The purpose of this study was to investigate if participants changed their or not over a three-month period after they entered university. The second purpose was to clarify how the pattern of selection of their influenced the indices of interaction with friends among three points in time. Participants numbered 304 freshmen (131 male and 173 female students). They were administered a questionnaire on 3 occasions. According to the results, 44.4% of participants did not change their during the 3 months. However, 55.6% of participants changed their once or twice. These results showed the occurrence of early differentiation of relatedness in relationship development. On the other hand, these results also suggested that the reason why the relationship developed could not be explained only by the early differentiation of relatedness.

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Self-disclosure patterns of adolescents were examined. Subjects (105 male and 159 female college students) were requested to complete the questionnaire on self-disclosure of 11 different aspects of self to four target-persons (father, mother, the of same sex, the of opposite sex). The following results were found. Both male and female showed the highest self-disclosure to the of same sex, while the lowest to father. But sex differences were found in regard to both overall extent and pattern of self-disclosure. Female disclosed significantly more than male, especially to mother. Although male put the focus of self-disclosure on only the of same sex, female put it on both the of same sex and mother. Moreover, the subjects tend to vary the extent of self-disclosure with respect to the category to which each item about the self belonged. There was the interaction among sex, target-persons, and aspects of self.

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This study investigated the shy individuals' development of close relationships at both cognitive and behavioral levels, and examined the effect of shyness on loneliness within a new environment. One hundred and twenty-four freshmen (Study 1) and two hundred and seven freshmen (Study 2) completed questionnaire regarding their relationship with a new same-sex at their university. Participants were also administered the Trait Shyness Scale (Aikawa, 1991) and the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, Peplau, & Cutrana, 1980). The main results were as follows: 1) The relationship between the shy individual and his/her new was less intimate at both cognitive and behavioral levels than that of not-shy individuals. 2) The effect of shyness on loneliness was partly mediated by their relationship with the new . In other words, (a) shy individuals were not able to engage in a great number of behaviors with their new friend, and (b) they tended to evaluate their relationship more negatively. These two processes caused shy individuals to feel their friendship less intimate, which leads to loneliness.

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道具的関係性攻撃が仲間関係の認知に及ぼす影響を明らかにすることを目的とし，979 人の小学４～６年生を対象に，仲間関係の質（ との相手理解，自己開示の程度）と量（相手理解と自己開示をしている／されているクラスメートの人数）および攻撃性（反応的表出性攻撃，反応的不表出性攻撃，道具的関係性攻撃）について質問紙で調べた。攻撃性と性別から仲間関係への影響を明らかにするために，２要因分散分析を行った。道具的関係性攻撃のみが高い児童は低攻撃児に比べて， から自分に対しての自己開示が高いと認識していた。さらに，低攻撃児に比べて，自分に対して自己開示している，または相互に自己開示していると認識しているクラスメートの人数が多かった。最後に，高道具的関係性攻撃男児は低攻撃男児に比べ， からの相手理解，自己開示を受けていると認知しており，同様に，高道具的関係性攻撃男児は低攻撃男児に比べ，自分に対して相手理解，自己開示を示していると認識しているクラスメートの人数が多かった。

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本研究は，親しい間柄の会話者間が力関係と状況に対する負担の度合いによって，どのようなスピーチ・レベルを選択するのかを定量的に検証することを目的とする．本研究では，日本語母語話者20名に対し，クローズド・ロール・プレイを用いて依頼，勧誘，謝罪の発話行為における発話データを抽出した．依頼と勧誘は主依頼・主勧誘の発話(Head-act)とそれ以外の発話(Others),謝罪は謝罪表明の発話(IFID)とそれ以外の発話(Others)にわけ，各発話のスピーチ・レベルを大きく3つとそのサブ・レベルの6段階で分析した．その結果，次の3点が明らかになった．1）談話の基調となるスピーチ・レベルは発話行為の種類に関わらず対話者間の力関係によって決定される，2）負担の度合いによりサブ・スピーチ・レベルの表出に差が生じる，3）主依頼・主勧誘の発話はそれ以外の発話よりスピーチ・レベルが高く，Othersではサブ・レベルの比率が主依頼・主勧誘の発話(Head-act)と謝罪表明の発話(IFID)より高い．以上の結果から，これまで注目されてこなかったサブ・スピーチ・レベルを含めることで日本語におけるスピーチ・レベルに関わるポライトネス研究がより精緻化できると言える．

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This study investigated how the mind state of a discloser, when self-disclosure of negative contents occurred, might vary with the acceptance or rejection of the recipient, the intimacy of the discloser and the recipient, and the self-esteem of the discloser. A questionnaire investigation using the "scene-assuming" method was conducted among 134 women university students. The main results were as follows; (1) The mind state of the discloser was positive when the recipient was accepted rather than refused; (2) In many dimensions, such as "impression aggravation concern," irrespective of acceptance or rejection, the discloser's mind state when the recipient was the was more positive than in cases where the recipient was just an acquaintance. But in terms of difference from self-disclosure immediately to feedback by the recipient, the discloser's mental damage as a result of rejection was more serious when incurred by the than by an acquaintance; (3) In a dimension such as "waning confidence" or "mutual trust of the future," the mind state of low self-esteem disclosers was more negative than that of high self-esteem disclosers, regardless of acceptance or rejection by the recipient.

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To examine the differences in adolescent identity between Japan and the United States, we studied university students in both countries (255 Japanese students and 145 American students). Participants completed a questionnaire about (1) self-concept (four identity domains) both in daily lives and in contexts seen as important by students, (2) commitment and exploration levels both for school education and best friends, and (3) contexts related to identity formation. Our analyses revealed that American students valued school achievement, committed and explored school education more than Japanese counterparts, and showed higher competence and positive feelings. In contrast, Japanese students showed higher inhibition scores, put greater emphasis on interpersonal contexts, and showed more commitment and exploration in these contexts. In addition, the differences in self-concepts were found consistently regardless of the importance of context. Our results suggested that social and cultural differences across countries have a significant effect on identity of university students.

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本論文では，単一の親友や仲間集団の反社会的傾向が個人の同傾向に与える影響を，相互影響モデルに基づいて検討した。その際，社会的な情報を処理する過程に沿って，相互的な影響を検討した。高校生を対象とした研究1において，主観的相互影響モデルを検討した結果，仲間集団からの影響が単一の親友からの影響よりも強いことが示された。中学生を対象とした研究2において，客観的相互影響モデルを検討した結果，親友や仲間集団との反社会的傾向は，行動傾向のレベルではなく主に認知レベルにおいて相互に影響していることが示された。親友と仲間集団とで影響の方向が異なることから，単一の親友との相互影響は，個人が逸脱的な他者を親友として意図的に選択することを意味し，仲間集団との相互影響は，個人が仲間集団から逸脱性のトレーニングを受けていることを意味する可能性が示唆された。

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The present study represents an attempt to explore the developmental trend in relation to the differentiation of sociometric choices on 3 criteria, (F), lunch companion on an excursion (L), and sports companion (S). Ss were 614 pupils (309 boys and 305 girls) from grades 2 through 8. Analysis was made in terms of differentiation scores obtained among these criteria.
Main findings were as follows:(1) Differentiation scores obtained between F and L, as well as those between F and S, increased significantly up to grade 6, indicating the differentiation of choices given.(2) There was a tendency for differences found between the two kinds of differentiation scores mentioned above to increase among upper-graders.

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本研究の目的は，友人関係および恋人関係における親密性の文化差の原因の検討である．近年の国際比較研究は，北米人の方が東アジア人よりも，対人関係のパートナーに対して感じる親密性が高いことを示してきた．本研究は，社会生態学的視点に基づき，この文化差をもたらす原因を，北米社会における対人関係選択の自由度，すなわち関係流動性の高さに求めた．この仮説を検討するため，日本人とカナダ人参加者を対象に，親友・恋人および最も親しい家族に対する親密性，また参加者を取り巻く身近な社会環境における関係流動性の認知を尋ねた．その結果，まず先行研究と一貫して，日本人よりもカナダ人の方が，親友や恋人に対してより強い親密性を感じていた．さらに，理論仮説と一貫して，親友に対する親密性の日加差は，対人関係選択の自由度によって有意に媒介され，自由度が高いほど親密性が高いことが示された．

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本研究の目的は, 「父親」 と 「友人」 という伝達対象の違いが, 主としてそこで伝達される対人認知のカテゴリー使用にどのような影響を与えるのかを検討することにあった.
「父親」 条件の被験者 (n=30) は自分の父親に対して, 「友人」 条件の被験者 (n=30) は自分と同性の親友に対して, それぞれ5名の人物を選択し, 記述することが求められた.
結果は, 他者記述において伝達された情報の量や, 他者記述において使用された対人認知のカテゴリーの数が伝達対象の違いによって異なることを示している. また, 「親友」 条件の被験者は, 「父親」 条件の被験者と比較して, より親密な異性とより親密でない同性を記述対象として選択する傾向にあったことが見出された.
これらの結果は, 対人コミュニケーション過程における 「編集」 の機能の点から議論された.

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Few studies in literature have explored the relation of altruistic orientation with prosocial and antisocial behavior of primary school and junior high school students in a single design. The present study attempted to fill this research gap. In particular, the present study also investigates the relation of human relationships and altruism with prosocial and delinquent behavior across different situations. The major findings are summarized as follows: (1) Delinquent behavior increased with age but prosocial behavior did not change significantly with age. (2) The tendency of an actor to sacrifice his or her life for a recipient decreased with age, and it associated negatively with delinquent behavior. (3) The tendency of an actor to give up rescuing a stranger and turn to rescue another stranger or an enemy in danger decreased with age, and it associated negatively with delinquent behavior. (4) The tendency of an actor to help a recipient by covering up his or her crime increased with age, and it associated positively with delinquent behavior. (5) The altruistic orientation did not correlate significantly with prosocial behavior.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the relation between joking behaviors with friends and personality factors (preference for humor, self-esteem). Also the study examined whether relational factors (cognitions of the joking relationship) affect joking behavior. In Study 1, undergraduates (n=238) completed a questionnaire concerning joking behaviors and personality factors. The results indicated that the scale has sufficient reliability and validity. In Study 2, questionnaire date from undergraduates (n=208) were used to examined (a)difference in joking behaviors between best friends and ordinary friends of the same sex, as well as (b)the effect of cognitions regarding the joking relationship (understanding the friend and being accepted by the friend) on joking behaviors. The results indicated that participants used aggressive jokes, self-enhancing jokes and everyday jokes significantly more with best friends compared to ordinary friend. Covariance structure analysis indicated that the sense of being accepted by an ordinary friend promoted aggressive jokes, whereas the sense of being accepted by the reduced the need for other-enhancing jokes.

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In this study, lexical decision task was used to examine information processing function in internal working models of attachment. It was hypothesized that when initials of were presented as a prime stimulus, relationship-specific model would operate in addition to general model. Participants were 68 undergraduates. Results of hierarchical regression analyses on reaction inhibition, which was average reaction time on negative targets minus average reaction time on positive targets, revealed that primed participants showed larger reaction inhibition when they were presented with relationship-related words. The result supported the hypothesis of this study. Finally, limitations and future directions of this study are discussed.

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The present study investigated the relation of academic achievement, family and classroom social environment, and peer interactions to prosocial and antisocial behavior of Chinese children in elementary schools. Five hypotheses were empirically tested: (1) Academic achievement is associated positively with prosocial behavior, and negatively with delinquent behavior; (2) family social environment is associated positively with prosocial behavior, and negatively with delinquent behavior; (3) classroom social environment is associated positively with prosocial behavior, and negatively with delinquent behavior; (4) prosocial behavior of children is associated positively with positive peer influence, and delinquent behavior is associated positively with negative peer influence; and (5) prosocial behavior of children is associated positively with peer’s prosocial behavior, and delinquent behavior is associated positively with peer’s delinquent behavior. All the hypotheses, except Hypothesis 3, were clearly supported by the data. Hypothesis 3 was only partially supported by the data.

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