Reducing human–caused CO₂ emissions to acceptable levels must become a global objective of our modern society. One way to meet this objective is to introduce a constraint on household annual CO₂ emission (). However, behaviors that reduce CO₂ emissions, may appear too expensive, or to worsen living conditions. Although the goal of controlling CO₂ emissions is widely accepted, in practice it is not easy to reduce energy consumption. This paper develops a CO₂ emission trading scheme (CETS) framework for households based on the definition . In this study, a city′s CO₂ emission is assumed to be the sum of all . The CO₂ constraint for a single household is determined by the city′s total CO₂ emission reduction target. Multi–agent simulator is applied to clarify household behavior–selections under such constraint, and to find the effects of total CO₂ emission within the urban model. Simulations are performed with CETS (Case 1) and without CETS (Case 2). Results indicate 1) Under a CO₂ constraint, agents choose behaviors to meet the constraint. Total CO₂ emissions within the urban model decrease toward the pre–determined reduction target. 2) The CETS framework for household level is proved not only cost–efficient but also promotes the process of reducing CO₂ emissions. 3) An agent that acts for self–benefit will not consider the completeness of the total target. As a result, the reduction target within the urban model is never achieved even with the implementation of CETS.

抄録全体を表示

This paper attempts to develop a management instrument for housing arrangements under given constraints regarding household annual CO₂ emissions (). was defined as the sum of the life cycle CO₂ emission from house construction and operation (LCCO₂) and the CO₂ emission from commuting (CTCO₂). Under such an instrument rule, genetic algorithm (GA) was used to find a housing arrangement scheme in pursuit of the maximum average gross floor area (GFA) in an urban area. Simulation tests were performed and compared on three traffic modes: public-mode, self-mode, and mixed-mode. The results indicated that, 1) the closer the house was to the workplace (the nucleus of the city), the larger the GFA would be; 2) different traffic modes might lead to different patterns of housing arrangement; and 3) the self-mode had high-energy demand resulting in the lowest evaluation value, and was the least efficient in obtaining better living conditions under the constraints.

抄録全体を表示

In the modern community, global effort is required to reduce the CO₂ emissions resulting from human actions to acceptable levels. However, global objectives may contradict individual benefits; attempts to reduce CO₂ emissions can result in the commons dilemma. This paper explores how the cooperation of individual households can be invoked to achieve a global target of reducing CO₂ emissions from households () in cities. A commons payoff function linked household benefits to the number of cooperators in a city: a CO₂ emission trading scheme (CETS) for households was introduced into the payoff function as a way to support cooperators. A multi-agent simulator was applied to a search for relationships among parameters in the payoff function and social cooperation from households (R). Results indicate that levying only household maintenance charges is an ineffective way to gain the cooperation of more than half of the households in a city, and extremely high maintenance also discouraged cooperative behavior; the use of CETS could increase cooperation, and R > 0.6 when emission trading prices were five times higher than unit reduction costs, and when unit maintenance charges were almost the same as reduction costs; and it was impossible to gain cooperation from all households until opinions about resource use and reducing emissions were changed.

抄録全体を表示

New residential needs have recently caused a construction boom in central areas of Japanese metropolises leading to population recovery and compact conversion in many cities, such as Kyoto. This study shows how central Kyoto has become compact by an investigation of condominiums. An evaluation of CO₂ emissions based on the supply of condominiums was carried out. The investigation shows that the supply of condominiums within the central district of Kyoto has been increasing faster than that in the fringe district recently. Travel distance and modes of transportation are changed by such compaction process. The estimation shows that compact housing arrangement, which shortens traveling distance and changes the transportation modes of residents, helps to reduce CO₂ emission in Kyoto. The results also indicate that, in the central district of Kyoto, the supply of dwelling units for households with more than two family members is more effective in reducing CO₂ emission.

抄録全体を表示

A method, called 2 (Hyperbox classification with Ant Colony Optimization), is proposed for evolving a classifier for labeled data using hyperboxes and an ant colony meta-heuristic. It reshapes the hyperboxes in a near-optimal way, improving the accuracy of the results while acknowledging the topological information (inherently associated to classification) of the data. It also allows a feature discriminating ratio to determine which characteristics are more important for distinguishing classes. The method is validated using artificial 2D data and then applied to the benchmark iris database. Both experiments provide results with over 95% accuracy. Further modifications (automatic parameter setting) and extensions (initialization short comes) and applications to the field of software assessment are discussed.

抄録全体を表示

Direct-current biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) converts bipolar OFDM signals into unipolar non-negative signals by introducing a high DC bias, which satisfies the requirement that the signal transmitted by intensity modulated/direct detection (IM/DD) must be positive. However, the high DC bias results in low power efficiency of DCO-OFDM. An adaptively biased optical OFDM was proposed, which could be designed with different biases according to the signal amplitude to improve power efficiency in this letter. The adaptive bias does not need to be taken off deliberately at the receiver, and the interference caused by the adaptive bias will only be placed on the reserved subcarriers, which will not affect the effective information. Moreover, the proposed OFDM uses Hartley transform instead of Fourier transform used in conventional optical OFDM, which makes this OFDM have low computational complexity and high spectral efficiency. The simulation results show that the normalized optical bit energy to noise power ratio (E_b(opt)/N₀) required by the proposed OFDM at the bit error rate (BER) of 10^-3 is, on average, 7.5 dB and 3.4 dB lower than that of DCO-OFDM and superimposed asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM), respectively.

抄録全体を表示

酸化金属触媒の酢酸ビニル合成反応過程における活性および組成の経時変化は,いずれの触媒の場合でも反応の初期において著しい。この間に活性は零から極大に達し, ついでこの両変化はともに緩やかとなる。またこの期間に炭素の生成も認められる。
これより酸化金属触媒の活性減衰の原因は,触媒の組成変化と触媒活性面の堆積炭素による汚染がその主要なものであると推定した。
一方,定常状態における酸化金属触媒の主体をなす亜鉛塩の化合形態は,大略3～4ZnO・Zn(AcO)₂の組成を有するオキシ酢酸塩であることを知った。
現行の実用触媒〔Zn(AcO)₂含浸活性炭〕ではこれが2ZnO・3Zn(AcO)₂で,酢酸含有量ははるかに多いオキシ塩である。このオキシ塩は現用触媒がそのZn(AcO)₂の活性炭への含浸過程で,加水分解を受けた結果であって,反応過程中はほとんど変化しない。
要するに酸化金属触媒でも現用酢酸亜鉛含浸活性炭触媒でも活性の本体は全然同一でZnOとZn(AcO)₂との共存体である。ただ異なるのは両者の量比である。

抄録全体を表示

Traditional direct-current biased optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) achieves unipolar signaling by adding a direct current (DC) bias and performing clipping. To suppress signal nonlinearity distortion caused by clipping, the DC bias needs to be set at a higher level, which results in low power efficiency of the DCO-OFDM. A scheme named Selectively Biased Optical OFDM (SBO-OFDM) was proposed in this letter. SBO-OFDM multiplies the OFDM signals with random phase sequences, selects the signal that requires the least amount of bias for transmission, and dynamically adds the bias based on signal variations to improve power efficiency. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed SBO-OFDM exhibits a significant decrease in requirement of the normalized optical bit energy to noise power ratio [E_b(opt)/N_o] compared to DCO-OFDM, ACO-OFDM, and PAM-DMT at a BER of 10^-3. The results indicate that SBO-OFDM outperforms traditional optical OFDM (O-OFDM) in terms of power efficiency and have better BER performance than traditional DCO-OFDM.

抄録全体を表示

The synthesis of a series of mini double-stranded peptides containing chiral–x-Phe–y-Phe–peptide residues and the diastereomeric selective effects of these compounds on Escherichia coli NIHJ JC-2 and Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209P growth are described. In the case of bis(y-Phe–x-Phe)-N,N-ethane-1,2-diamine, bis(y-Phe–x-Phe)-N,N-buthane-1,4-diamine, bis(y-Phe–x-Phe)-N,N-hexane-1,6-diamine, and bis(y-Phe–x-Phe)-N,N-dodecane-1,12-diamine, etc., the four configurations, (L-, L-), (D-, L-), (L-, D-) and (D-, D-), where the symbols x- and y- represent optical isomers with L- and D- forms, were used to investigate the relationship between chirality and antibacterial activity. The level of activity increased in the following order: (L-, L-)<(D-, D-)<(L-, D-)<(D-, L-). The data show that (D-, L-) chilarity is more potent than (L-, L-) chilarity. Then, these results suggest that the –y-Phe–x-Phe Phe–sequence in the double-stranded peptide has anti-bacterial activity and the chirality of –y-Phe–x-Phe affects the anti-bacterial activity. Our results show that the uptake by penetration through the membrane of bis(y-Phe–x-Phe)₂-Spacers is a first step in the expression of anti-bacterial activity. This study provides new insights in the chirality-antibacterial activity relationships of a series of mini double-stranded peptides.

抄録全体を表示

  This paper reports analysis results obtained for an ideal anhysteretic magnetization process for Ba-ferrite tapes with different orientations. The anhysteretic magnetization process was simulated on a computer controlled VSM. Obtained from the simulation were ideal anhysteretic remanence and initial anhysteretic susceptibility in the longitudinal and perpendicular direct ions for the tapes. The results were interpreted to explain the DAT duplicated performance characteristics for Ba-ferrite slave tapes. Some uncertainties involved in the demagnetizing field compensation for measurements in the perpendicular direction were discussed.

抄録全体を表示

DTPA・を含む支持電解質溶液中における銅(II),ビスマス(III),アンチモン(IX)および他の金属イオンのポーラログラフ的挙動を研究し,銅,ビスマス,アンチモンが同時定量できる最適条件を見いだした。さらにビスマス,鉛と共存するウランの定量などに対するDTPAの応用について考察した。またDTPA支持電解質中における銅のポーラログラフィーについて詳細に検討した。ρH;rsquo;5で銅は1段波を示す。E～logf宛一の,δE₁/₂/δρHなどからρH=3付近では銅(II)の波はCuH₃Y^2-+2H⁺+28ゴCu+H₃Y^2-による可逆波である。ρH～5.3では銅(II)は2段波を示す。第1波はi～itの関係から反応電流の性質を示し,律速段階はCuY^3-+H⁺CuH₃Y^2-であると考えられる。

抄録全体を表示

Condensation of 5-phthalimido-2-tetralone (Ic) and methyl 2-methyl-3-methylaminopropionate (XIV) by the method of Nelson, et al. yielded (IIIc) as a major product and (IVc) as a minor product. The structures of both products were established mainly by comparison of their infrared and ultraviolet spectra with those of several compounds having similar structures. Consequently, it was found that nine vinylogous lactams newly prepared could be classified into two groups, normal vinylogous lactams (IVb, c), (VIIIa, b, c) and crass-canjugated ones (IIIa-d), (VI), from their spectral data and their behaviors towards lithium aluminum hydride reduction.

抄録全体を表示

The synergistic effect of five 8-quinolinol derivatives (HQs) on the extraction of gallium(III) with di(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric acid (D2EHPA or HA) from weak nitric acid into supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) was investigated. 8-Quinolinol (Hq), 5-ethoxymethyl-8-quinolinol (HO₂q), 5-hexyloxymethyl-8-quinolinol (HO₆q), 5-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxymethyl)-8-quinolinol (HFO₂q), and 5-chloro-8-quinolinol (5-Cl-Hq) were used as synergists. Synergism was observed for all of the HQs. The synergistic effect increased in the following order: Hq < HO₂q < HFO₂q < 5-Cl-Hq ≈ HO₆q. The extent of synergism can be related to both the distribution constant and the acid dissociation constant of the HQ. The synergistic extraction equilibrium of gallium(III) with D2EHPA and 5-Cl-Hq into SC-CO₂ was investigated; the results suggest that the composition of the extracted complex is as GaA₂Q·HA. The synergistic extraction mechanism was the same for both SC-CO₂ and n-heptane. The synergistic extraction equilibrium constants in both cases were calculated based on the experimental results.

抄録全体を表示