Oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) are the main biomass waste of palm mill, they are only left at the plantation site without value-added processing. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) perspective enhances environmental performance evaluation in the study of dissolving pulp and furfural development from EFB. In this study, environmental impact for dissolving pulp and furfural production from EFB was calculated using OpenLCA v1.7 software. Input-output of inventory is based on bench scale experimental data and literatures review. Proposed integrated dissolving pulp and furfural production process from EFB is an attractive process based on its environmental performance. Acidification potential (AP), depletion of abiotic resources potential (ADP), ecotoxicity potential, and photochemical oxidation potential for proposed production process are -0.3×10^-3 kg SO₂ eq, -6.952

, -.6454 kg 1,4-DB eq, and -0.03×10^-3 kg ethylene eq, respectively. Cumulative energy demand for this process are -6.6 MJ from non-renewable resources and 0.3 MJ from renewable resources, respectively. Since it was abundance of EFB wastes, EFB are potential to substitute wood as raw material for dissolving pulp and furfural production.

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Purpose:Implant hole preparation using conventional drilling instruments is sometimes unsatisfactory due to the need to apply undue pressure. A recent study reported that an Er:YAG laser proved better with little constraint on the positioning of the laser tip. There have been reports on histological evaluation of osseointegration in comparable sites prepared with an Er:YAG laser and with traditional drills. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of an Er:YAG laser (Lite Touch™, Syneron, Israel) and its effectiveness by comparing laser exposure time with depth of bone hole in an experiment using the mandible of a beagle dog.
Materials and methods:A postmenopausal beagle dog was used. The laser was irradiated at three sites of the buccal bone surface of the mandible. Point A:a site over the mandibular canal;point B:the corresponding site under the mandibular canal;and point C:the buccal bone surface at the inferior margin of the mandible. The irradiation output was 8.4 W (700 × Hz) on the chip. The volume of spraying water was about 30 mL/min. The sapphire laser tip was 19 mm by 1.3 mm. The exposure time at points A and B was 5 sec and that at point C was 1,2,3,5 and 10 sec (n=5).
Results and discussion:The average depth of bone hole made by 5-sec laser irradiation at points A and B was 4.7±1.4 mm and 5.6±0.4 mm, respectively. It was surmised that at both points the drilling speed was 1.4 or 1.5 mm/sec for the first 3 sec through cortical bone, increasing to 1.8 mm/sec through cancellous bone. At point C, the speed increased gradually with an average of 0.7±0.1 mm at 1 sec, 1.0±0.1 mm at 2 sec, and 1.5±0.2 mm at 3 sec (with a 3-sec average speed of 0.5 mm/sec). The average speed at 5 sec and 10 sec was 1.7±0.2mm and 1.6±0.1 mm, respectively. The nature of cortical bone seems to prevent the speed from increasing.
Conclusion:The Er:YAG laser in the study required no pressure application, giving precise results with little constraint on the positioning of the laser tip. Bone holes were formed in a straight line. The preparation speed of a bone hole relative to laser irradiation time was slow and the depth seemed limited in cortical bone, whereas the speed increased through cancellous bone. The Er:YAG laser was shown to be useful for preparing implant holes with almost no technical constraints.

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 In this study, we show analytically that vortex Rossby waves (VRWs) with azimuthal wavenumber m = 1 in a basic axisymmetric vortex can grow exponentially in a quasi-geostrophic system, although they cannot do so in a barotropic system.

 VRWs grow exponentially if Rayleigh's condition and Fjørtoft's condition are satisfied. Satisfying Rayleigh's condition means that two horizontally aligned VRWs at two different radii propagate (here and hereafter “propagate” refers to propagation relative to the fluid) azimuthally counter to each other. Satisfying Fjørtoft's condition means that the cyclonic advective angular velocity of the basic vortex is distributed radially so as to enable the VRWs to be phase-locked with each other. Under these conditions, a strong mutual interaction between the VRWs becomes possible, and thus they grow exponentially.

 In a barotropic system, even if Rayleigh's condition is satisfied, the azimuthal counter propagation of VRWs with azimuthal wavenumber m = 1 is so strong that phase-locking between them cannot occur, and thus they cannot grow exponentially.

 In a quasi-geostrophic system, however, the upper and lower VRWs of the first baroclinic vertical mode are equal in magnitude and have opposite signs. Because of this baroclinic structure, the azimuthal counter propagation of the horizontally aligned VRWs is suppressed by the vertical interactions between the upper and lower VRWs. Consequently, horizontally aligned VRWs with azimuthal wavenumber m = 1 may become phase-locked, and hence they may grow exponentially. By analytically solving the linear problem of VRWs in a quasi-geostrophic system, we show that this is indeed the case.

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The effect of Er: YAG laser on living tissues was studied through the observation of coagulation and evaporation in Wister rat skins.
Pulse irradiation number and repetition frequency dependences of the evaporation cross section of the tissues were observed. Very thin coagulation layer was observed. The cross section was not increased with the pulse number according to the effect of bleeding. After irradiation over certain number of pulses, the increase of the cross section was observed,which was assumed to be come from the enhanced coagulation of the tissue.

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A 56-year-old man was admitted to the Akita University Hospital because of a giant hematoma in the left side of his chest in December 1977. The platelet count on admission was 315.9×10⁴/mm³, and the bone marrow aspiration and biopsy revealed marked increase in number of megakaryocytes. The Philadelphia chromosome was negative. Diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia was made. Phlebotomy, Busulfan, ³²P and ACNU were used to decrease the platelet count. The platelet level was maintained less than 100×10⁴/mm³ and leukocyte count was about 2.0×10⁴/mm³ during one year.
In April 1979, the platelet count was suddenly decreased to 23.2×10⁴/mm³ and leukocyte count was 5,400/mm³, with 13% blast cells. Under the diagnosis of acute myeloblastic leukemia (M1), induction therapy was repeatedly done for 8 months, but a complete remission was not achieved. He died of sepsis at December 21, 1979. A postmortem examination revealed acute myelogenous leukemia associated with early mild myelofibrosis, moderate hepatosplenomegaly and bilateral chronic hemorrhagic pneumonia caused by aspergillus and serratia.

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There has been a considerable increase in popularity of the NONMEM method as a technique for estimating population pharmacokinetic parameters. The authors present another approach to population pharmacokinetic analysis, the alternative two stage method (ATS). ATS uses the EM-algorithm for maximizing the likelihood of variance components. The performance of ATS was compared with the NONMEM method on a microcomputer. Simulation studies showed that the precision and accuracy of estimates obtained with ATS were comparable to the NONMEM method, however, the computation time, dependences on initial estimates and convergence properties were somewhat different. ATS could be a valuable alternative to the NONMEM method for estimating population pharmacokinetic parameters in some cases.

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本研究の目標はプラズマ閉じ込め媒質を用いないフェムト秒レーザーピーニングの確立である．大気中においてフェムト秒レーザーを重畳して照射した純鉄に対し結晶方位解析を行った．この結果，塑性変形領域および格子欠陥密度はパルスエネルギーおよびレーザーの重畳率に起因することが分かった．

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症例は60歳，女性。1993年6月，紫斑を主訴に入院しAML with trilineage myelodysplasia, M2と診断された。G-CSF併用Ara-C少量療法を行いpartial remissionに到達。その後，G-CSF併用Ara-C少量療法，BHAC+ACR, BHAC+DNRを行ったがCRに到達しなかった。1994年10月，白血球数，芽球数，赤芽球数が増加し，BHAC+MXT, BHAC+ACR, Ara-C中等量療法を行ったが不応性となり，12月に敗血症性ショック，肺炎，心不全で死亡した。初診時の核型分析は46, XX, t(3;5)(q21;q31), 1994年1月には付加的異常としてX染色体の欠失を新たに認めた。初診時と1993年11月の骨髄細胞よりDNAを抽出し，polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism法にてp53遺伝子の解析を行ったところ，後者の検体でp53遺伝子，exon 6, codon 220にTATからTGT（TyrからCys）への一塩基置換を認めた。経過中，染色体の核型進展，p53遺伝子の異常とともに病型進展を認め，相互の関連が考えられた。

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症例は56歳，女性。1990年1月発熱，皮下出血を主訴として入院した。末梢血液検査では，WBCは41,000/μl, 89%の未熟細胞を認め，骨髄有核細胞数は16.5万/μlで96.2%の未熟細胞を認めた。これらは中∼やや大型で，約半数にアズール顆粒を認め，多くはPOX陽性，トルイジンブルーでmetachromasiaを呈した。電顕にて好塩基球性顆粒を認め，CD13, 33陽性でG-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-3に反応した。以上より急性好塩基性白血病と診断し，BHAC-DMP, B triple-V療法を施行したが寛解がえられず，肺炎，消化管穿孔を併発し3月30日死亡した。

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In the past 19 years, 5 hemophiliacs aged from 2 to 29 years were admitted to our hospital for intracranial hemorrhage caused by central nervous system trauma. Three had hemophilia A, and two had hemophilia B. One patient had intracerebral hematoma, one had epidural hematoma and the other three had subdural hematoma. One case was associated with arachnoid cyst. Substitution therapy was started between 1 and 72 hours after the trauma. Four patients were operated at 0, 1, 3, and 4 day after admission. However, three of them died despite intensive care. Anti-hemophilic factor (36, 12, 85, 20-80, and 30 U/kg×3/day) was given on admission. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was observed in two hemophilia B patients. Postoperative hemostatic data in these patients improved by decreasing the prothrombin complex cocentration, and treatment with gabexate mesilate and heparin. The present cases indicate the importance of carefully observing computed tomography findings and clinical symptoms because intracranial hemorrhage develops after a relatively long latency following head trauma. Furthermore, early operation and frequent coagulation studies are important to prevent DIC syndrome.

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A case of eosinophilic-basophilic meningitis which developed during treatment of CML was reported.
A 30 year old man developed severe headache, fever, followed by delirium state.
Lumbar puncture revealed marked eosinophilia and basophilia with lymphocyte-like mononuclear cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. Meningeal symptoms were relieved by the intrathecal administration of methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside and hydrocortisone.
The number of eosinophils and basophils changed parallel to meningitic symptoms.
But the rate of eosinophils and basophils in bone marrow and peripheral blood was always less than 10% in the course of meningitis episode.
Eosinophilic-basophilic meningitis in CML which was successful treated, has rarely been reported.

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A numerical simulation of a gas-solid two-phase flow in a vertical upward pipe is performed to examine the influence of collision between particles by using the same probability model which was proposed in the previous paper. We use coarse particles of uniform size as well as heterogeneous size and assume the velocity profile of air as uniform or 1/7th power law. The results show that the collision between particles promotes the particle dispersion both in the axial and radial directions of the pipe.

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We have developed and demonstrated a pointing and power stabilization system for intense few-cycle pulse generation at high repetition rates. The output power from a 1 kHz Ti:sapphire laser system was controlled by the voltage applied to a Pockels cell, and the beam pointing was controlled by a fast analog device composed of a position-sensitive detector and a piezo-driven mirror. As a result, the pointing and power fluctuations were stabilized within 1 µm rms and 0.15% rms, respectively, by feedback control. After spectral broadening inside a hollow fiber for pulse compression, the fluctuations in the output power and spectral intensity were 1.1% rms and 3.5% rms, respectively. Finally, we obtained stable intense few-cycle pulses with an energy of 2.7 mJ and a pulse duration of 5.4 fs.

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Numb chin syndromeは三叉神経第三枝の分枝であるオトガイ神経(mental nurve)の支配領域であるオトガイと下口唇に症状が限局する知覚障害をきたす症候群である。今回われわれはNumb chin syndromeを契機に診断された真性多血症を合併する多発性骨髄腫の一症例を経験したので報告する。73歳男性が1993年4月，口唇周囲の違和感，下顎のしびれ感を主訴に受診した。頭蓋X-Pにおける多数のpunched out lesion, 血清免疫電気泳動にてM-bow (Bence Jones protein, typeλ)を認め，骨髄穿刺にて骨髄腫細胞が14.1%確認され，多発性骨髄腫と診断された。MP療法にて神経症状は改善し，1994年5月現在，生存中である。Numb chin syndromeの原因，診断，治療などについて検討を加えた。

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A 56-year-old female was admitted for the examination of leukocytosis in May, 1982. The hematological examination showed hemoglobin 12.0g/dl, platelets 14.5×10⁴/μl and leukocytes 18,000/μl with 28% of monocytes. A bone marrow aspiration revealed granulocytic hyperplasia. Granulocytes showed nuclear abnormalities, such as folding or lobulation. From these data, a diagnosis of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMMoL) was made and followed with no treatment for 2 years.
However, fever, bone pain, anemia, thrombocytopenia and the increase of monoblasts in the peripheral blood and bone marrow were observed in May, 1984. These findings indicated that she was in the blastic phase. She was treated by intensive combination chemotherapy (BHAC-AMP), but did not attain any remission. Therefore, a small dose of N⁴-behenoyl-1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (BH-AC; 1 mg/kg/day) was administered for 70 days. As a result, complete remission was obtained and continued for 37 months with the same therapy.
The experience of this case suggests that small dose of BH-AC could be applied to a case of CMMoL in blastic crisis.

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