The global environmental problems produce a still serious impact on human. Several conventions are decided and international cooperation for the solution is advanced The scale of such activities grows, and the number of targets for solution has increased. Official Development Assistance (ODA) from the OECD countries has effectively acted on those international cooperation activities. Japan and the USA are playing a leading role in such activities. However, there are still some issues are to be modified and changed for effective execution and better solutions. Four points of Environmental ODA of Japan and the USA were compared and recommendation to Environmental ODA reorganization of Japan. is summarized

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Low temperature solution polycondensation of 4,4′-diaminodiphenylether (ODA)/4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) and isophthaloyl chloride (IPC) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone gave a random copolyamide when polymerized without tertiary amines. On the other hand, the copolymerization with the presence of pyridine or triethylamine gave the copolymers having block tendency. These characteristics were investigated with some model reactions. When the copolymerization was carried out with pyridine, pyridine increased the reactivity of ODA more than that of DDS. Fast formation of ODA/IPC block was proceeded before the salt formation of ODA and hydrogen chloride by-produced with polymerization. As triethylamine is stronger base than ODA, ODA could react with IPC without deactivation by the salt formation. Different effects were observed in the synthesis of block copolyamides with tertiary amines.

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The monolayer properties of octadecylamine (ODA) on both distilled water and aqueous Methyl Orange (MO) solution were studied from the measurements of surface pressure–area (π–A) isotherms. From the π–A isotherms at various pHs, hydroxide ions, and MO anions in the subphase were confirmed to interact competitively with the ODA monolayer. Furthermore, Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film of ODA was fabricated from the surface of an alkaline subphase, and the adsorption characteristics of the ODA LB film were investigated by using MO as an adsorbate. As a result, the ODA LB film exhibited specific adsorbability for the MO anion, similar to that of the LB film of long-chain quaternary alkylammonium salt, but the adsorption rate of the MO on the ODA LB film was slower than that on the LB film of long-chain quaternary alkylammonium salt. In addition, adsorbability of the ODA LB film showed pH dependence.

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Oligo-6-(2-thienyl)pentafulvenes smoothly undergo alkali metal reduction to form novel, stable oligothienylenemethines attached with cyclopentadienide groups as confirmed by UV-Vis and NMR spectra.

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Spherical titania–octadecylamine hybrids (tens of nm to hundreds of nm) were obtained by the dissolution of presynthesized well-defined spherical particles with different size (70, 120, and 240 nm). The dissolution proceeds homogenously to give well-defined and size-controlled products when the reaction is conducted at room temperature in methanol.

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Solid-like and liquid-like viscoelastic behaviors at low and high temperature, T, respectively, observed for carboxyl-terminated telechelic poly(ethyrene-butylene) (CTPEB) neutralized with octadecylamine ODA prepared by melt mixing are studied in relation with the structure examined by XRD, FT-IR, DSC and small angle neutron scattering. When the mole ratio of -NH₂ and -COOH, NH₂/COOH in CTPEB/ODA is 1.4 or higher, CTPEB/ODA was solid-like at 298K, while it was liquid-like having almost the same viscosity as CTPEB at 343K. The network structure formed at low T was easily fractured by small strain and cannot be reformed at low T. However, when the sample is annealed at 353K, cooled and kept for a few hours at T < 300K, the solid-like behavior is reproduced. It was concluded that the network formation at low T and its disappearance at high T for CTPEB/ODA is caused by non-crystalline association/dissociation of C18 residues in ODA connected to CTPEB by ionic bond (NH₃⁺COO^-). Due to the small M_w of CTPEB, only longer chains (∼ 1/3 of total chains) connected to ODA aggregates form network structure and sustain the constant G'in this system at low T.

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Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy AHP) consists of a hierarchical structure and link weights which are obtained by a linear programming. The AHP can be used to evaluate uncertainty in decision problems. Using of matrices pair-wise comparison the AHP steers the evaluation of data to the agreement with practical data. The fuzzy AHP approach can estimate interval priorities among the items discussed. These interval weights are interpreted in terms of the concept of possibility and express the range of the possibility. The method decides the interval weights so as to minimize the range included in the given data. The rage of the possibility can be illustrated as the interval or width of calculated values. Today, there are a number of companies which contribute to Official Development Assistance (ODA). The ODA is publicized at each of projects, contributions and companies on their website. Each donation and contribution are opened on the website as well. The objective of this paper is to evaluate these companies in terms of the best performance which classifies the support of donations for the ODA into 4 fields: infrastructure, medical service, education and security.

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Focusing on Japanese foreign aid administration, or officially called Official Development Assistance (ODA), this article discusses two trends since the 1990s, specifically two kinds of changes, which seem to contradict each other. One trend is “participatory ODA,” in which the Japanese government, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), eagerly asks Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) to participate in aid activity. The other is the increasing attempts of MOFA to “steer” Japanese ODA so as to gather more information on the needs of potential recipients and organize coherent aid strategies. This article seeks to contribute to the understanding of these seemingly contradictory trends using the framework of governance, especially that of governance as networks.
This article first reviews the existing literature on or potentially relevant for Japanese ODA, which reveals that the dominant perspective has rarely assumed an interdependent relationship between the public and private sectors. Next, this article examines why scholars have not focused on networks in the past, and concludes that one possible reason is the prior existence of unilateral relationships between the sectors whereby the private section did not have to cede its autonomy to the public one. It then looks at how the situation concerning ODA has changed since the mid-1980s, as evidenced by the Japanese government’s leadership in the field and its attempts to establish national aid strategies, as well as by the increasing participation by the private sector, especially by NGOs. After that, this article goes on to discuss how the public sector has become more systematic with respect to ODA, focusing on two important examples: the setting up of country and regional study groups and the establishment of a system of feedback among MOFA, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the Institute for International Cooperation (IFIC), an agency of JICA. Finally, by means of an empirical analysis, this article examines the effect of the institutional changes on the behavior of businesses with respect to ODA, and concludes that such changes have had a statistically significant effect on business, thereby supporting the use of “governance as networks” as a viable approach for studying Japanese ODA.

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アブラムシ防除剤として開発中のオレイン酸ナトリウム液剤 (主成分としてシス-9-オクタデセン酸ナトリウムを20%含む) のキュウリ散布後のシス-9-オクタデセン酸 (ODA) の残留量を調べるため, ガスクロマトグラフによる分析を行なった. 二品種のキュウリ中の内因性ODA量は, それぞれ0.33, 0.37ppmであった. 二品種のキュウリ中のODA残留量は, 最終散布後1日目はそれぞれ1.81, 3.57ppmであり, 3日目においては, それぞれ0.88, 1.01ppmへと減少した. 未処理のキュウリにODAを2.5ppm添加し回収率試験を行なったところ, 回収率は102.0～108.4%の範囲にあった.

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We have previously reported that poly(octadecyl acrylate) as an organic stationary phase in HPLC shows high molecular-shape selectivity through carbonyl–π interaction on highly ordered structures of long alkyl chains. In this communication, a new “grafting-from” strategy based on surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization is applied for ordering of poly(octadecyl acrylate) on silica to lead to remarkable selectivity increase.

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In the present study, the growth rate of optically dark area (ODA) was investigated for two types of bearing steels using a fracture mechanics approach. Ultrasonic fatigue tests were performed for the specimens with hydrogen pre-charging followed by exposing in the atmosphere for a week in order to investigate the effect of hydrogen trapped by inclusions on the growth of ODA. Together with the constant amplitude loading test, two-step and repeated two-step variable amplitude loading tests were performed in order to determine the fatigue crack growth rate by beach marks. The results revealed that fatigue strengths of the both materials were reduced by the hydrogen pre-charging. The size of ODA increased with decreasing the stress amplitude at fracture so that the stress intensity factor range at the end of the ODA growth became a constant value ranging between 4.5 and 5.5 MPa √m independent of the materials and the fatigue lives. ODA formation behavior is enhanced by trapped hydrogen by inclusions, which reduces the fatigue strength in the very high cycle fatigue regime.

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Irradiation of hindered phenols in the presence of acridine as a light absorber gives bisphenols and biacridane. CIDEP study establishes the path of hydrogen abstraction by the triplet acridine. The overall mechanism is proposed by the product analysis and the CIDEP studies.

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A three dimensional (3D) matrices for cell culture is widely used in the cell engineering field. In the living organisms, the cells react to the extra cellular matrix such as collagen. Thus, the biological interaction between the extra cellular environment and cell function is required to be elucidated in order to design an ideal environment for cell culture. In this study, cytocompatible phospholipid polymer hydrogels were prepared to encapsulate cells and the physiochemical properties of the cell-encapsulated hydrogel were investigated. The hydrogels were prepared using poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-n-butyl methacrylate-co-p-vinylphenylboronic acid) (PMBV). Mixture of PMBV aq. solution and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) aq. solution under the biological condition spontaneously forms the PMBV/PVA hydrogels. Storage modulus of the hydrogels was tuned through adjustment of the mixing ratio of the polymer solution. An epidermal cells were encapsulated in the PMBV/PVA hydrogels during preparation process and the encapsulated cell density was controlled when the solutions were mixed. The change of the number of encapsulated cells and the storage modulus of the polymer/cell complex were measured through three days of incubation. The proliferation of the encapsulated cells was influenced by the storage modulus of the PMBV/PVA hydrogel. From this result, it was considered that the dynamical changes of the cells and their environment were evaluated through the physical properties of polymer/cell complex. The PMBV/PVA hydrogel is a promising platform for 3D cell engineering.

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