極東ロシア地域に分布するコウノトリの遺伝的多様性を-領域の塩基配列を指標に評価した。加えてロシア個体群と絶滅した日本個体群の系統関係を明らかにするために，ロシア産ハプロタイプと剥製から得た日本産ハプロタイプを比較した。その結果，ロシア産10個体から8ハプロタイプを得た。塩基置換部位は18か所であった。8タイプのうち2タイプは報告済みであり，残り6タイプは未報告であった。ロシア個体群のハプロタイプ多様度は0.933でpairwise differenceは0.007であった。ロシア産ハプロタイプの系統樹を作成したところ3系統が存在し，日本産ハプロタイプと近縁の系統が存在することが分かった。

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A phylogenetic analysis, based on the complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondorial control region (-), was conducted on Mola mola occurring around the Japan coast. Two significantly distant clades (bootstrap value 914, based on 1000 replicates) were recognized. One consisted of 19 specimens with 812-814 by - sequences that were collected from geographically wide spread locations around Japan (Aomori to Kagoshima). The other clade consisted of 3 specimens (all greater than 2 m in total length) collected from the Pacific coast of eastern Japan and characterized by 817 by - sequences with many nucleotide substitutions compared with the former clade (ca.100 positions).

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In order to investigate the genetic diversity of the Bhutanese cattle, complete mitochondrial DNA displacement loop sequences from 30 Bhutanese cattle were determined and analyzed these in conjunction with previously published sequences. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses revealed the presence of B.taurus mitochondrial DNA haplotypes (13.3%), suggesting the genetic introgression of B.taurus genetic materials into Bhutanese population. The remaining B.indicus haplotypes indicated two clades of mitochondrial haplogroups, I1 and I2. The high frequency of I2 haplotype (46.2 %) was observed in Bhutanese cattle. Mean nucleotide divergence values were calculated within populations and Bhutanese population revealed higher value (0.75 %) than those of India (0.41 %) and China (0.19 %) . The results suggested the high genetic variability in Bhutanese cattle consisting of several haplogroups of mitochondrial DNA.

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沖縄島北部のケナガネズミのミトコンドリア DNAの部分塩基配列を調べ，その遺伝的多様性を評価した。 -領域の全塩基配列と， tRNA-Proおよび Pheの部分塩基配列を 60個体において決定した。その結果， -で 6か所の塩基置換部位を持つ 3つのハプロタイプが存在した。ハプロタイプ多様度（H）および塩基多様度（π）は，それぞれ 0.606および 0.00238であった。ミスマッチ分布解析により，沖縄島北部の集団がボトルネックを経験していることが示された。　

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The nucleotide sequences of the - region and its flanking genes of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from Japanese pond frogs were determined by the methods of PCR, cloning, and sequencing. The frogs belonged to two species, one subspecies, and one local race. The gene arrangements adjacent to the - region were analyzed. The frogs shared a unique mitochondrial gene order that was found in Rana catesbeiana; i.e., cyt b - - region -tRNA^Leu(CUN) - tRNA^Thr - tRNA^Pro -tRNA^Phe - 12S rRNA. The arrangements of the three tRNA genes of these frogs were different from those of X. laevis, a species which has the same overall structure as in mammals. Highly repetitive sequences with repeat units (16-bp or 17-bp sequence specific for each taxon) were found in the - region. The length of repetitive sequences varied from 0.6 kbp to 1.2 kbp, and caused the extensive size variation in mtDNA. Several short sequence elements such as putative TAS, Oh, CSB-1, and CSB-2 were found in the - region of these frogs. The sequences of these short regulatory elements were conserved in R. catesbeiana, X. laevis, and also in human. The comparison of sequence divergences of the - region and its adjacent genes among various taxa revealed that the rates of nucleotide substitutions depend on genes. The nucleotide sequences of the 3'-side segment of the - region were the most variable among taxa, whereas those of the tRNA and 12S rRNA genes were the most conservative.

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In Myanmar, native cattle are mainly used for draught. Currently, the available genetic information about them is limited. In this study, complete mtDNA - sequences were analyzed for genetic diversity and differentiation of four popular local breeds – Shwe Ni, Pyar Sein, Ngwar Pyar Ni and Shan Ngwar Pu – and the crossbred population (Holstein Friesian X Myanmar native cattle) among Myanmar’s cattle. From the complete - sequences, 26 polymorphic sites and 27 haplotypes were obtained. All haplotypes (MYAH01 to 27) belonged to two zebu haplogroups of I1 and I2 by the NJ tree and MJ network. A MYAH10 haplotype was major (68%) and common in all breeds and population. Fifteen haplotypes were novel. The haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of the four local breeds and crossbred population ranged from 0.193 in Shan Ngwar Pu to 0.832 in the crossbred, and from 0.00051 in Shan Ngwar Pu to 0.00334 in crossbred, respectively. Genetic differentiation among the breeds and population was quite low in the - of Myanmar cattle because the genetic variation among populations (1.4%) was not significant in AMOVA. However, Shan Ngwar Pu was significantly different from other breeds, according to the pairwise FST values. These results provided the genetic diversity and relationship in the popular local breeds and crossbred population of the Myanmar cattle.

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南関東地域 (東京都・神奈川県・千葉県・埼玉県) と福島県より採集したトウキョウサンショウウオ (Hynobius tokyoensis) 34標本および比較のためのアウトグループとして福島県産トウホクサンショウウオ (H.lichenatus) 2標本と愛知県産カスミサンショウウオ (H.nebulosus) 3標本を用いてミトコンドリアDNAコントロール領域 (-) を中心とする204bpの塩基配列を決定し, トウキョウサンショウウオの種内系統を中心とした検討を行った.その結果, 今回の解析領域においては南関東のトウキョウサンショウウオは遺伝的な変異が少なく, 解析された34標本中の26標本で塩基配列が全く同一の単型であった.残りの6標本 (東京都産2標本・神奈川県産3標本・千葉県産1標本) では204bp中のわずか1bp (配列差異0.5%) で変異が検出され, これらと東京都青梅市産1標本 (単型な26標本中の1つ) を基準としたときの木村の2変数法 (Kimura, 1980) による遺伝距離は0.01であった.これに対し, 福島県産トウキョウサンショウウオは配列差異2.5%が検出され, 遺伝距離は0.03という値を示した.福島県産トウホクサンショウウオは配列差異3.9%を検出し遺伝距離は0.04, 愛知県産カスミサンショウウオでは配列差異8.3%を検出し遺伝距離は0.08であった.遺伝距離をもとに描いたNJ法とUPGMA法による系統樹は配列差異の高い福島県産個体やアウトグループとした福島県産トウホクサンショウウオ・愛知県産カスミサンショウウオでは一致を見たが南関東産のハプロタイプ間では一致を見なかった.またトウキョウサンショウウオのネットワーク樹を作成したところ単型である南関東の26標本を中心に花火型に6標本が一斉放散した形となった.よって南関東の集団はボトルネックがかかった可能性が示唆され, ある時期に急激に分布を拡散した可能性があると考えられた.

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This study was aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of Egyptian native chickens by using mtDNA sequence polymorphism. A 546-bp fragment of the mtDNA - region was sequenced for a total of 36 Egyptian native chickens with 14 reference sequences from DNA databank. Of the Egyptian chickens 5 haplotypes were identified. Haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of the Egyptian native chickens were 0.5635±0.0845 and 0.00123±0.00108, respectively. The Egyptian native chickens were distributed within one clade, which were closed to the haplotypes from Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Most of Egyptian native chickens were classified into the haplotype E1, which contains 63.9% of individuals followed by E4 (16.6%), E5 (11.1%), E2 (5.5%) and E3 (2.7%), respectively. These findings indicate that the maternal lineages was involved in the origin of domestic chicken in Egypt may have roots in Indian subcontinent and other Southeast Asia. The genetic information from this study will probably pave the way to further studies for evaluation, preservation and improvement of Egyptian native chickens as genetic resources in the future.

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山形県のニホンジカ地域個体群は20世紀前半に一時絶滅したと考えられているが，2009年以降，県内でニホンジカが再び目撃されるようになった．山形県で散発的に出没するニホンジカの出自を明らかにする目的で，県内の村山市，鶴岡市，小国町で交通事故死したニホンジカ4個体のミトコンドリアDNA調節領域の遺伝子分析を行った．その結果，1個体の遺伝子型（ハプロタイプ）が北上山地の地域個体群でみられる遺伝子型と一致した．一方，他の3個体の遺伝子型は，北関東以西の地域個体群で報告された遺伝子型と系統的に近縁であることがわかった．以上から，山形県のニホンジカは，少なくとも南北2つの地域から，別々に進出している可能性が示された．

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Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is the only neoplasm that can be spread among dogs through cell transplantation. Therefore, this tumor does not originate from host cell transformation. Although CTVT has a monophyletic origin, several studies have shown the presence of genetic diversity which was probably acquired after the development of its original clone. To investigate the genetic diversity of CTVT in Mexico and its relation with CTVTs disseminated worldwide, we sequenced a fragment of mitochondrial DNA in 50 tumor samples and matched blood samples from dog hosts from Mexico. We found ten new haplotypes in tumor samples, which were all distinct from their matched host. The TVT1 haplotype was the most frequent in our samples, suggesting that it could be the origin of the others. We found that haplotypes in Mexico and other countries are distributed in two well-defined clusters. Our data also suggest a close relationship among American haplotypes (Mexico, USA, Chile and Brazil). Interestingly, these American haplotypes were also closely related to Asian haplotypes. Taking into account the estimated timing of the origin of CTVT, we propose that CTVT might have originated in Asia; consequently, haplotypes currently present in America could descend from Asiatic lineages.

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Preliminary studies on recombination in two groups of rice were carried out by measuring the - forming activity of cellular extracts from shoots and calli. In the shoots, japonica group showed higher recombinatory activities than indica group. In calli, both groups had nearly equal activities. The recombination activity was measured by using plasmid DNAs. In calli and enriched flowers, japonica showed higher frequencies of intermolecular recombination between homologous DNAs than indica. The higher frequencies in the enriched flower fraction, at a certain developmental stage of spike, suggested a contribution from meiotic cells which had been shown to a have high recombinatory activity in earlier studies.

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This paper proposes the ORB-SHOT SLAM or OS-SLAM, which is a novel method of 3

closing for trajectory correction of RGB-D visual SLAM. We obtain point clouds from RGB-D sensors such as Kinect or Xtion, and we use 3D SHOT descriptors to describe the ORB corners. Then, we train an offline 3D vocabulary that contains more than 600,000 words by using two million 3D descriptors based on a large number of images from a public dataset provided by TUM. We convert new images to bag-of-visual-words (BoVW) vectors and push these vectors into an incremental database. We query the database for new images to detect the corresponding 3 candidates, and compute similarity scores between the new image and each corresponding 3 candidate. After detecting 2 closures using ORB-SLAM2 system, we accept those loop closures that are also included in the 3 candidates, and we assign them corresponding weights according to the scores stored previously. In the final graph-based optimization, we create edges with different weights for loop closures and correct the trajectory by solving a nonlinear least-squares optimization problem. We compare our results with several state-of-the-art systems such as ORB-SLAM2 and RGB-D SLAM by using the TUM public RGB-D dataset. We find that accurate loop closures and suitable weights reduce the error on trajectory estimation more effectively than other systems. The performance of ORB-SHOT SLAM is demonstrated by 3D reconstruction application.

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Domestic chickens have long been important to human societies for food, religion, entertainment, and decorative uses, yet the origins and phylogeography of chickens through Asia remain uncertain. In this study, the complete mitochondrial (mtDNA) - sequences were analyzed for a total of 27 individuals of Cambodia (n=13), Myanmar (n=6), Bangladesh (n=3) Red junglefowls (RJFs) and Laos native chickens (n=5). Sequences of mtDNA - of these chickens were compared with 67 - chicken sequences annotated in the GenBank; White Leghorn, RJFs and other Asiatic chickens to identify the phylogenetic relationship within and among Cambodia, Myanmar, Bangladesh RJFs and Laos native chickens for the conservation and improvement of chicken genetic resources. The nucleotide variation of sequence among 23 haplotypes for within and among populations of Cambodia RJFs, Myanmar RJFs, Bangladesh RJFs and Laos native chickens supported the phenotypic variation of individuals of the populations. The 38, 28, 24 and 23 sites of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in Cambodia, Myanmar, Bangladesh RJFs and Laos native chickens, respectively were observed. All RJFs and Laos native chickens have nucleotide insertion in mtDNA - region comparing with White Leghorn. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the nucleotide sequences of the complete mtDNA - region of the 28 RJFs, 25 other chicken breeds and the 41 chicken haplotypes. Phylogenetic analysis showed total of 94 individuals those were separated into 8 clades. The phylogenetic analysis showed the close genetic relationship within and between the populations of each country. The genetic information from this study is the initial investigation using these populations in Myanmar, Cambodia, Bangladesh and Laos which may be useful in developing future strategies for conservation and improvement of valuable genetic resource.

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ハモの遺伝的集団構造を明らかにするため，西日本近海における主要生息地である瀬戸内海東部，西部及び東シナ海の 3 海域（98 個体）を対象とし，ミトコンドリア DNA - の塩基配列の決定を行った。解析の結果，ハプロタイプは海域毎にクラスターを形成せず，3 集団間に有意な遺伝的な差異は認められなかった。ハモは長い浮遊仔稚魚期間を有しており，この期間の海流による個体の分散により，各海域集団間に遺伝的交流が生じていることが示唆された。

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Polymorphic regions of mitochondrial (mt) DNA displacement loop (-) region from Japanese Black, Japanese Brown and Holstein breeds were analyzed by PCR mediated single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) method and PCR direct-sequencing to distinguish these breeds. The sample population comprised 25 Japanese Black cows, 16 Japanese Brown cows, 6 Holstein cows, which were showed 5, 4 and 3 types, respectively, by PCR-SSCP of polymorphic region (308 bp) in -. It was difficult to distinguish among these breeds by this method, however, sequence differences could be detected briefly. We sequenced a portion of polymorphic region in - (385 bp) of 4 Japanese Black cows, 2 Japanese Brown cows and 3 Holstein cows which were different SSCP types. The resulting sequences were compared to those in the literature for the European, African Zebu and Asian Zebu lineage. Each DNA sequences showed from 1 to 4 substitutions, respectively. However, the results showed no specific breed changes. A comparison of these results to those in the literature showed that the three breeds were same lineage as European and African breeds, but not to be of the same lineage with Asian Zebu. The polymorphic region in mtDNA - was too variable in a breed to allow distinguishing among Japanese Black, Japanese Brown and Holstein.

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Six marine and four freshwater specimens of the bull shark Charcarhinus leucas were collected from different areas in Latin America and Australia, and subjected to analysis for mitochondrial DNA sequences in the cytochrome b gene and - region.
The bull shark collected during our field survey contained two regions, - and highly conserved cytochrome b region. There was no variation in the cytochrome b gene segment (405 bp) among seven specimens collected from the Atlantic Ocean and related river systems in Mexico and Nicaragua. However, there was one polymorphic site in the Australian shark compared with these sharks, while the 366th thymine was specific to Mexican marine sharks collected from the Pacific Ocean.
Analysis of the - region (484 bp) revealed 17 polymorphic sites among all samples examined. In contrast to the cytochrome b gene, two sequence patterns having one gap and four variable sites were recognized in the - region among seven specimens collected from the Atlantic sites. However, the Australian freshwater shark and Mexican marine specimens from the Pacific Ocean showed their respective area-specific sequence patterns as in the case of the cytochrome b gene.

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To determine genetic characteristics of the maternal lineage of the Kiso horse based on polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA - region, we collected blood samples from 136 Kiso horses, 91% of the entire population, and sequenced 411 bp from 15,437 to 15,847 in the region. First of all, we estimated the demographic history; by searching homology between the obtained and known sequences using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, by mismatch analysis to evaluate the mutation processes using Arlequin, and by building a phylogenetic tree showing the relationship of the mtDNA haplotypes for 24 horse breeds around the world using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis softwear. The results suggested that various horses that came to Japan stayed at Kiso region and became ancestors of Kiso horse and also genetically supported the theory that the Kiso horse was historically improved by other Japanese native horse breeds. Next, we analyzed the diversity of current maternal lineage by classifying the resulting sequences, and by calculating the haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity using Arlequin. Then, we visualized the relationship among haplotypes by a median-joining network using NETWORK 4.6.0.0. The results suggested the diversity of maternal lineage in the Kiso horse was reasonably maintained. Lastly, we predicted future change of the diversity of maternal lineage in Kiso horse by assessing the regional distribution of the acquired haplotypes. The distribution suggested that diversity of maternal lineage would possibly be reducing.

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1995年, 見島に飼育されていた雌牛頭数は89頭で, これらは6つの母系に分類された. 6系統のうち5系統から各2頭ずつ選び, ミトコンドリアDNAの-領域における塩基配列を調べた結果, その変異から見島牛母系は2つのハプロタイプに分類された. すなわち, よしまき系, かめきち系, たかただ系の3系統はM1に, みまつ系, しらうめ系の2系統はM2に分類された. このように見島牛母系5系統は2つの遺伝子型に集約され, 遺伝的多様性はきわめて小さいことが明らかになった. M2に分類された母系の遺伝子頻度は, 見島牛雌牛全体の14.6%を占めるに過ぎず, 早急の保護対策が必要であると思われる.

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The magnitude of intraspecific genetic differentiation of red sea bream Pagrus major collected from four areas of western Japan, was estimated using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) - region. Sixty-one composite haplotypes, representing information from 6 restriction endonucleases, were generated for samples of 38-58 fish from each site in 1994, and 72-95 fish from each site in 1995 from Tanabe Bay, Tomogashima Suido, Bingo Nada, and the Japan Sea. Genetic variation was relatively high in all samples: the haplotypic diversity was 0.86-0.90 in 1994 and 0.88-0.92 in 1995, and the averages of the mean nucleotide sequence divergence between and within samples were 0.99 and 0.99%, respectively. On the contrary, the pure mean nucleotide sequence divergence between samples is low, 0.01% in average. Significant heterogeneity was not observed in the distribution of haplotypes among samples both in 1994 and 1995. Furthermore, significant differences were not observed in 23 pairs of 28 combinations of 8 samples. Consequently, differences among samples of red sea bream are not so large basically, although significant geographic differences were observed between Bingo Nada where the genetic structure may be unstable and Tanabe Bay where many hatchery released fishes were caught together with the natural fishes.

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