Human C 3, the third component of human complement, contained mannose and N-acetylglucosamine as sugar components. The sugar chains were liberated from the polypeptide chains by hydrazinolysis, and the free amino groups were N-acety-lated. The reducing end residues of the sugar chains thus obtained were tagged with 2-aminopyridine, and the pyridylamino (PA-) derivatives of sugar chains were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The structures of purified PA-sugar chains were analyzed by a combination of stepwise exoglycosidase digestions, size determination by paper electrophoresis, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, and partial acetolysis. These results showed that C 3 contained two high-mannose type sugar chains ranging from Man₅GlcNAc₂ to Man₉GlcNAc₂. Analyses of the sugar chains of α- and β-chains of C 3 indicated that the α-chain contained mainly Man₈GlcNAc₂ and Man₉GlcNAc₂, while the β-chain contained mainly Man₅GlcNAc₂ and Man₆GlcNAc₂.

抄録全体を表示

エストロジェン活性の認められたマメ科牧草3草種とイネ科牧草1草種とを用いて,それぞれのエチルエーテル抽出物を,ESを含まない基礎飼料に添加して幼若去勢雌ハムスターの飼育試験を行ない,その成長促進効果の草種間差の有無を検討した。1.基礎飼料1gあたり,各草種の抽出物(牧草乾物0.66g相当から得られる抽出物)を添加した飼料を与えた場合の60日間の増体量は,基礎飼料のみを与えた対照区の増体量に比べて,La-E区では27%,Re-E区では,31%,Al-E区では46%,It-E区では49%それぞれ増加し,また,牧草ESの一つであるcoumestrolを33μg/g diet添加した区も30%増加した。2.各牧草抽出物の添加によって,飼料効率が向上し,Al-E区では28%,It-E区では18%,coumestrol区では12%,La-E区では10%,Re-E区では6%,それぞれ対照区の飼料効率よりまさっていた。3.アルファルファおよびアカクローバについては,抽出物の添加量を9mg/g dietと18mg/g dietの2段階を設けたが,添加量を変えても,増体量ならびに飼料効率にはほとんど差を生じなかった。4.飼料のエストロジェン活性値とハムスターの増体量ならびに飼料効率との間には一定の関係は認められなかったが,DES添加による飼育成績と同様に,牧草中のES添加の場合も,エストロジェン活性値がDESに換算して10μg/kg diet前後の場合に成長促進効果が最も大きかった。

抄録全体を表示

Organization and management are becoming more important factors for the sourcing of automotive parts since R&D of Automotive new product becomes ever more complex. It has to consider many subjects including fuel consumption (CO2 reduction etc.), fuel economy, and safety and weight reduction. This leads to a high workload over a compressed time and thus a reduced "thinking time" for cost, investment reductions and parts quality control by production. This research introduces a method for profit improvement, investment reduction and quality control for safety. This is from the view point of organization and schedule management of "Monozukuri" for early stages of development.

抄録全体を表示

In recent years, the importance of biomass utilization has increased, but it has not been effectively exploited. In particular, it is difficult to use hemicellulose, the second most abundant biopolymer of biomass. Therefore, in order to promote the utilization of hemicellulose, we screened for microorganisms capable of producing polysaccharides from D-xylose. The following four strains were selected from samples collected from various regions of Okinawa Prefecture: Kosakonia sp. (SO_001), Papiliotrema terrestris (SO_005), Pseudarthrobacter sp. (SO_006), and Williamsia sp. (SO_009). Observation with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirmed that each bacterium produced polysaccharides with different shapes. In addition, the molecular weight and sugar composition of the polysaccharides produced by each bacterium were distinct. The selected microorganisms include closely related species known to promote plant growth and known to suppress postharvest pathogens. Since these microorganisms may be used not only in known fields but also in new fields, the results of this research are expected to greatly expand the uses of hemicellulose.

抄録全体を表示

The lightweight racket with head-heavy configuration is recent tendency of high-tech rackets, increasing power with an increasing racket swing speed. Racket frames as light as 200 grams have appeared in the market. However, the predicted results showed that the lightest racket at present in the market has advantageous for racket head speed, but disadvantageous for coefficient of restitution, rebound power, and post-impact velocity for ground stroke, and it has also large shock vibrations at the racket handle compared to the ordinary super-light weight racket. This means a limit to the weight lightening of tennis racket from the viewpoint of performance. The engineers and racket designers at the racket companies seem to be under intense pressure to keep pumping out new and better technologies every year. Recently a new type of racket designed for improving vibration control appeared in the market. Manufactures says this racket is based on the fundamental (1st) natural frequency design with the same type frame. This paper investigated the physical properties of the two types of racket with the design frequencies of 170 Hz and 150 Hz, predicting the performance in terms of the power and the shock vibrations of player's wrist joint. It is based on the experimental identification of the racket-arm dynamics and the simple nonlinear impact analysis. The result showed that the magnitude of the shock vibrations of racket with the design frequency of 150 Hz at the handle and the wrist joint is smaller particularly at the near side of strings face than that of racket with the design frequency of 170 Hz, while the racket power is almost the same.

抄録全体を表示

アラブ世界における近代化問題に関する論争は,多くの関心を集めてきた。その結果,アラブ社会とその近代化の試みに関する研究(特にエジプトのムハンマド・アリー期以降)が多数生み出されてきた。その研究の多くは,アラブおよび非アラブの思想家たち(彼らの思想は,彼らと同世代および後の世代が近代化を認識して望まれるべき社会・政治的再建が行われるに至ったスペクトルを形成したと考えられる)に焦点を当てている。その思想家たちの関心と行動を形成したとされる基本的仮定としては,(a)その知識層はイスラームの環境によって生み出され,且つ,彼らの動機は2つの最も大きな一神教であるキリスト教とイスラームの果てなき衝突の枠組みで発展したと考えられること,そして,(b)その思想家たちの社会的影響は統治エリートを通して表れたこと,が挙げられる。しかしながら,チュニジアでは近代化をイスラームとの衝突と見なさず,統治者と特権層を思想と書物の唯一の対象とはしなかった思想家が現れた。アル=ターヒル・アル=ハッダード(al-Tahir al-Haddad,以下ハッダード)である。彼は思想家であると同時に熱烈な活動家であり,一言語使用者であった。彼は,本来イスラームは,社会の全ての成員(特権層も貧困層も同様に)による純然な協力によって実現され得る永続的発展を求めていることを主張した。アル=ウンマ・アル=トゥーニシーヤ(al-ummah al-tuuisiyyah)の発展と幸福は彼の至上目標であった。多くの者は,彼の目標をイスラームの教えに背く現世への熱望であると考えたが,ハッダードはそのような考えに反駁した。彼は,物質的快楽の実直な追求は,アッラーの意志に反するものではなく,生きる価値ある生活への専心は崇拝につながっていると考えたのである。しかし,宗教的立証が多大な影響を与えた社会において,ハッダードは自分の思想をイスラーム的適合性で補う必要があった。よって,彼は明白に,全てのムスリムにとって自助,思想の自由および平等性はイスラームの定めであることを論証した。それらの導きを守ることにより,ウンマは賞賛されるべき生活への条件が整えられるようになった。1899年生まれのハッダードは自らの思想を生き甲斐にし,自らの思想によって闘争的思想家の範例となり,1935年にその生涯を終えた。本論では20世紀初頭30年間のチュニジア社会に関するハッダードの著作を基に,彼の思想の宗教的・世俗的要素を明らかにすることを試みる。さらに,同時代のチュニジア人たちの悪しき状況の改善を提案したハッダードの方法を述べる。そして,宗教,思想的自由の概念,およびその概念と社会解放との関連(労働者や女性を含む貧困層の教育問題解決のための基本要因として)に係わる思想家の言説を提示する。よって,他の著名なムスリム思想家を時折参照することになるが,本論では,彼らの思想とハッダードの判断の比較に関する言及は最小限にとどめ,それについては読者の思慮に委ねることとする。但し,ハッダードがそれらの思想家と区別できる点を示しておくと,それは,啓示に関する彼の認識,来世と現世の関係の概念,変化と発展に関する洞察,自らの思想への絶対的な責務である。その一例としては,ハッダードはイジュティハード(ijtihad)の新しい解釈(アブドゥフが要求したような)は求めるべきでないとし,人間生活の本来の特徴である変化を考慮に入れ,必要な場合には不適切な裁断の破棄と代案を要求したことを挙げることができる。

抄録全体を表示

The histidine-containing protein (HPr) is the energy coupling protein of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent carbohydrate:phosphotransferase system (PTS), which catalyzes the transport of carbohydrates in bacteria. In Bacillus subtilis and close relatives, global regulation of carbon catabolite control occurs on the binding of the complex of CcpA (catabolite control protein A) and P-Ser-HPr (seryl-phosphorylated form of HPr) to the catabolite responsive elements (cre) of the target operons, the constituent genes of which are roughly estimated to number 300. The complex of CcpA and P-Ser-HPr triggers the expression of several genes involved in the formation of acetate and acetoin, major extracellular products of B. subtilis grown on glucose. It also triggers the expression of an anabolic operon (ilv-leu) involved in the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids, which subsequently leads to cell propagation. On the other hand, this complex represses many genes and operons, which include an entrance gene for the TCA cycle (citZ), several transporter genes for TCA cycle-intermediates, some respiration genes, and many catabolic and anabolic genes involved in carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate metabolism, as well as for certain extracellular enzymes and secondary metabolites. Furthermore, these bacteria have CcpA-independent catabolite regulation systems, each of which involves a transcriptional repressor of CggR or CcpN. CggR and CcpN are derepressed under glycolytic and gluconeogenic growth conditions, and enhance glycolysis and gluconeogenesis respectively. Another CcpA-independent catabolite repression system involves P-His-HPr (histidyl-phosphorylated form of HPr). P-His-HPr phosphorylates and activates glycerol kinase, whose product is necessary for antitermination of the glycerol utilization operon through GlpP, the antiterminators (LicT and SacT, Y) of several operons for the utilization of less-preferred PTS-sugars, and some transcriptional activators such as LevR for the levan utilization operon. This phosphorylation is reduced due to the decreased level of P-His-HPr during active transport of a preferred PTS-carbohydrate such as glucose, resulting in catabolite repression of the target operons.
Thus CcpA-dependent and independent networks for carbon metabolism play a major role in the coordinate regulation of catabolism and anabolism to ensure optimum cell propagation in the presence and the absence of a preferred PTS-carbohydrate.

抄録全体を表示

The influence of the environmental noises which exist continually or periodically in the everyday life on the pure tone hearing ability were surveyed.
In noisy environments such as areas nearby an international airport and areas along the main traffic roads, and in noiseless environments such as agricultural and fishing villages, people living for a long period of time were the objects of this survey. The pure tone hearing test was done using the ISO standardized audiometer and earphone with the frequency from 250 to 8, 000Hz.
As to each frequency, the presence of the influence of environmental noises, the dropping tendency of tone hearing ability, and other causes of the hearing impairment were studied and compared with the results of the correlation coefficient of age and hearing loss, and the change of average value with the age.
The results were as follows:
People living in the areas nearby the airport showed no tendency of pure tone hearing impairment. People living in the areas of loud traffic noises and in agricultural villages showed slight hearing impairment. However, in fishing villages no hearing impairment was observed.

抄録全体を表示