Identification and characterization of germplasm is an important link between the conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources. The present investigation was undertaken for identification and genetic variation within eight high yielding varieties of ginger through RAPD markers. A total of 55 distinct DNA fragments ranging from 0.5–2.4 Kb were amplified by using twelve selected primers. The cluster analysis indicated that the eight varieties formed two major clusters.The first major cluster had only one variety ‘S-558’ with 43% similarity with other seven varieties. Second major cluster having seven varieties and divided into two minor clusters. One minor cluster had six varieties (‘Jugijan’, ‘Turia local’, ‘’, ‘Zo-17’, ‘Nahfrey’ and ‘Gurubathan) and other having only one variety ‘ Surabhi’. The second minor cluster further divided into two sub-minor clusters. ‘’ and ‘ZO-17’ had 78% similarity among themselves and 70% similarity with ‘Jugijan’ and ‘Turia local’. ‘Jugijan’ and ‘Turia local’ were having 81% similarity among themselves. However, ‘Nahfrey’ had 64% similarity with ‘Jugijan’, ‘Turia local’, ‘’ and ‘ZO-17’. The present study showed the distant variation within the varieties. This investigation will help to breeders for ginger improvement program.

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植民地支配期のベンガル農村史の研究においては, 近年, エリート農民論としての「ジョトダール論」, 「農民層分解論」, 「地帯区分論」などがはなやかに論じられてきた.しかし, そうした「理論」は必ずしも実証研究に立脚しているとは言い難く, 論争が空回りする徴候も見えてきたように思われる.本稿は, ベンガル中央部の上層農民に着目して, 彼らがどのようにして土地経営をしていたのか, 初心に返り, 出来る限り具体例に基づいて解明しようとした試みである.主要史料としては, 1860年の「藍委員会報告」が用いられる.委員会における70余名の農民の証言は, 農民が自分自身について自ら語った記録としてきわめて貴重なものである.
ここで上層農民というのは, 特権的な条件で土地を保有する農民層 (ガンティダール等), 村落首長層 (マンダル等) およびその他の富裕なライオットの三つを含めた農民層のことである.彼らの土地経営には次のような特徴が見られた.
上層農民は, 通常, 土地を下級ライオットに転貸してその大保有地を経営した.ただし, 下級ライオットの耕作条件はかなり緩やかなものであり, 北ベンガルの上層農民の下でひろく見られた刈分小作制とは, はっきり区別されなければならない.
保有地全体を転貸する者は, ガンティダールなどの一部に限られていたと考えられる.多くの者は, 大なり小なり自留地を維持し, それを耕作するための犁と耕牛を所有していた.自留地で恒常的な労働力として用いられたのは, 家族労働を別にすれば, 「サーバント」等と英語史料に現れる常雇の農業労働者である.彼らは前貸金を借り受け, 主人に従属していた.
刈分小作制がこの時代に中央ベンガルで一般的だったとは考えられない.
上層農民の間からは, 積極的な経営志向を示す者が出現していた.彼らのなかには, 金貸し, 商業, 投機にとどまらず, 伝統的な精糖業者の間に割って入るかたちで, 精糖所の経営に乗り出す者も存在した.
以上, 大局的に見れば, 19世紀後半の上層農民の間には, 地代生活者化しようとする傾向と, 商業的農業を追求し, 農村工業にも手を染めようとする傾向が併存していたと捉えることが出来る.ベンガル借地法等の植民政策の性格も, このような在地有力層の動向との関連で評価されなければならないであろう.

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Biological pretreatment using microbial enzymes appears to be the most promising pre-treatment technology for the breakdown of recalcitrant lignin structure. This research focuses on the identification and characterization of lignin-depolymerizing enzymes in Bacillus subtilis strain S11Y, previously isolated from palm oil wastes in Malaysia. The draft genome sequences of this highly lignin-depolymerizing strain revealed that the genome lacked any of the well-known dye-decolorizing peroxidase or catalase-peroxidase that are commonly reported to be involved in lignin depolymerization by bacteria, indicating that strain S11Y has distinct sets of potential lignin depolymerization genes. The oxidative stress-related enzymes Cu/Zn type-superoxide dismutase (Sod2) and a heme-containing monofunctional catalase (Kat2) were identified in the genome sequences that are of interest. Their lignin-depolymerizing ability were evaluated by treating Alkali lignin (AL) with each enzyme and their degradation ability were evaluated using gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS), which successfully proved lignin depolymerizing ability. Successful evaluation of lignin depolymerizing enzymes can be applicable for lignin pretreatment process in green energy production and generation of valuable chemicals in bio-refinery.

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Based on intensive village study this paper tries to show that the rapid agricultural growth in West Bengal since the 1980s is mainly attributable to the development of private shallow tubewell irrigation, rather than the agrarian reforms. Large farmers mainly invested in tubewells, but it does not mean that they monopolize agricultural profit as the so-called 'waterlords'. On the contrary, water sales business became less profitable as the number of tubewells increased in the village, and the real water charge declined through the changes of contractual arrangement in the groundwater market. It also comments on the current situation of irrigation subsidy relating to state-operated DTWs and power subsidy given to electrified tubewells, as well as their effects to irrigated farming. Lastly, it points out the large difference in factor shares in rice production between West Bengal and Bangladesh, arguing that West Bengal agriculture is much more equitable in favor of landless laborers.

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Any Internet-connected device is vulnerable to being hacked and misused. Hackers can find vulnerable IoT devices, infect malicious codes, build massive IoT botnets, and remotely control IoT devices through C&C servers. Many studies have been attempted to apply various security features on IoT devices to prevent IoT devices from being exploited by attackers. However, unlike high-performance PCs, IoT devices are lightweight, low-power, and low-cost devices and have limitations on performance of processing and memory, making it difficult to install heavy security functions. Instead of access to applying security functions on IoT devices, Internet-wide scanning (e.g., Shodan) studies have been attempted to quickly discover and take security measures massive IoT devices with weak security. Over the Internet, scanning studies remotely also exist realistic limitations such as low accuracy in analyzing security vulnerabilities due to a lack of device information or filtered by network security devices. In this paper, we propose a system for remotely collecting information from Internet-connected devices and using scanning techniques to identify and manage vulnerability information from IoT devices. The proposed system improves the open-source Zmap engine to solve a realistic problem when attempting to scan through real Internet. As a result, performance measurements show equal or superior results compared to previous Shodan, Zmap-based scanning.

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Digital halftoning is a problem of computing a binary image approximating an input gray (or color) image. We consider two problems on digital halftoning: mathematical evaluation of a halftoning image and design of optimization-based halftoning algorithms. We propose an efficient automatic evaluation system of halftoning images by using quality evaluation functions based on discrepancy measures. Our experimental results on the evaluation system infer that the discrepancy corresponding to a regional error is a good evaluation measurement, and thus we design algorithms to reduce this discrepancy measure.

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During the course of preparing anticonvulsant paeonimetabolin-I adducts, new paeonilactone-A adducts: 9-phenylthiopaeonilactone-A, 9-(o-tolylthio)paeonilactone-A, 9-(m-tolylthio)paeonilactone-A. 9-(p-tolylthio)-paeonilactone-A and 9-(2-naphthylthio)paeonilactone-A, were obtained along with expected paeonimetabolin-I adducts by anaerobic incubation of paeoniflorin from peony roots with Lactobacillus brevis in the presence of the aromatic thiols, phenylthiol, o-tolylthiol, m-tolylthiol, p-tolylthiol and 2-naphthylthiol. The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods including two dimensional (2D) NMR.

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Awake surgery was performed in a series of 21 patients with gliomas in eloquent areas with the use of intraoperative electrical mapping. Gross total removal was performed in 18 patients. There was no operative mortality. Postoperative findings included no change in symptoms and signs in 10 patients, improvement of the preoperative deficit in 11 patients. Four patients had improved Karnofsky performance status (KPS) scores after surgery, 17 patients were stable, and no patient had lower KPS score. Extensive radical resection of gliomas prolongs the overall survival and improves the patient’s quality of life. However, surgical resection of gliomas located within the sensorimotor or language areas remains a neurosurgical challenge in reducing eloquent neurological sequelae. Awake surgery with intraoperative functional mapping is a safe approach to maximize the extent of tumor removal and to minimize the resultant neurological deficits in the treatment of glioma involving the eloquent cortex.

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Introduction: Carotid cavernous fistula（CCF）is a rare condition that refers to an abnormal connection between the cavernous sinus and carotid arteries. Indirect CCF mostly occurs in older female patients and can resolve spontaneously. External manual carotid compression（EMCC）is used for the conservative management in CCF, particularly indirect CCF.

Case Report: A 61-year-old female patient presented with proptosis, lagophthalmos, episcleral injection, pain, headache, redness of the left eye, and ophthalmoplegia since 2 weeks before admission. She was hypertensive without any history of trauma. Her left visual acuity on the Snellen chart was 0.3, with unremarkable contrast and color sensitivity. She had a corkscrew appearance on the conjunctiva and Grade I left relative afferent pupillary defect. Funduscopy examination revealed tortuosity of the blood vessels with optic disc swelling. Computed tomography angiography showed a type B CCF according to the Barrow Classification. Digital subtraction angiography（DSA）was planned, and the patient was instructed to perform EMCC while waiting for DSA. After 2 months, her condition improved.

Conclusion: Indirect-type CCF can occur spontaneously and can be a sight-threatening condition. Indirect CCF can spontaneously resolve with EMCC.

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Enthalpies of hydration of low-temperature hydrotalcite(HT) metaphases have been measured by means of the adiabatic water-vapor absorption calorimeter. The metaphases were characterized by the Mg/Al ratio of 3 : 1 and CO₃²⁻ interlayer group. The hydration heat for HT-B (partially dehydroxylated HT with bidentate bonded CO₃²⁻) is 2-3 times larger than that of HT-D (dehydrated HT), if they are treated at the same dehydration temperature. Large absolute values of hydration heat, namely 398±4 and 508±10Jg⁻¹, were obtained for the HT-B at respective low dehydration temperatures, 70 and 110°C . This may promise the HT-B to be a new prospective heat exchanger usable at relatively low temperatures.

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Petroleum is a finite source as well as causing several environmental problems. Therefore petroleum needs to be replaced by alternative and sustainable sources. Plant oils and oleochemicals derived from them represent such alternative sources; the use of oleochemicals as biobased lubricants is of significant interest. This article presents a series of chemical modification on oleic acid to yield synthetic biolubricant basestocks. Measuring of density, volatility, cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), flash point (FP), viscosity index (VI), onset temperature (OT) and signal maximum temperature (SMT) was carried out for each compound. Furthermore, the friction and wear properties were measured using high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). The results showed that octadecyl 9-octadecyloxy-10-hydroxyoctadecanoate exhibited the most favorable low-temperature performance (CP %ndash;26°C, PP %ndash;28°C) and the lowest ball wear scan diameter (42 μm) while propyl 9-propyloxy-10-hydroxyoctadecanoate exhibited the higher oxidation stability (OT 156°C).

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Karyotype studies including chromosome length, chromosome volume and cytophotometric estimation of nuclear DNA amount were carried out in 8 ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) cultivars. Significant variations in the nuclear DNA amount were recorded at cultivar level. The correlation coefficient studies revealed that the 4C DNA content and genome volume were positively correlated. Structural alterations in the chromosomes without the changes in the numeric chromosome number (2n=22) as well as loss or addition of highly repetitive sequences in the genome caused variations in the DNA amount at cultivar level. Marginal variations in the genome size indicated a close relationship between the cultivars.

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We have developed a simulation program that presents the process of fastening band-shaped cloth objects. These objects are twisted in 3D space to mimic the movements of tying garments such as Kimono sash. Even using extensive collision handling, this simulation is tough. The difficulty lies in the complex object contacts: The movements of different parts of a long contiguous deformable object conflict with each other causing numerous collisions during fastening process; Such collisions cause implausible deformations; Moreover, the collisions in different angles are prone to fatal penetrations that are not simple to remove. We propose three schemes to solve these problems. One is a pre-step mechanical scheme for calculating fastening force to move the object smoothly. Other two are a post-step geometrical correction scheme to smooth deformations and a set of schemes to remove penetrations. These schemes proved to enable robust and visually realistic simulations with low cost.

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To define the concept of menstrual disorders in young women. Articles were searched from PubMed (2010-2020) using the keywords “Young Women,” “Dysmenorrhea” and “Premenstrual Syndrome.” Eight articles were extracted from 32 articles. Regarding articles in Japan, Japan Medical Abstracts Society website and CiNii Articles were searched, using the keywords “Young Women” and “menstrual disorders.” 23 articles were extracted from 165 articles. A total of 31 articles (23 articles in Japan, 8 articles from overseas) were targeted. Six attributes: Actual condition of menstrual disorders, risk of menstrual disorder, endometriosis and treatment, use of analgesics, use of oral contraceptives (hereinafter OC), and Quality of Life (hereinafter QOL) in menstrual period. Five preconditions: Young women and motivation, women’s lifestyle and change in life habits, menstrual mechanism and normal values, classification and symptoms / treatment of menstrual disorder, view of menstruation and menstrual education. Four consequences: Awareness of menstruation, education surrounding menstruation, research on menstruation, and issues related menstruation were extracted. This concept was defined as “in actual conditions of menstrual disorders, there is great variation, such as dysmenorrhea, PMS, and irregular menstruation, and accordingly, related risks have been observed, and the existence of endometriosis is also partially indicated. Analgesics and OC are not appropriately utilized, and QOL of young women during menstrual period decreases.”

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