近年，プライバシー保護とデータ活用を両立するための技術である，プライバシー保護データマイニング(PPDM, Preserving Data Mining)の研究が盛んとなってきている．この分野で特に重要な研究テーマのひとつは，技術的に何を満たせばプライバシーが守られていると言えるのかということを解析する，プライバシー概念の研究である．そんな中現在最も注目を浴びているプライバシーの概念が，2006年にDworkが提唱したDifferential である．本稿ではPPDM分野の概要および，Differential の簡単な紹介を行う．

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差分プライバシーは，個人のプライバシーを保護したまま統計解析を行う際の安全性指標のデファクト標準として知られており，米国の企業や政府などで導入が進められている．本論文では，差分プライバシーとはどのようなものか，どのような安全性を保証するのか，どのようなモデルがあるか，といった差分プライバシーの基本的な事項について簡単に説明する．

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ネットワークにおいて個人情報を取得して利用する機会が増えるにつれ，情報システムの脆弱性を原因とする個人情報漏えい事件や不正利用が頻繁に発生している．また，我が国においても個人情報保護法が制定されたことから，個人情報の適正な取扱いと保護への関心と社会的要求が高まっている．その要請に応ずるための具体的な「指針」や「方針」を示したものとして「プライバシーポリシー」と呼ばれるものがあり，民間の事業者の多くは，これを掲載するところが増えてきている．行政機関においても日常的に行政事務やそれ以外の場面における個人情報の取扱量が増加している現状からすると，民間の事業者における取組同様に，行政機関におけるプライバシーポリシー掲載の必要性は高まっているといえる．そこで，主に米国の連邦政府機関の取組を中心に，プライバシーポリシーの掲載意義と現状を概観する．

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 In this study, a Patients’ Information Scale (PIPS) and a Convenient Checklist (CPC) were developed, and the validity and reliability of the instruments were examined. This study was conducted in 3 stages: 1) Developing the Patients Information Scale, 2) Developing Convenient Checklist, and 3) Conducting a main test to examine those scales. A total of 595 patients were selected from 37 facilities in three prefectures, as samples for the main study. Valid response rates were 40.2%. The PIPS was analyzed using factor analysis. As a result, four factors, “Treatment-Related Information,” “Identification-Related Information,” “Daily Life-Behavior Related Information” and “Personal Life-Related Information” were extracted (Chronbach’s α=0.978). Through the examination of the criterion-related validity, construct validity, and stability, the PIPS was confirmed as a valid and reliable instrument. The CPC was analyzed by examination of representative nature of the items, the correlations between each CPC item and the factor of the PIPS, respectively. The result confirmed the efficiency of the checklist. This study shows that the PIPS and the CPC can be meaningful instruments in the evaluation of how to balance the right of information against the practical needs for information sharing.

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Marshall (1974) and Pedersen (1979) theorized and studied Orientation toward , but the concept has not been explored extensively in this country. In this study, a Japanese version of their Inventory of Orientation toward was constructed. In Study 1, translated items of the inventory were examined to see whether they had the same dimensions as the original scale. The results indicated that the dimensions were similar, except an ‘Anonymity’ factor. In Study 2, excluding anonymity items, a 21-item Japanese version was constructed, incorporating Iwata's (1987) findings as well. Factor analysis revealed seven factors, Free will, Intimacy with Friends, Reserve, Intimacy with Family, Seclusion, and Isolation. Finally, in Study 3, the new Inventory was administered to another sample, and its factor structure re-examined. The structure proved to be reasonably stable, and it therefore may be concluded that the scale meaningfully measured Orientation toward .

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 With the spread of electronic health records, patients’ concerns rise greatly. In response, many organizations advocate that healthcare information systems (HIS) should have an opt-in capability and a way for people to segment sensitive information, if they choose to. Currently, employing a proper access control mechanism to protect patients’ electronic health records is a well-accepted discipline in HIS development. However, the design of such mechanisms hardly includes the requirement of supporting patients’ preferences regarding the use of their personal information. It is therefore highly desirable to extend a HIS’s access control to handle patients’ preferences. On the other hand, as the principle and practice of patients’ preferences are still emerging, instead of replacing existing mechanisms with new ones, techniques for adapting existing mechanisms to quickly reflect patients’ preferences can be a worthwhile solution. In particular, we argue that aspect-oriented programming (AOP) can be part of the solutions and has the potential to provide fine-grained protection to cater to the needs of each individual. Aspect-oriented approach enables separation of concerns which are better designed independently, but must operate together. We propose an aspect-based preference management framework that collects and manages patients’ preferences independently yet can integrate with the underlying HIS to support patients’ preferences effectively. The proposed mechanisms are loosely coupled with the underlying system. It is thus easy to adapt them and employ them for migrating existing systems to support patients’ preferences.

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I Introduction II Outline of the i Argument of the right of 1. Conception of the right of ii Legal basis of the right of and the argument of the article 13 of the Constitution iii Relationship with the law in force iv Protection of the and the personal information V Formation and expansion of the right of in the United States and Germany III Detail ot the i of dead person ii of the juridical person iii Relationship with the freedom of expression 1. Precedent 2. Adjustment between the right of and freedom of expression iv Relationship with disclosure of public information V Educational information Vi Medical informtion Vii in the internet IV Conclusion

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At the present time, consumers often disclose their

when using online platforms to receive personalized recommendation information and services, but they are also highly concerned whether their is being violated. “ paradox” is becoming a hot topic of research. What are the potential impacts of individual cognitive differences and situational cues on decision-making? How to balance the internal causes of the “ paradox” so that consumers are more willing to accept personalized recommendation services based on users’ data? Can the transparency of rights ease user conflict perceptions and promote disclosure intentions? These questions are inconclusive. Therefore, the purpose of this our research was to explore consumer paradoxical behaviors from a novel perspective of the characteristics of authorization cues, and to clarify the internal relationship between individual cognitive processing and authorization cues. This study suggests that the big data platform, when collecting or using user information, should try to reduce the behaviors that induce users’ resistance. It also provides a reference for how to better achieve benign interaction in personalized recommendation between Internet companies and users. The event-related potential technique is adopted to explore the matching relationship between individual cognitive processing and authorization cues and to analyze the internal neural mechanism of the personalized recommendation user in the authorization decision. The experiment simulated the authorization situation, and adopted a 2 × 2 × 2 hybrid experimental design: authority sensitivity (high/low) * authorization transparency (with/without permission) * cognitive style (field dependent/field independent). The experimental results show that: (1) Authorization transparency, authority sensitivity and their interactions will affect the user’s authorization behaviors, and the interaction of the two cues has a greater impact on the behavior than the role of a single cue; (2) The cognitive style will affect the individual’s attention resource allocation in the authorization scenario, which, limited by cognitive resources, will result in selective attention to contextual cues: Compared with the field-independent group with self-characterization as a reference, the field-dependent group induced a greater P2 amplitude; (3) When the two-cue valences in the authoritative scenario are inconsistent, the amplitude of the N2 component is greater than that when the valences are consistent, and the amplitude of the N2 induced by the field-dependent group is more affected by the scenario cue valence; (4) Regardless of whether it is a field-dependent group or a field-independent group, there is no salient difference in the amplitude of LPP components induced in each scenario. According to the results of this study, even if authorization involves high risks, individuals tend to selectively seek supportive cues or avoid obtaining information that is inconsistent with their cognition. This research reveals the differences of neural mechanisms in users’ actual decision-making, provides the possibility for further exploration of the black box behind users’ attitudes and behaviors, and opens up new ideas for the study of the “ paradox.”

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 Patients’ rights have become very hot topics in health care.

is one of these rights. Nurses in clinical settings deal with the information on many patients and share it within the nursing team because nursing is practiced as a team. Sometimes, sharing patients’ information may put the of a patient at risk. To explore how the nurses perceive patients’ and how they share that information and to what extent, we conducted a questionnaire survey with 179 hospital nurses. We obtained 141 (79%) valid answers. Major findings are as follows: 1) on information directly related to nursing care, nurses perceived patients’ lower than their own, 2) patients' information that was recorded on the chart tended to be shared by all nurses in the ward, on the other hand, information needed to nursing care tend to be shared within the team concerned with the patients’ care, 3) the main reason for limitation of the range of information sharing was whether or not it was necessary for nursing care.

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rights have developed from "the classical right", such as the right to be let alone or the right not to have one's private life disclosed, to "the modern right" or "the information right", such as the right to control self information. In Japan, many scholars and precedents have discussed the relationship between the classical right and freedom of expression in the context of "mass media ". However, discussions of the relationship between the information right and freedom of expression in the context of "computer " are not enough. In contrast, there are exhaustive discussions about the relationship between the information right and freedom of speech in America. One opinion argues that the information right is not defensible under the First Amendment, but the other opinion contends that the right is defensible under the First Amendment. These recent American discussions give us many suggestions. This article examines the relationship between the information right and freedom of expression referring to these recent American discussions.

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A key issue in secret voting and many other kinds of private communications is ensuring the anonymity of individuals. Researchers in Information Studies have been aiming to establish metrics of anonymity to enhance the protection of in information and communication systems. Many related papers, however, focus on so-called connection anonymity. Little research can be found for metrics of voting , except for the entropy-based approach of Endo et al. (2007, 2008). This study illustrates and evaluates an unknown anonymity measure presented by Iwai (2003) in the field of Japanese mathematical sociology. The metric utilizes a combinatorial approach and has some advantageous aspects over the approach of Endo et al. (2007, 2008) as a metric that measures the degree of preventing the identification of particular voters. Although, in general, Edman et al. (2007) is recognized as the first study that demonstrated a combinatorial approach to defining an anonymity measure, the main idea is shared by the earlier research of Iwai (2003). Even now, the mathematical representation forms in the older research seem to be more suitable for measuring anonymity in voting contexts.

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従来のプライバシーの構成概念に加えて,情報化社会の進展に伴い社会的重要性を増している個人情報に対する態度を含めた調査紙を作成した.それを,中学生と大人(保護者,中学校教員)に実施し,プライバシーを構成する因子,および,因子間の因果関係を推定して,プライバシーの構造を検討した.その結果,従来の日本人の研究では抽出されなかった,情報の自己統制に関する因子が抽出された.大人と中学生のプライバシー意識の違いは,中学生のプライバシー意識では,情報の自己統制および他者からの遠慮を期待することに関する因子が未分化であることが示唆された.今後は,情報化社会の進展により,個人情報に対する関心が高まることで,日本人のプライバシーに対する意識にほとんど含まれないとされる,自分自身に関する情報の主体的統制という側面が強調されるようになっていくと考えられる.

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This paper deals with socio-cultural influence on protection of personal data and in Japan and its meanings for Japanese business. The enforcement of the Act for Protection of Personal Data in April 2005 has prompted broad recognition that Japanese firms, which collect, store and use personal data, should enhance their effort in protecting personal data and as a part of development of their social responsibility. However, Japanese socio-cultural characteristics related to the notion of tend to make ordinary Japanese people consider protection of is identical to compliance with the Act. This would distort Japanese firms' ways of approaching protection of personal data and and result in putting Japanese firms as well as Japanese economy in jeopardy in the global business environment.

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I and Constitutionalism (1) not as a Positive Law - Does it Matter? (2) in Classic and New Formula - From "Right to be Let Alone" to "Control over Personal Information" (3) as a Project to Rebuild Public/Private Dichotomy (4) and Personal Information II Private and Public (1) Right to Protects Personal Interest (2) Right to Provides an Essential Foundation to Justify Government III Some Implications

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The concept '' seems to be reduced to the term 'personal data' Indeed the problematique 'protection of personal data' has great significance in such a highly information-oriented society. But I insist the concept '' is also still very important in that it includes a spatial meaning. I suggest the concept 'despatialization' to explain the problematiques in such a highly information-oriented society, especially concerning '' and 'personal data.' In a sense 'personal data' can be regarded as 'despatialized' parts of '.' This is why 'personal data' can be a problematique. 'Personal data' can be processed and reproduced unlimitedly. '' has a broader meaning. '' can be invaded spatially and in 'despatialized' forms. Moreover '' can be invaded while the victim himself is unaware. In a respect an invasion of '' is an invisible infringement of personal rights. So I propose the foundation of a third-party relief organization investigating invasions of '.'

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