The word “

” has garnered attention in Japan as an explanation for the loss of global competitiveness by the Japanese economy and Japanese companies, even while the Japanese companies are competitive domestically. The term has particularly been used with mobile phones in Japan, which are known as “ ke-tai.” An analysis of newspaper articles showed that discussions on mobile phones were primarily about technology, technology standards, and features. However, smartphones that looked like ke-tai came to be called “Garaho” later, and the term then took on the meaning of appearance.

抄録全体を表示

Gabbro, gabbroic anorthosite, basaltic breccia, diabase and basalt samples were dredged from a fracture zone of the Rise, a fossil spreading center on the Nazca plate. Serpentinite was dredged from the Ecuador fracture zone of the Spreading Center. Although the rocks are variably altered, minerals and chemistry of gabbroic rocks indicate that extensive fractionation occurred throughout the suite. Basaltic breccias have textures indicating prefracture zone brecciation.

抄録全体を表示

Three species of the leaf-mining agromyzids, Melanagromyza floris Spencer, 1963, Liriomyza marginalis (Malloch, 1913) and Phytoliriomyza pilosella Spencer, 1973, are recorded newly from the Islands. Important characters of the male genitalia are noted for the three species. A key to all five species of the Agromyzidae is given.

抄録全体を表示

北海道の奥尻島青苗遺跡において1950年に発掘され, 北海道開拓記念館と札幌西高等学校に所蔵されているニホンアシカZalophus californianus japonicusの頭骨7個と下顎片8個の標本について23部位を計測し, 上・下顎頬歯数及び7縫合と2軟骨結合の消失度を調べ (Tables1, 2) , これらの標本を本種雄成獣のものであると同定した。また, ニホンアシカの頭骨ではいくつかの部位の絶対値と頭骨基底長に対するそれらの相対値が, カリフォルニアアシカZ. c. californianus及びガラパゴスアシカZ. c. wollebaekiより有意に大きく, ニホンアシカとカリフォルニアアシカは上顎頬歯数で異なることを明らかにした。従って、明瞭な形態的差異がないことなどを根拠としてニホンアシカをカリフォルニアアシカの亜種としていた従来の分類は再検討を要すると考えられる。

抄録全体を表示

Museums and research institutions preserve natural history-related materials that are now rarely used because of the changing academic paradigms and research interests. Among several examples, this study focuses on the watercolor paintings of natural history made during the Crocker expeditions in the 1930s. The expeditions traveled far into the Pacific, recording the natural environment and indigenous cultures of the time in the form of specimens and visual materials. The collection is characterized by a large number of photographs and watercolors of fish created by the Japanese artist, Toshio Asaeda. A collaboration with academic institutions led to the global proliferation of the collection, preventing its comprehensive use. In this study, we analyzed these materials, scattered across museums worldwide, in a cross-sectional manner. Additionally, we identified the time and place of collections and the specific expedition they were a part of, which could only be achieved through a combined survey of materials from multiple museums. The results could pave the way for future utilization of natural history materials, including the Crocker collections housed in several museums.

抄録全体を表示

  De las Islas Galápagos se conoce más de 200 especies de briófitas (el número total de los musgos y de las hepáticas es de mas o menos igual). Más que 2/3 partes de las especies occurren en la selva y matorrales perennifolias y húmedas limitadas a las zonas altas de algunas islas.

  Una proporción elevada (65-70%) de la brioflora trata de especies de una distribución amplia y neotropical o ampliamente tropical, que probablemente han llegado cón los vientos predominantes orientales del continente sudamericano. Generalmente las briófitas de las Islas Galápagos tienen una dispersión excelente, al contrario de otros grupos de organismos.

  Mas o menos 85% de las hepáticas produce espores y/o gemmae y aproximadamente 40% de las especies son bisexuales. Además es interesante anotar que taxa sin diásporas están limitados hacia una sola isla, y que taxa con formación de diásporas tienen una distribución más ámplia según las condiciones ecológicas favorables. Una proporción bastante elevada (20%) de los musgos pertenece al elemento “oceánico-Caribe” probablemente llegado con los vientos alisios desde las costas de Centro-América o directamente de las Antillas via el Istmo de Panamá

  Este grupo de especies se encuentra en las Islas Galápagos en alturas más bajas, con preferencia cerca de la costa. Unas pocas especies templadas y disyuntas están presentes en las pampas frias y secas de Isabela arriba de 1200 m. Además taxa cosmopolitos y ciertos taxa endémicos son común en las pampas.

  La proporción de los taxa endémicos es más elevada entre las hepáticas (16%) que entre los musgos (6%). Taxa endémicos occurren con preferencia en las regiones abiertas y secas en las Islas Galápagos, probablemente debido a que este medio ambiente para selección natural y evolución existía ya hace más tiempo, como es corroborado por evidencia palaeobotánica.

  Se trata de caracterizar y comparar la brioflora de Galápagos, aunque las listas de recopilación para briofloras regionales del trópico hacen falta en una forma tremenda. En comparación con la brioflora del continente sudaméricano la de las Islas Galápagos es un poco pobre en especies; faltan marcadamente taxa de la selva húmeda tropical y de selva nublada.

  La proporción bastante elevada de hepáticas talosas del orden Marchantiales caracteriza la brioflora de las Islas Galápagos como mas o menos mesofítica y subtropical, a pesar de la presencia elevada de Lejeuneaceae.

抄録全体を表示

This study aims at clarifying how the plunder of marine resources occurs in the Islands, where recently, the plunder by local fishermen has become a big problem. It also tries to gain knowledge of what sustainable ecotourism should be like, for the benefit of future development of this type of tourism. The result from the questionnaire and interviews to the local and selected people show that, even though a large number of people immigrated to the Islands expecting to get a job in the tourism industry, in reality they only found the weak linkage between the tourism and the local, which does not supply them with much opportunity to work in the tourism industry. Thus, they had no choice but to become fishermen, which causes the plunder of marine resources. In contrast, other 3 sites chosen for comparison show the strong social and economical relationships between the sites and the locals and no signs of plunder. From this study, it is clear that in order to make ecotourism sustainable, it is essential not only to control the environment and nature strictly, but also to build strong social and economical linkage between the local and the tourism industry.

抄録全体を表示

j-2ⁱⁿ遺伝子を有して小花柄に離層を形成しない系統LA1402と, ガラパゴス産野生種トマトで正常に離層形成・発達する系統LA317を供試した.開花時に花を切除して小花柄の脱離時期を比較した結果, LA317では処理後5日目で全ての小花柄が脱離したが, LA1402では脱離しなかった.LA1402の小花柄の脱離は処理後5日目に始まり, 16日目にすべて脱離した.離層細胞の分化開始時期は, LA317ではがく片形成期で, LA1402では心皮形成期であった.開花時の離層細胞は, LA317では軸方向に扁平で離層の表皮組織が小花柄の中心部に向かって著しく窪んでいたが, LA1402では離層細胞が球状で離層の表皮組織の窪みの程度がわずかであった.従って, j-2ⁱⁿ遺伝子を有するトマトLA1402の小花柄が脱離しにくいのは離層細胞の分化開始時期が遅く, その後の発達が不完全であることに起因しているものと推察された.

抄録全体を表示

Rare-earth element (REE) geochemistry on the igneous rocks from the Islands has been discussed on the basis of precisely determined REE data for twenty rocks including alkali-olivine basalts, tholeiites, differentiated effusive rocks (ferrobasalt, icelandite and trachyte), plutonic rocks (eucrite and ferrobasalt) and inclusions of mafic and ultramafic compositions (gabbro and peridotite). It is disclosed that REE patterns of alkali olivine basalts from the Islands have some features different from those observed in alkali olivine basalts from other regions. That is, alkali olivine basalts from the Islands have essentially the same features in REE patterns as those seen in tholeiitic rocks from the same Islands and the ratios of normalized values between Ce and Yb are 2-4, which are small compared with the corresponding ratios of the typical alkali basalts. Most of REE patterns obtained in this study are similar to each other i.e., upward convex curve in the light and middle REE span with monoclinic rectilinear line in the heavy REE span, irrespective of a wide range in the major element compositions. These REE patterns appear to have an inflection point around the position of Gd, Th, Dy or Ho, mainly at Ho. These REE patterns most commonly observed in this study are considered to correspond to solid-type (light REE depleted) phase or to correspond to mixtures of conjugate solid-type and liquid-type (light REE enriched) phases as a consequence of incomplete separation of the two phases. It is suggested that the liquid-type phase was generated by the small-scale convection in the asthenosphere and that the liquid-type phase and the remnant solid-type phase were mixed at the top of the asthenosphere. We have considered that the essential features in these REE patterns were established during the processes in the asthenosphere and that fractionation process in the lithosphere gave rise to differentiation of only major elements and, during these processes in lithosphere, REE (except Eu) have been uniformly enriched or depleted with little change in the shape of REE patterns. It is probable that terrace-shaped REE partition pattern having the inflection point at Ho played a leading role in characterizing the shape of these REE patterns.

抄録全体を表示

The folding “clamshell” mobile phone was chosen as the dominant industrial design in the Japanese mobile phone industry due to the importance of mail functionality, and NEC actively pushed this style and acquired major market share. As a result, at the start of the 21st century, the dominant design “

ke-tai,” unique to Japan, was established. However, this dominant industrial design along with the functionality of these phones became a barrier to the Japanese mobile phone industry when they shifted to smartphones. In other words, a dominant industrial design determined the competitive positions of companies.

抄録全体を表示

The author previously established a molecular tree based on the cDNA-derived primary structures of globins in two giant tortoises, Geochelone nigra and G. gigantea. The divergence time was estimated to be 15-21 million years ago. In the present study, the author reexamined the divergence time of these two species using another source of genetic information--globin-introns--including those from the Chaco tortoise (G. chilensis), a close relative of G. nigra. The previously determined divergence time was supported by the findings of this intron study. However, the inter-relationships based on the intron nucleotide sequences of the globins from the three Geochelone species remain controversial, because it is difficult to determine which of the three is the ancestral species. In addition, the nucleotide sequences reveal the following interesting characteristics: (1) an abnormal GC dinucleotide sequence located at the 5'-splicing site of the second intron of α^D globins instead of a consensus GT--this finding is common to all studied Geochelone species; (2) a repeated sequence 5'-GCCCCGCGCCCCGC-3' found only in the first intron of the G. nigra a A globin gene, is a unique feature distinguishing the giant tor-toise from the other Geochelone tortoises that have non-repeated GCCCCGC sequences.

抄録全体を表示

The author previously established a molecular tree based on the cDNA-derived primary structures of globins in two giant tortoises, Geochelone nigra and G. gigantea. The divergence time was estimated to be 15-21 million years ago. In the present study, the author reexamined the divergence time of these two species using another source of genetic information--globin-introns--including those from the Chaco tortoise (G. chilensis), a close relative of G. nigra. The previously determined divergence time was supported by the findings of this intron study. However, the inter-relationships based on the intron nucleotide sequences of the globins from the three Geochelone species remain controversial, because it is difficult to determine which of the three is the ancestral species. In addition, the nucleotide sequences reveal the following interesting characteristics: (1) an abnormal GC dinucleotide sequence located at the 5'-splicing site of the second intron of α^D globins instead of a consensus GT--this finding is common to all studied Geochelone species; (2) a repeated sequence 5'-GCCCCGCGCCCCGC-3' found only in the first intron of the G. nigra a A globin gene, is a unique feature distinguishing the giant tor-toise from the other Geochelone tortoises that have non-repeated GCCCCGC sequences.

抄録全体を表示

  South America with half of all the known species represents most probably the primary diversity centre of the ascolocular lichen family Roccellaceae (Arthoniales). Nevertheless, neither a modern identification key nor a topical survey are available for the biologically, ecologically and phylogenetically interesting taxa occurring on the mainland and (or) the adjacent islands. A computeraided, dichotomous key has therefore been prepared, based as far as possible on easily detectable characters. All 51 species considered, belonging to 11 genera, are endemics. An appendix comprises nomenclatural, taxonomical and biogeographical additions, corrections and remarks. Among other items these embody diagnoses and descriptions of four new species: Roccella colonii Follm. sp. nov. (Galápagos Islands), R. humboldtiana Follm. sp. nov. (Northwestern Neotropics), R. transludica Follm. & B. Wern. sp. nov. (Galápagos Islands), Roccellina corrugata Follm. sp. nov. (North Chile). Dirina paradoxa f. sorediata Tehl. (North Perú) and Roccellina cerebriformis f. sorediata Tehl. (Central Chile to Central Perú) are reduced to the synonymy of the corresponding typical species. In addition, the genus name Protoroccella Follm. is emended and validated with P. minima (Sant.) Follm. comb. nov. as generic type and P. follmannii (Sánch.-Pinto & M. Schulz) Follm. comb. nov. (both North Chile). At present, Camanchaca corallina Follm. & Peine, Protoroccella minima (Sant.) Follm. (both North Chile) and Roccella gayana Mont. (Central and South Chile) have to be regarded as seriously endangered taxa, whereas R. babingtonii Mont., R. fragillima (Darb.) Follm. (both Central Chile) and R. nigerrima (Darb.) Follm. (Galápagos Islands) obviously became extinct within the respective areas of distribution in recent times.

抄録全体を表示

While sharkskin surface roughness has been hypothesized but remains yet controversial to be capable of achieving turbulent flow control and drag reduction, sharkskin-inspired “riblets” have been reported to be an effective biomimetic design (BMD). Here we address an integrated study of biomimetic riblets inspired by sharkskin denticles by 3D digitizing. Diffuser vanes with BMD sructures were fabricated using the precision cutting and BMD diffusers were assembled. Diffuser’s fluid control was evaluated to confirm the effect of the BMD on fluid control. Our results indicate that the morphological feature in sharkskin denticles likely play a critical role in passively controlling local turbulent flow and points to the potential of denticle-inspired biomimetic riblets for turbulent-flow control in aquatic vehicles as well as other fluid machinery.

抄録全体を表示