This paper describes the features of learning for older adults during the postwar older adult education founding period, and the fluidity of the concepts of “education” and “welfare” by examining the philosophy and teachings of Inuyama Toshiyori College, which was established in 1958 by Asakichi Matsuura (1902－1959) for the senior citizens’ average stature of the time.

  Inuyama Toshiyori College was established in Inuyama City, Aichi Prefecture, based on Senior Citizens’ College that was founded by Bunjyo Kobayashi. Matsuura uniquely implemented the idea of older adult education in colleges for senior citizens, which spread across the nation after 1965, to guarantee postwar citizens a living and to help them overcome the traumatic experience of war. In other words, his practice of education for older adults based on fluid concepts of “education” and “welfare” was pioneering.

　The Japan Commercial Broadcasters Association （JBA） Broadcasting

Standards were established at the same time as the first commercial radio

started in Japan in 1951. It was not legal at first, but independently established

by commercial broadcasters in Japan born in the post-World War II democratic

movements.

　　Thereafter, the revised Broadcast Law requires that broadcasters establish

program standards and Japanese commercial broadcasters apply JBA Broadcast

Standards to their program standards and revise them repeatedly in accordance

with changes in society and the media environment.

　　This article explores the history and background of JBA Broadcast Standards,

and the autonomous and independent attitude of commercial broadcasters

in Japan that has always been criticized by both the politically powerful and

the general public based on various publications of JBA

This study examined the experience of watching typhoons on television from the perspective of media history. Focusing on the Ise Bay Typhoon （1959） and the Second-Muroto Typhoon （1961）, the study compared how each typhoon was reported on television and how the reports were evaluated by people. We referred to newspapers, broadcasting magazines, and meteorological magazines to gather a wide range of materials that described the media experience of the two typhoons.

The two typhoons occurred during the transitional period of the media environment, when television was growing rapidly. When the Ise Bay typhoon hit, radio was the mainstream media; it was not common to obtain disaster prevention information on television. However, on television, weather experts provided people with typhoon risk reduction information. People who owned a television were able to watch weather maps and typhoon information on it. However, the typhoon disrupted signal transmission and brought massive blackouts, interrupting the TV broadcast of footage of the typhoon hitting cities. In the case of the Ise Bay Typhoon, television programs could only report on the damaged areas after the typhoon had left.

In contrast, when the Second-Muroto Typhoon hit, many people were able to watch typhoon information on TV. We identified two kinds of viewing experiences on TV. The first was the same as in the case of the Ise Bay Typhoon: watching typhoon information delivered by experts on TV. The second was to watch the coverage of the typhoon hitting the cities, which was broadcast live via TV networks. As such, people in the areas where the typhoon would pass could watch it on TV. In other words, television enabled people to see typhoons with a predictive effect. This “predictive effect” allowed people to understand weather phenomena even without any knowledge of science.