In an article, Bongaarts and Feeney proposed a new method for adjusting the period total fertility rate to eliminate the effects of the timing of fertility behavior. Though their method have raised some criticism among demographers, related controversies throw some lights to understand effects of age-shift in demographic variables. In this short note, we do not concern the empirical problem raised by the Bongaarts and Feeney method, but mainly study the logical structure of that method to reveal its hidden hypothesis. As a result, we show that its hidden hypothesis is too difficult to hold in the real world.

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　アンダマン海のミェイ諸島は800をこえる岩礁と島嶼があり，その美しい自然環境がそのままに残されている．この地はかつて中世にはタイ領であったが，その後ビルマ領から英領へ，そしてビルマ独立後は再びビルマ領にかわり，現在はミャンマー領となっている．

　旧イギリス時代には，これらの諸島の名称はイギリス式であったが，第2次世界大戦後はビルマの領土となり，国際社会の慣行に従って，島嶼名は徐々にミャンマーの現地呼称に変わり，現在に至っている．しかし，現在，国際的に使用されている地図上でも，ミェイ諸島の島々の名称には「英領時代の呼称」と「国際社会で多用されている呼称」そして「現地ミャンマーにおける呼称」が混在している．さらに地図上では，言語表記上の複雑さも反映して，分かりにくく，利用者を悩ませている．そこで，筆者らはこれらの3つの段階の諸島名称を調査，整理，比較して将来，より明解で混乱のない名称を検討するための基礎資料を作製した．統一感のある分かり易い名称とは，単純には現地呼称をそのまま使用することであろう．しかし，これまでの経緯を含めて，船舶や航空機の航行，現地の人々の多様な用途，外国人ビジネスマンや旅行者の使い勝手，学術的利用，そして国土の基本情報としての意義，などなどを斟酌すると，単純には書き替えられない理由は少なくなかろう．まずはこれらの情報を一覧できるように調査，整理し，しかるべく検討しやすいようにした資料があるべきである，という強い要望に応えたのがこの資料作成のねらいである．関係各位がこの一覧表を使用してそれぞれの最適な利用をしていただきたい．

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The thermosensory system may misidentify a temperature stimulus with different thermal properties. The mechanism of this hot-cold

has not been clarified; hence, it has not yet been applied. In this study, we created a wearable temperature presentation device that is closer to the application and analyzed the tendency and mechanism of temperature by analyzing the hot-cold of temperature sensation in the fingers, which are most frequently in contact with objects. Two experiments were performed. In the first experiment, we presented stimuli on the tips of three fingers (first, second, and third fingers). In the second experiment, we presented stimuli at the center of the distal phalanx, middle phalanx, and proximal phalanx of the first finger. The experimental results indicated the occurrence of hot-cold . Domination, in which the center is dominated by both ends, and a mutual effect, in which the center interacts with both ends, were observed.

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The

Assessment Method（CAM）は簡便なせん妄スクリーニングツールで，世界的に広く使用されている。今回われわれはCAM日本語版を作成し，2012年1月1日から7月31日までに大腿頸部骨折で整形外科入院となった53症例を対象に有用性を検討した。せん妄患者は12例で認め，有病率は22.6％だった。CAM陽性は11例（せん妄10例，非せん妄1例）で，CAM陰性は42例（せん妄2例，非せん妄40例）だった。CAM日本語版は感度83.3％で特異度97.6％，コーエンのκ係数0.83，φ値0.78と十分に高く，せん妄のスクリーニングツールとして優れていると考えられた。日本語版を含むCAMには著作権があり，原著者のサイト（http://www.hospitalelderlifeprogram.org/private/cam-disclaimer.php?pageid=01.08.00）から入手できる。

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【目的】アルコールを多飲する患者はICUでせん妄状態を起こしやすいかどうか検討した。【方法】対象患者は，2001年7月から2005年4月までに腹部手術を受け，経過観察目的にICUに入室した65～81歳でAmerican Society of Anesthesiologists（ASA）2～3の患者83人とした。すべての患者はICU入室時には気管挿管を行っていなかった。患者は術前に飲酒歴，飲酒量，1週間の飲酒回数，種類などが聴取され，state-trait anxiety index（STAI），mini-mental state test（MMS），depression scale testなどの精神機能検査が行われた。また，術後痛や assessment methodを用いたせん妄の調査，周術期における血中コルチゾールの測定が行われた。【結果】アルコールを25 g/day以上飲酒している18人の患者のうち，7人（39％）がICUでせん妄を起こした。一方，アルコールをほとんど飲酒しない65人の患者のうち，ICU症候群を起こした患者は4人（6％）であり，アルコールを25 g/day以上飲酒している患者のICUでのせん妄の発症率は有意に高かった。また，せん妄を起こした患者の術中および術後3日目までの血中コルチゾール値は有意に高かった。術前のSTAI，MMS，depression scale score，術後のvisual analogue scale（VAS）に有意な差はなかった。【結論】アルコールを25 g/day以上飲酒している患者はICUでせん妄を起こしやすいので，せん妄への対策も行う必要がある。

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Low

coefficient values can make side-channel attacks harder for vector Boolean functions in Block cipher. In this paper, we give new results of coefficient for f ⊞ g, f ⊡ g, f ⊕ g and fg for different Boolean functions f and g, respectively. And we deduce a relationship on the sum-of-squares of the coefficient between one n-variable function and two (n - 1)-variable decomposition functions. Finally, we find that the coefficient of vector Boolean functions is affine invariant.

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Most conventional Fuzzy c-Means clustering techniques have the trict constraint that the sum of membership values at each element as one. From the view from handling fuzziness in data, this constraint is not essential because it is the restriction derived from ""probability"" perspectives not from ""fuzziness"". On the other hand, possibilistic clustering dose not have this restriction on additive constraints. A big problem remains that the shapes of identified membership functions by the possibilistic clustering are the identical. This means that the shapes of the membership functions do not depend on the data distributions. The identified cluster should represent the data characteristics appropriately. This paper presents a novel regularization method for Fuzzy c-Means using an index named degree which are derived from Dempster-Shafer theory. With proposed method, each of the identified clusters has its own shape of membership function. The membership functions do not have the additive constraints the sum of membership values at each element as one. This approach realizes that the identified membership functions depend the data distribution and the clusters will show the better understandings for us. To show the feasiblity of the present method, some numerical experiments are carried out.

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The amount of transmitted information H_t is frequently used as an index for confusability in a matrix. However, the value of H_t is not only determined by the degree of being less confused but also is a function of the size of matrix. Larger, the number of rows and/or columns, larger the value of H_t, which makes difficult to make comparisons in terms of H_t of confusability among matrices of different size. Two examples are shown from empirical investigations to make the problem clear. Some mathematical analysis was made about the change in value of H_t when a matrix is reduced or extended in size. The possible range for the change was shown and it was suggested to take into account the range when H_t is used as an index. Relation between the change of H_t and the interaction information in cases of matrix according to factorial design was also discussed.

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Computational acoustic vision by solving phase ambiguity (CAVSPAC) is proposed for two-dimensional colorful imaging such as pointillisme in the broadband sound environment. The 2D distributions of equivalent point sources were identified as an image from the cross-power spectral phases of sound pressure measured by two pairs of microphones. Each point source was assigned a color corresponding to its frequency. Multiple source locations are introduced from one cross-spectral phase value because of “phase ambiguity” at high frequencies, when the microphone interval is wider than the sound wavelengths. The true source location was extracted from multiple source locations as being the frequency independent. The broadband noise source was visualized with a single two-way loudspeaker set at various positions in the reverberative room. Using CAVSPAC, the 2D image could be identified for the broadband sound source from all directions spherically, except in the area just beside, above and under the microphones. The moderate wider microphone interval than the sound wavelengths led to a better resolution at the source image.

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Objective: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly effective treatment for severe depression. However, one major complication of ECT is the potential for temporary cognitive impairment. The purpose of this retrospective study was to explore the relationship between postictal (PIC) and interictal disorientation (IID) as well as to clarify whether PIC is related to the improvement in symptoms or not.
Materials: Patients with depression who were admitted to Juntendo University Hospital to receive ECT from April 2006 to January 2011 were recruited.
Methods: PIC and IID for each patient was observed. The Hamilton Rating Scale to assess depression (Ham-D) was employed in depressive patients. All assessments were performed prior to first ECT session and a week after the final ECT session.
Measurement and Results: Thirty-seven patients were registered, but eight patients were interrupted due to complications. PIC was associated with improvement of HamD (p=0.0459). IID prevalence was not significantly different between patients of PIC and non-PIC group.
Conclusions: PIC is associated with a greater improvement after ECT, and is not related to IID.

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In order to obtain more exact results in speech test, the list of the words has to be reasonable from the stand point of test among the speech words.However, patterns among the speech words have not been derived upto date.
Moreover, articulation scores for respective speech words could be obtained from the matrix.Thus, the author could find a reasonable word lists for speech test.
If the speech words are classified in the two groops, i.e.the direct sound and the contracted sound groop, the same pattern can be found in the two groops.Therefore, the words list for speech test can be reasonably arrenged with only monosyllable sounds belonging to the direct sounds groop.
The six words that is ni, de, be, pe, da and do must be omitted from the werds list because these words are very frequently confused with other words even in normal persons.The list contains 60 words.
The total articulation score of this list for normal persons is calculated as 98% from canfusion matrix previonsaly obtained for direct sound groop.
The list has been proved as more suitable in differentiation of nerve deafunss than any other lists in clinical use.

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Cochlear implantation with the multipeak method was performed in 6 patients with total or high level sensorineural hearing loss. It had been hoped that this multipeak method would improve especially consonant recognition ability, because consonant recognition by cochlear implant patients is poor. Vowel and consonant tests were performed, however the results were not better than with the previous method. The patients were partially satisfied with the new system, bacause the newly deviced speech processor is lighter than the pervious one.

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often occurs in acute brain infarction, but its character and effective therapy have not been examined well. We divided 49 patients with acute brain infarction into the group (20 patients) and the non- group (29), and compared the character of each group. The group showed older age (79±2 years old vs. 72±2, p=0.0075) and lower scores of Hasegawa Dementia Scale (15.3±1.8 vs. 21.2±2.1, p=0.0183) than the non- group. Right hemisphere lesions, especially the front-parietal lesions, were more often observed in the group. Four of 5 patients who did not receive pharmacotherapy and only 7 of 15 patients who received pharmacotherapy, recovered from . On the other hand, recovery from was quicker in patients with pharmacotherapy than without pharmacotherapy. Patients with stayed significantly longer in the hospital (72.9±11.3 days vs. 48.9±6.2, p < 0.05) and modified Rankin Scale was significantly higher in patients without (2.6±0.3 vs. 1.9±0.3, p<0.05). According to these results, patients with showed poorer outcome. We need to establish effective therapies against in acute brain infarction.

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In this paper, I discuss from a philosophical viewpoint the so-called radiation problem that resulted from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. The starting point lies in the conceptual distinction between “damage due to radiation” and “damage caused by avoiding radiation.” We can recognize the direct “damage due to radiation” in Fukushima as not serious based on the empirical data so that I focus upon the problem of the “damage caused by avoiding radiation,” particularly the damage due to evacuation actions. Actually, evacuation actions caused more refugees to die of suicide and diseases than supposed. Obviously, there is a practical problem on whether the forceful and emergent evacuation was needed. In addition, I will point out that some people psychologically had negative feelings about the radiation problem altogether, for example, absurdity, discomfort, anxiety, or distrust, where some of them tend to twistedly solve those by giving moral censure to people and the product in affected areas. This brought about serious harm to people in Fukushima. I will interpret some people’s careless adoption of precautionary principle and their misunderstanding of the legal standard in radiation protection as being latent in this tragedy.

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