In the Japanese martial art Kendo, there is a “

” grade system that requires examinees to show so called “Nihon Kendo Gata” to obtain a “.” The examination for the grade promotion evaluates the mental attitude as well as the movements of those examinees. Although previous studies attempted to quantify the grade by using objective criterions such as EEG and EMG, it is still unclear how these parameters would synergistically represent the actual movement of Kendo. The present study aims to clarify, based on the EEG/EMG, the functional characteristics underlying the grades and to classify them while the examinees are performing the form of “Nihon Kendo Gata.” An expert with seventh- and five skillful with third- were compared. A portable EEG/EMG system was applied to record the signals simultaneously. The EMG electrodes were placed on the participants’ upper limb, whereas two EEG electrodes were placed on their head by referring to the international 10-20 method. The averaged values of those signals obtained from each participant were fed into an ANOVA and the values were compared by the Tukey’s method. The dendrogram was generated to classify the participants. Our results showed that the magnitudes of the EEG-EMG coherence in the alpha and gamma range for the expert were higher compared to the controls. The results also revealed that expert and skillful were successfully classified by different features of the EEG-EMG coherence, implying that the coherence could be a possible measure for quantifying the -grades.

抄録全体を表示

Four γ-polyglutamate (γ-PGA)-producing Bacillus strains were isolated from a "-douchi" in China, all of which indicated biotin requirement for growth and a considerably high γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GTP) productivity. These strains carried a single plasmid species, and their molecular sizes and restriction patterns differed completely. Some of HindIII DNA fragments of "-douchi" plasmids strongly hybridized with a 1.7-kb TaqI DNA fragment of "natto" plasmid, pUH1, which encodes γ-GTP gene responsible for γ-PGA production, and their molecular sizes of homologous fragments were found to be similar. The hybridization analysis revealed that the structure gene of γ-GTP encoded on "-douchi" plasmid was found to greatly resemble that on "natto" plasmid. Furthermore, "-douchi" plasmid had a high degree of homology with DNA segment encoding the replication protein of pUH1. These results, therefore, strongly suggest that "-douchi" plasmid might be a functional plasmid as well as "natto" plasmid, and it should be considered that both "natto" and "-douchi" plasmids might develop from a common ancestral molecule.

抄録全体を表示

The present study is designed to investigate the discourse patterns of Japanese argumentative essays by focusing on the functions of 'BUN-'. This is not a so-called formal paragraph, but a pile of sentences related to an identical theme. One hundred text samples of data were extracted from articles of Asahi newspaper's "Rondan" section. The text samples were devided into six type groups: assertion, proposal, report, exposition, objection, support. The 'BUN-' of each sample was labelled from a two dimensional point of view. The first dimensional aspect concerns the content itself and the second focuses on the relative relation with the previous 'BUN-' before it. The result from the present study demonstrates that the type of text is co-related with the variation of the labels from the two dimensional aspects and reveals some regularities of discourse patterns in developing 'BUN-'.

抄録全体を表示

In 2005, a tomb of a man by the name of Li 李誕 from a place called Jibin 〓賓 who died during the Northern Zhou 北周 Period was unearthed in Xi'an 西安, China. We know from the tomb's epitaph that Li was from Jibin and that he obtained his official position because he was a kind of "Brahman" 婆羅門種. From this information the consensus seems to be that Li was of Indian (Kashimere) origin, but since there are various theories as to the exact location of Jibin, it is difficult to conclude anything about his origins. In the present article, the author attempts to clarify exactly where Jibin, where Li was born, was located and considers what Li intended to do in China. First, the author does a work up of the content of Li epitaph, and then introduces newly discovered epitaphs of Li Da 李陀 and his wife An 安 and of Li Xu 李吁. Judging from the content of all three epitaphs, the author concludes that 1) the men were father, son and grandson, respectively and 2) by her family name, An, the wife of Li Da, was of Sogdian origin. The existence of close marital ties between Li and the Sogdians, which has already been speculated about, because of the proximity of Li tomb to and the tombs of contemporaries, An Jia 安伽, Kang Ye 康業 and Shi Jun 史君, is now a matter of historical fact. Secondly, the time when Li epitaph was engraved coincides with the time in which the location of the placename Jibin in Chinese was moved from Gandhara to Kapisi, because Gandhara had lost its position of importance due to the decline of Ephthal. Kapisi lies within the linguistic sphere of Bactrian, which is an eastern dialect of Iranian, like Sogdian. Dasa 陀娑, which is Li adult name (zi 字), can be found among common Bactrian names. Considering these facts within the context of the close relationship between the Li clan and the Sogdians, the author concludes that the Jibin mentioned in Li epitaph in fact refers to Kapisi, which was populated by Iranian Bactrians. Furthermore, since the Bactrians were well-known as traders, it can be assumed that Li came to China for the purpose of commerce. And thus, the three epitaphs of the Li clan are important historical sources for unfolding the ways in which a group of Bactrians and Sogdians, tied together by marriage, extended their trading activities in the far away eastern land of China.

抄録全体を表示

 The purpose of this study is to clarify Ryukei Okudera’s argument on ‘Boy Scouts’ in the periodical, Teikoku Seinen (1916-1922) published by the Central Division of Youth Association [Seinen--Chuou-bu] in Japan.
 It is said that Okudera played a significant role in establishing the ‘Scout Association of Japan’ in terms of translating books on the British Scouting codes and providing a fundamental theory of the movement in the earlier period. Therefore, this study focused on Teikoku Seinen (Seinen after 1923), a monthly magazine first published in 1916, and analyzed 16 articles which Okudera contributed to the magazine.
 This magazine developed a series of articles on the Boy Scout movement, and, in particular, Okudera contributed a one-year serialization of ‘Baden-Powell’s British Boy Scout’ from May 1920 to May 1921, the period which this research paper sectionalizes as the first period (2. The development of the scouting movement in Teikoku Seinen). Okudera began to interact not only with the Youth Association [Seinen-] but also with other organizations such as the Character-Building Association [Shuyo-] and the Social Education Policy Bureau at Ministry of Education from the end of the serialization of ‘Baden-Powell’s British Boy Scout’ to October 1925 when his “Requests for Japanese Youth Hall [Nihon-Seinen-Kaikan]” (Vol. 10, No. 10) was published. This paper sectionalizes the above period as the second one (3. Formation of Japanese Alliance of Boys’ Association [Shounen--Nihon-Renmei] and Criticism of Youth Association [Seinen-] ).
 In conclusion, the research revealed Okudera’s assertion that the Youth Association [Seinen-] must change to what is called a Boys’ Association [Shounen-] which should be in charge of the Boy Scouts in Japan. In other words, Okudera criticized the methods and contents in the training courses in the Youth Association [Seinen-] and emphasized the development of scouting practice through a Boys’ Association [Shounen-]. Whereby, he intended (1) the shift from ‘nationalism to internationalism’ in the post-World War I era and the involvement with an international social education movement, (2) organization in accordance with the age and educational methods of the British Scouting movement, and (3) social education to cultivate autonomy, mainly through games and play, rather than military training and social service. Okudera believed that conducting Boy Scout practices through the Youth Association [Seinen-] were unfavorable due to its alignment with the principles of the Japanese Military Reservists’ Association, thus he stuck to the term, ‘Boys’ Association [Shounen-]’. In other words, Okudera distanced himself from the initiative of the Japanese Military Reservists’ Association [Zaigou-gunzin-kai] and social education with social service-oriented training. Instead, he evaluated social education through games and play.
 Therefore, the significance of Okudera’s argument on Boy Scouts during the earlier period in Japan can be summarized as follows: he not only translated books on scouting and served as a chief of the division of international section and counselor of the Association, but also converted the Youth Association [Seinen-] into the ‘Boys’ Association’ [Shounen-]’ which became known as the Boy Scouts of Japan from 1922. This shift was based on his conviction that the dissemination of citizenship education as purely originated from the British model should be maintained.

抄録全体を表示

　This study explores the practice of Yoji Seikatsu-

, its characteristics and development in the Osaka Tomonokai from the 1950s to the 1960s. Yoji Seikatsu- is an early childhood education organization founded in January 1939 by Motoko Hani and her daughter, Setsuko, in order to realize the ideal of early childhood education. This organization was originally inspired by the exhibition of early childhood life in 1938 which was part of the events celebrating the 35th anniversary of a magazine called “Fuji no Tomo”. The Osaka Yoji Seikatsu- was founded in 1940 by a local group of Tomonokai（ a group of readers of “Fujin no Tomo”）.<br>　The examination of the primary sources reveals two main points.<br>　First, the Yoji Seikatsu- established a childrenʼs group meeting once a week and sought to form an autonomous life for children at home with the support of their guardians based on what the children learned during the weekly meeting.<br>　Second, the Osaka Yoji Seikatsu- has already developed science-related educational practices with animal breeding as a core content when the movement to incorporate science-related content and methods in childcare accelerated in the 1960s. Moreover, fostering childrenʼs basic lifestyle habits and challenging activities related to science and art, which were revealed by clarifying the practice of Yoji Seikatsu- in Osaka, brings two suggestions. First, the practice of Yoji Seikatsu- was not childcare, but rather education that prioritized the development of childrenʼs autonomy and their interests by bringing out their innate abilities. Second, the style of placing more emphasis on home care became a point of view that needed to be reconsidered over time.

抄録全体を表示

Digital Asia is an initiative to provide people and communities with easy access to geo-spatial information over the Internet through open sharing of GIS and Remote Sensing Data among all the countries of Asia. Digital Asia will form the Digital Asia Network () to bring together all participating people and agencies, and to provide a place where they can obtain useful information for developing their applications and demonstration systems. As a three-year activity, would support participants' efforts to link these Web-based GIS systems to demonstrate the usefulness of data availability and data sharing for society. The main objectives of Digital Asia are (1) to develop a mechanism for data sharing, so that partners can participate easily, (2) to provide guidelines for developing applications and demonstration systems, (3) to help any agencies, through sharing of technical knowledge and training, who would like to open their data, (4) to stimulate development of demonstration systems which will be the basis of a future operational system, and (5) to share experience and "lessons learned" through development of demonstration systems. To promote this concept, NASDA agreed to support a preparation meeting in cooperation with the secretariat at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), and the preparation of a three-year implementation plan for . This paper describes the overview of Digital Asia Network concept and the implementation plan.

抄録全体を表示

This paper evaluates the throughput of a distributed antenna network (

) with multiple mobile terminal scheduling and the usage of joint maximum-likelihood detection (MLD). Mobile terminals are closer to the desired antennas in the which leads to higher throughput and better frequency utilization efficiency. However, when multiple mobile terminal scheduling is applied to the , interference can occur between transmitted signals from antennas. Therefore, in this research, mobile terminal scheduling along with joint MLD is applied to reduce the effects of interference. A system level simulation shows that the usage of joint MLD in a densely packed provides better system throughput regardless of the numbers of mobile terminals and fading channels.

抄録全体を表示

Study of the history and meaning of and kyu grades is one key to the essential character of Budo. Using this idea we began research into the origin of the grade system in Shogi, during the Edo period of Japanese history. The grade system in certain Kenjutsu and Jujutsu schools where comparable systems existed. For our final reseach we studied the grade system of Judo in the context of the clear intentions established by Jigoro Kano, and we considered how both kendo and kyudo have adopted grading systems and their meaning.
Results were as follows:
1. There were 9 grade steps in Shogi at the beginning of the 18th Century. A Shogi player could be promoted to the next grade if he won a game against Iemoto, the top authority and 9th holder. Only Iemoto was permitted to hold 9th .
2. The Jigenryu of kenjutsu school established its own grade syustem from 1st to 4th at the begininng of the Edo era in order to keep the students motivated. The Tenjin-shinyoryu Jujutsu at the end of the Edo era established 3 grade steps: sho , chu and jo . Both systems had similar policies for promotion, requiring length of training and technical skills in kata. Also intangible factors such as being of good character, and not aggressive, but with a determined spirit. The system at that time had only a few 3 or 4 grades and there was a long time between promotions, and so students could eventually lack motivation.
3. Jigoro Kano, the founder of the Kodokan, established the grade system in Judo from 1st upwards (without an upper limit), with kyu grades from 5th to 1st, because he disagreed with the traditional grading system and its excessively long intervals to the next grade. He allowed students who had reached 6th to teach Judo, and then encouraged study more deeply into the heart of judo before arriving at 10th or Shihan. The other purpose of establishing the grade system was to stabilize the organization on a firm financial footing. The Dai Nippon Butokukai, established in 1895 in Kyoto, adopted the grade system for Judo and kyu grade system for Kendo which was used in Tokyo Police. In 1917, the Butokukai adopted the and kyu system for both Judo and Kendo, then in 1923 also adopted the and kyu system for Kyudo.
4. The and kyu grade system used today in Judo examines students for promotion up to 6th on points obtained in competitions and on their performance of kata. Above 6th are judged on their depth of knowledge and their contribution to judo. The grading system in Kendo examines skills in competitions and kata and there is a written test in addition. Correct posture and being able to use a sword correctly are considered to be more important than winning in the examining matches for promotion. Fees for promotion are used for further development of the organization.

抄録全体を表示

The effect of D₂0 and dantrolene-Na () on the electrical and mechanical responses of single muscle fiber (mouse EDL and frog semitendinosus), Ca²⁺uptake and release of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and contractile proteins was investigated to elucidate the coupling mechanism between depolarization and contraction.
Both agents inhibited tension development induced by depolarization and caffeine, especially the initial phase of contraction (more pronounced in fast muscle) without affecting excitation of membrane and contractile machinery. The effect of can be antagonized by increasing Ca²⁺ concentration and lowering the temperature of the medium. Ca²⁺ uptake and release abilities of isolated SR were not altered significantly in , but were reduced considerably in D₂0.
These results suggest that there is a Ca²⁺-mediated trigger mechanism for the rapid release of activator Ca²⁺from internal storage (SR). and D₂0 interfere predominantly the action of the site (s) of this mechanism, probably on the T-tubules. In addition, D₂O decelerates Ca²⁺ release from SR per se.

抄録全体を表示

Lewis acidity-diminished boron functionalities, B(

) (＝naphthalene-1,8-diaminato) and B(aam) (aam＝anthranilamidato), have efficiently been installed into organic frameworks in a straightforward manner by a variety of catalytic borylation reactions, where chemoselective σ-bond metathesis between a transition metal catalyst and an unsymmetrical diboron [(pin)B-B-() or (pin)B-B(aam)] is a key elementary step. The /aam-substituted organoboranes obtained therefrom have been found to be utilized for direct cross-coupling without prior acidic deprotection, regardless of their diminished boron-Lewis acidity that usually retards transmetalation. In addition, we have also succeeded in developing copper-catalyzed aryl- and cyano-stannylation of arynes, in which Lewis acidity increment of a tin center facilitates their progress.

抄録全体を表示

In the plesent paper, a case, 67 year-old female, who suffered from agranulocytosis after taking “ ”, a patent medicine, and ASPIRIN when the case caught cold. The present case was one of the relatively rare cases in which the lesion extensively affected the upper respiratory tract causing gangreneous lesion at the tonsil.

抄録全体を表示

チオ尿素は2,6-ジアルキルナフタレン () と選択的に付加物結晶を形成する。混合物からの2,6-の分離に対するチオ尿素付加物の応用に関連して, ジイソプロピルナフタレン(DIPN) 異性体およびジ-t-ブチルナフタレン (DtBN) 異性体のチオ尿素付加反応の平衡定数を273～293Kの温度で測定した。また, 2,6-の回収率と純度によって付加プロセスを評価した。2,6-DIPNの平衡定数の値は273Kにおいて0.0138, 292Kにおいては0.0400であったが, その他の異性体についてはいずれも1以上であった。付加物形成能の序列は2,6-DIPN>2,7-DIPN>1,7-DIPN>1,3-DIPN≒1,4-DIPN≒1,6-DIPNであった。さらに, 2,6-DtBNの平衡定数は273Kにおいては0.00428, 293Kにおいては0.00813であり, 2,7-DtBNについては273Kにおいて0,33, 293Kにおいて0.51であった。これらの平衡定数を用いて, 混合物からの2,6-の回収率と付加物中の純度はそれぞれ標準偏差4.8, 3.6%で推算される。ジアルキルナフタレン異性体のチオ尿素付加物分解反応の平衡定数を用い, 2,6-異性体の分離に関するシミュレーションを行い, 付加物形成の条件と回収率および純度との関係を明らかにした。

抄録全体を表示

Dalam karangan ini saya memperkenalkan penelitian-penelitian tentang berbagai situs kuburan zaman prasejarah di Indonesia. Yakni: situs Gunung Piring (Lombok Selatan), situs Lengkeka (Sulawesi Tengah), situs Terjan Plawangan (Jawa Tengah) situs Anyar (Jawa Barat).
Mengenai hubungan kuburan dalam luar tempayan, saya merasa harus mengadakan penelitian cara stratigrafi terutama tentang perhubungan barulama akan gejala-gejala kuburan. Kalamba itu disangka dilahirkan dari menhir di Sulawesi Tengah mungkin waruga di Minahasa pun dipengaruhi daripada Kalamba itu. Saya bepikir juga, kuburan Gunung Piring dengan Terjan ada perhubungan kebudayaan yang erat, yaitu cara kuburan pasangan batu-batu serupa bentuk segi-empat.
Akhirnya, saya mengharapkan agar penelitian gerabah dikembangkan dengan pemakaian gambar ukuran gerabah yang tepat sesampai dapat dipergunakan kronologis cara kuburan pada masing-masing daerah di Indonesia.

抄録全体を表示

Aqueous 2,3-diaminonaphthalene () (0.3mM) was exposed to ultrasound (US) with 23-500kHz and applied to probe NO_2^- in the ultrasonic medium. After the US was exposed at different frequencies, fluorescence spectra of the probe were measured to evaluate NO_2^- amount in US medium. The fluorescent band in the spectra was decreased at 400nm and increased at 510nm by the exposure. Also, it was observed that 1-[H]-Naphthotriazole (NT) band was appeared at 510nm after exposing the US. This implied that NO_2^- formed in the US medium was reacted with . These results indicated the produced NO_2^- in the US medium was evaluated by the fluorescent method.

抄録全体を表示

Nitric oxide (NO) has been reported to play various roles as a signal transmitter. However, detailed functions of NO have yet to be clarified. We have developed a fluorescent indicator for NO imaging in living cells. The N-nitrosation of newly designed and synthesized 4-((3-amino-2-naphthyl)aminomethyl)benzoic acid (-1) by NO yielded the highly fluorescent triazole-form. The membrane permeable ester derivative of -1 (-1 EE) was applied to the imaging of NO produced in activated rat aortic smooth muscle cells. After -1 EE has been loaded into cells, the ester bond is hydrolyzed by intracellular esterase, yielding original -1 with less permeability. The fluorescence intensity of the cells loaded with -1 EE increased according to NO production. The imaging method with fluorescent indicators will be significant for the functional clarification of NO in vivo.

抄録全体を表示

The system of -i (rank) in Judo originated from a suggestion of Jigoro Kano, the founder of Judo, in August,16th year of the Meiji era (1883) and -Kya (rank and Class) regulation were codified in July,12th year of the Taisho era (1923). They have been revised many times up to the present.
This paper aims to make clear how -i system has come to be acknowledged and put into practice in foreign countries, and also to find a clue to settling its problems. From this viewpoint, I made a comparative study of Japanese -Kyu regulation with those established by Confederacaõ Brasileira de Judo (CBJ).
“-i” in Judo originally represents the degree achived by trainees in point of their proficiency as well as bodily and mental strength. No wonder, CBJ regulations were made according to this purport. I think it is very useful to make Judo a popular and life long sport that Kyr' in particular was regulated in more detail. It can be said, however, this tends to cause serious trouble even the practitioners who have not had much experience in Judo contests can sometimes obtain -i easily.
We can not deny that there are various problems with -i system. “How can practitioners skill be estimated properly?” The more international Judo has become, the more complicated the problems concerning -i system have become. These are urgent matters that call for our careful consideration.

抄録全体を表示