles in reduction larvae were chosen and the characteristics of their operations were analyzed on the following two ponts; (1) changes of the mortality rates in accordance with the changes of the numbers of the living larvae per leaf and (2) frequency distribution of deaths per leaf in comparison with the binomial series. Mortality during the sap feeding stage was dependent on density per leaf. This was mainly due to the cannbalism. Operations of other factors were independent of the numbers of larvae per leaf. Distributions of deaths due to unknown factors operating upon the sap feeding and tissue feeding stages and those of the parasitism of Sympiesis sp. were nearly fitted to the binomia series, which suggested that reductions of larvae due to these factors occured independently of each ather in a given leaf. Distributions of parasitisms of H. testaceipes and those of deaths due to cannibalism did not follow the binomial series.

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In the Japanese university context, student and faculty acceptance of technology is a rather underresearched field. Due to this lack of research and our universityʼs move towards promoting e-learning, this project aimed to examine the reception of the learning management system (LMS), officially known as Manaba, currently in place at Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University. Although the current LMS has only been in place for two years, it was necessary to analyze student and staff perceptions of its utilization in order to improve its implementation in the future. Therefore, to understand student and faculty perceptions of the LMSʼs use, a quantitative survey was designed and modified from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the most widely used model to classify a userʼs technological acceptance. The quantitative TAM survey, consisting of 17 questions, was distributed to 446 students and 16 English lecturers based on the categories of perceived selfefficacy, perceived enjoyment/ease of use, perceived usefulness, and behavioral intention of the LMS. The results of the survey indicated students and lecturers leaned favorably toward accepting the new technology in place. We believe these results offer valuable insights for universities seeking to effectively implement an LMS for homework and assessment purposes.

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The isolates of Valsa ceratosperma from some broad leaf trees including trees were inoculated to dormant branches. While the isolates from trees were highly pathogenic to the branches, the isolates from broad leaf trees except trees had no pathogenicity to them. As these isolates were grown on liquid medium added phloridzin, the isolates from trees degraded phloridzin quickly, but the isolates from broad leaf trees except trees did not degrade it.

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In this paper, I have raised a number of critical questions about the economic, social, and ideological tendencies that often stand behind significant parts of the neo-liberal agenda in educational policy. In the process, I have situated it within larger social movements that I and many others believe can have quite negative effects on our sense of community, on the health of the public sphere, and on our commitment to building a society that is less economically and racially stratified. I have suggested that issues need to be raised about the effects of its commitment to marketized "choice" programs, its attack on the state, and its partial acceptance by some segments of oppressed communities. Yet, I also want to indicate that we should not ignore the fact that there are clear elements of good sense in its criticisms of the bureaucratic nature of all too many of our institutions, in its worries about the managerial state, and in its devotion to being active in the education of our children. In my mind, the task is to disentangle the elements of good sense evident in these concerns from the selfish and anti-public agenda that has been pushing concerned parents and community members into the arms of the conservative restoration. The task of public schools is to listen much more carefully to the complaints of parents and activists and to rebuild our institutions in much more responsive ways. All too often public schools push concerned parents who are not originally part of neo-liberal and neo-conservative cultural and political movements into the arms of such alliances by their defensiveness and lack of responsiveness and by their silencing of democratic discussion and criticism. Of course, sometimes these criticisms are unjustified or are politically motivated by undemocratic agendas. However, this must not serve as an excuse for a failure to open the doors of our schools to the intense public debate that makes public education a living and vital part of our democracy. We have models for doing exactly that. There are models of curricula and teaching that are related to community sentiment, that are committed to social justice and fairness, and that are based in schools where both teachers and students want to be. If schools do not do this, there may be all too many parents who are pushed in the direction of anti-school sentiment. Even though state-supported schools have often served as arenas through which powerful social divisions are partly reproduced, at least in the United States such schools have also served as powerful sites for the mobilization of collective action and for the preservation of the very possibility of democratic struggle. As one of the few remaining institutions that is still public, struggles over the school are crucial. This is obviously a tightrope we need to negotiate. How do we uphold the vision of a truly public institution at the same time as we rigorously criticize its functioning?

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When an outbreak of Phyllonorycter ringoniella (PR) occurred in orchards in Akita Prefecture in 2006, six neonicotinoid insecticides were sprayed on trees during the emergence of PR adults of the first generation (mid-June). The number of mines (injury marks) made by PR larvae of the second generation (mid-July) in trees showed no significant difference between the insecticides applications. However, the numbers of mines made by PR larvae of the third generation (mid-August) in trees sprayed with thiacloprid and acetamiprid were significantly smaller than those in trees sprayed with clothianidin imidacloprid, dinotefuran and thiamerhoxam. Those in trees sprayed with clothianidin were significantly smaller than those in trees sprayed with thiamerhoxam. Those in trees sprayed with other insecticides showed no significant difference. These results indicate that the control effect of neonicotinoid insecticides on PR significantly differs between the active components of these insecticides.

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A long-term investigation was made on the physical load and fatigue of the farmers lasting three months in the spring and autumn of 1962. The farmers tested were divided into two groups, namely, one consisting of six families which cultivate mainly apples and the other of nine families which cultivate mainly rice (Tab.1). The flicker fusion frequency and the threshold of patellar reflex were examined on the farm once a week. The Donaggio reaction and the amount of creatinine and of uropepsin in the second urine in the morning were examined once a week as well. The results were as follows: (1) Daily calory consumption is less in the farmers than in the rice farmers, though daily working hours are longer in the former than in the latter, averaging ten hours and a half in the busiest week in June in the former (Tabs. 2, 3 and Fig.1). (2) The acute fatigue in the rice farmers at the rice-planting season is greater than in the farmers (from unpublished data), but the chronic fatigue throughout the spring is greater in the farmers than in the rice farmers (Figs. 3, 4, 5, 7, 8). That may be due to the fact that the cultivation requires longer daily hours and longer term of working, continuing to the begining of summer. (3) The fatigue in the spring is greater than in the autumn, and the fatigue in females is greater than that in males. (4) The flicker value in the farmers declines sharply as the daily working hours exceed nine hours (Fig.6). This fact shows that the optimum working hours in the farming is almost the same as that in many industrial works. (5) According to the results of tests on the urine and the blood (Figs.9, 10, 11 and Tab.4), it is concluded that physically stressed conditions continue more constantly in the farmers than in the rice farmers. These facts may be due to the difference of the nature of work in the both farmings. In the cultivation the sustained work is comparatively light and constant. (6) After all, the physiological loads in the farmers are heavier than in the rice farmers throughout the busy seasons.

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The typhoon often causes a serious damage of the before harvest. Many apples fall from trees by the strong wind. These apples are bagged to protect them from insects and control sun light for the apples coloring while they are ripening on the tree. We conceive that the wind-force acting on the bagging exceeds one without bag. Thus, we investigate the drag coefficient C_D of the bagging by measuring drag force acting on an model experimentally. The shear stress on a stem under the typhoon is estimated for understanding one of mechanism for dropping due to the strong wind. The shear stress of a stem whose encounters the maximum velocity recorded at the past typhoon is estimated by the obtained C_D. The drag force of the bagging becomes bigger than that of the without the bag. The bagging is not a rotational symmetry so that the C_D is different with the different wind direction. The angle against the flow of model with the bag is changed from 0 deg. to 90 deg. to understand the influence of shape, since C_D depends on the geometry. The shear force acting on the stem depends on the drag. Thus, the shear stress is larger if the drag is larger. The obtained shear stress is compared with allowable shear stress of a real tree. We suggest that there is possibility to decrease damage if we can decrease the drag of the bagging.

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We previously reported that ingestion of polyphenols reduced the weight of visceral adipose tissue and the triglyceride content of blood and liver in rats fed a high-fat diet (1). To further elucidate the mechanism of the improvement of lipid metabolism by dietary polyphenols, the effects of feeding - and tea-derived catechins on hepatic gene expression profile was investigated using the GeneChip DNA microarray system. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a normal diet, a high-fat diet, a high-fat diet supplemented with 1.0% polyphenols or a high-fat diet supplemented with 1.0% tea catechins for 9 weeks. Both polyphenols reduced the weight of visceral adipose tissue and the triglyceride content in blood and liver. Tea catechins increased the transcription of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis whereas polyphenols decreased the transcription of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis. Thus, each polyphenol exerts a different effect on hepatic gene expression. The reduction of the weight of visceral adipose tissue was also observed when polyphenols were fed with a normal-fat diet. The genes involved in fatty acid synthesis were down-regulated in both high fat and normal diets. These results suggest that polyphenols and tea catechines improve lipid metabolism through different manner of action. polyphenols widely inhibit the expressions of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis.

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Background : The number of patients with pollen-food allergy syndrome (PFAS) has increased globally. Apples are a major causative food for PFAS. Varied reports have demonstrated the usefulness of skin prick test (SPT) for the diagnosis of PFAS, besides differences in symptom expression among cultivars, thus the diagnosis of PFAS remains unclear.
Purpose : To investigate the clinical features of -induced PFAS by performing a double-blind placebocontrolled food challenge (DBPCFC) using different cultivars on patients with -induced PFAS.
Method : DBPCFC was performed for six patients with -induced PFAS using 10 cultivars. We measured the degree of symptoms using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Further, we assessed the correlations of Mal d 1 and Bet v 1-specific IgE levels and SPT findings to the VAS.
Results : Three of six patients (50％) were VAS-positive for two cultivars, one patient each (17％) was positive for three, four, and five cultivars. The correlation between SPT findings and VAS was insignificant (p＝0.103). The VAS displayed a positive relationship with Mal d 1 and Bet v 1 (r＝0.5 and r＝0.84, respectively).
Conclusion : It is necessary to perform DBPCFC with multiple cultivars to diagnose PFAS. The SPT was not useful in diagnosing PFAS ; however, Bet v 1-specific IgE levels may be advantageous. This novel clinical study of PFAS assessed multiple Japanese varieties, therefore, our findings can serve as a baseline for future studies.

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The development of atopic dermatitis (AD) involves multiple factors. Three such factors are particularly important in AD onset: immune abnormalities, skin barrier dysfunction, and itching. Many studies report that an imbalance between helper T (Th)1 and Th2 cells causes AD.

pectin, a prebiotic, has preventative effects in other allergic diseases (e.g., bronchial asthma and AD), but its potential benefits in AD are unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of oral pectin administration on skin inflammation in an AD mouse model and examined changes in T cells involved in AD. To induce AD, a picryl chloride solution was applied to the shaved back skin of male NC/Nga mice. AD mice then received an oral pectin solution (0.4% or 4%) for 35 d. Compared with untreated AD mice, mice in both pectin-treated groups showed improvement in AD-induced inflammation and skin symptoms. Histological evaluation showed that pectin treatment attenuated epidermal thickening and decreased the number of mast cells and CD4+ cells in AD-induced mice. pectin treatment also reduced serum IgE concentration, as well as expression of the inflammation indicator cyclooxygenase-2 and the Th2-related factors thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interleukin-4, and GATA3. Additionally, increased mRNA expression of the genes that encode interferon-γ and T-bet, which are Th1-related factors, and forkhead box protein P3, were observed in the pectin-treated groups. Our findings suggest that pectin treatment ameliorates AD by increasing regulatory T cells and improving the Th1/Th2 balance in the skin of AD model mice.

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Lyonetia prunifoliella HUBNER subsp. malinella (MATSUMURA) on trees produced five complete generations in 1976 and 1977 in Aomor Prefecture, the northern tip of Honshu, where the monthly mean temperature during the growing season ranges from 10 to 25°C. The insect mates before hibernation and passes the winter as a female moth. The hibernating moth is different from that of summer generations not only in coloration but also in physiological and behavioral character.

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