A cross-sectional survey of 29 randomly selected schools, comprising 11 (37.9%) post-primary schools and 18 (62.1%) primary schools from eight Local Government Areas (LGAs) (approximately 35% of the 23 LGAs) of Kaduna State was undertaken to determine the prevalence status of cutaneous leishmaniasis between May and October, 1997. The disease occurrence was detected by on-sight diagnosis of active lesions and scars, and observed leishmanial cases were recorded for patients who gave description of symptoms that fitted into clinical symptoms of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The recorded cases were confirmed by parasitological examination of Giemsa-stained lesion smears for amastigotes in the laboratory. The Chi-square analysis of the result revealed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the point prevalence (PP) rates (number with active lesions) between the males (3.8% of 6,104) and the females (4.0% of 4,122). Similarly, the overall prevalence (OP) rate (number with both scars and active lesions) in the state was estimated at 6.8% (697), and there was no significant difference (P>0.05) observed between the males (6.4% of 6,104) and females (7.5% of 4,122). The point prevalence rate was higher in the younger age-groups (6-9, 10-12, 13-15 years old) than in the older one (16-18 years old) while the overall prevalence and lifetime prevalence (LTP) (number with scars only) decreased with age. It was also noted that the diagnostic efficiency of the on-sight clinical screening tests and that of the parasitological examination of lesion smears compares favourably well. The results of this study have indicated that the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kaduna State is high enough to consider the state endemic for the disease, and that with experience the on-sight case detection of leishmanial lesions can be dependably applied as a rapid diagnostic method for cutaneous leishmaniasis in field research.

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West Nile virus (WNV) causes a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease of public health importance. The aim of this study was to determine the state of WNV infection in horses and detect the virus antigen in mosquitoes trapped in stables in Kaduna State Nigeria. The study was carried out in Kaduna State, Nigeria, and 368 horses were screened for the presence of antibodies against WNV using an IgG competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Of the 368 samples tested, 331 (89.9%) were positive for WNV antibodies. Mosquitoes from the stables were tested for WNV antigen using a VectorTest kit, and of the 31 pools of adult mosquitoes tested, only 5 (16.1%) pools tested positive for WNV antigen. This finding showed that WNV infection has occurred in horses and that there is evidence of circulation of the virus by mosquitoes in Kaduna State, Nigeria.

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  The hazardous effects due to the insoluble microparticles generated in the injections have been pointed out. To our knowledge, however, there have been no reports about insoluble microparticulate contamination at ampoule opening. Therefore, we performed this study to evaluate the relationship between time and glass particulate sedimentation to examine the effect of swabbing the ampoule neck on particle generation to clarify the relationship between the inner-diameter size of an ampoule and the amount of glass particulate sedimentation to find out the effect of methods for ampule opening, and compare particle contamination in glass ampoule and that of plastic, after ampoule opening and assessed the contribution of material of ampoule to the particle generation. We observed that the glass particulate contamination of accumulation value at a size over 2 μm increased significantly after 60 seconds, the swabbing the neck of the ampoule prior to opening had a negative effect on prevention of glass particulate contamination, the glass particulate contamination was positively influenced by the inner-diameter size of the ampoule, but not by the thickness of the ampoule walls, the particulate contamination derived from glass significantly increased by general method as well as using ampoule open adaptor compared with our method, and the insoluble microparticulate contamination in plastic ampoule was significantly lower than that in glass ampoule. The present findings might provide an useful information to reduce glass particules after ampoule opening performed in clinical practice.

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We evaluated particulate and microbial contamination in a total of 192 samples of in-use admixed and unadmixed parenteral nutrition solutions remaining in infusion bags in 10 hospitals. The mean numbers (range) of drug glass ampoules, plastic ampoules, and vials used in a total of 192 admixed solutions were 3.38 (1—13), 0.79 (0—7), and 1.2 (0—8), respectively. The mean number of particles (range) contained in the 192 samples according to the particle size (diameter) was 960.9 (30—9539)/ml for particles ≥1.3 μm, 42.8 (0—587)/ml for those ≥5 μm, 6.4 (0—146)/ml for those ≥10 μm, and 0.09 (0—1)/ml for those ≥50 μm. The number of particles ≥1.3 μm in diameter was significantly higher in the 192 samples than in 7 samples (controls) of solutions not mixed with any ampoule or vial (p<0.0001). In addition, the number of particles ≥1.3 μm in diameter was significantly higher in samples of solutions mixed with 4—13 glass ampoules than in those of solutions mixed with 1—3 glass ampoules (p<0.01). On the other hand, none of the 199 samples showed bacteria or fungi/5 ml residual solution. Measures against particulate contamination of admixed parenteral nutrition solutions are necessary.

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Intact and ground crystals of Sulfaguanidine (monohydrate) were prepared by recrystallization from aqueous solution with or without subsequent grinding. The hydrate was also prepared by sorbing H₂O vapor on the particles of anhydrous sulfaguanidine. By using these as sample materials, the dehydration curves at various temperatures were determined under dry conditions at 1 atm and in vacuo, as well as under various conditions of humidity. The applicability of various kinetic equations for solid state decomposition was investigated. It was found that chemically the same hydrate was dehydrated through different mechanisms depending on the crystal properties of the samples and the environmental conditions. In addition, changes in surface appearance of the intact and the ground crystals were observed during heating at constant temperatures. It is suggested that the differences in the dehydration mechanisms may be attributable to different modes of nuclei growth.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between the inner-diameter of an ampoule and the amount of glass particle accumulation after opening ampoules.All of the ampoules used in the study were snapped open by hand and left to stand undisturbed for 120 seconds.Tilting the ampoules,the solutions in them were aspirated using an 18 G nonfiltered needle attached to a 5 mL syringe.The contents of the ampoules were then diluted with 0.6-4 mL distilled water and passed through a 0.20 mm membrane filter.Amounts of remaining particles were measured using a KL-04 particle counter after aspiration of the ampoule contents.Our results suggested that glass particulate contamination was positively correlated with the inner-diameter of the ampoule,but not with the thickness of the ampoule walls.This finding could help prevent the injection of glass particles into patients,and the use of filters may further decrease the risk of this happening.

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Exploring brands that customers are likely to purchase jointly has a profound effect on marketing. This study proposes a new way to measure, or estimate the similarity between brands using social media. The proposed algorithm analyzes the daily photos and hashtags posted by each brand's followers. By clustering them and converting them into histogram-based features, we can calculate the similarity between brands. We evaluate our proposed algorithm by comparing it with the purchase logs of point/credit card companies, and answers to the questionnaires. The results show that purchase logs can predict the co-purchase behaviors in the questionnaires very well, but cannot predict customers' potential interest or willingness to buy products from new brands. On the other hand, our method can predict the users’ interest in brands with a correlation coefficient of over 0.53, which is high considering that such interest in brands is highly subjective and individual dependent.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of packing (load carrying) on the diurnal rhythms of respiratory and heart rates in donkeys during the hot-dry season. Twenty 2- to 3-years-old donkeys weighing 93 ± 2.7 kg were divided into two groups to serve as subjects: Group 1 was subjected to packing + trekking, while group 2 was subjected to trekking only. All donkeys trekked 20 km on each experimental day. The procedure was repeated three times at one-day intervals. Thermal environmental parameters were recorded. Respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) were measured before and immediately (15 min) after the packing and/or trekking period. Continuous recordings of parameters were performed for 27 hr at 3-hr intervals beginning 16 hr after the last packing and/or trekking period. The RR rose significantly (P<0.05) immediately after packing + trekking and trekking only, from 30.15 ± 0.5 and 27.52 ± 0.5 cycles/min before packing + trekking and trekking only, respectively, to 43.78 ± 3.0 and 46.30 ± 1.8 cycles/min after them, respectively. The HR (76.63 ± 4.5 beats/min) in the packing + trekking donkeys was higher (P<0.05) than that of the trekking-only donkeys (62.33 ± 2.7 beats/min). The acrophase and bathyphase of the HR in both groups were recorded during the photophase and scotophase, respectively, with higher values (P<0.05) in the packing + trekking donkeys than in the trekking-only donkeys. The circadian rhythms of RR and HR did not differ between the groups of donkeys. In conclusion, packing + trekking was more stressful to the donkeys, significantly increasing the HR of donkeys subjected to packing + trekking, compared with trekking only.

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エメラルド単結晶をV₂O₂フラックス法により合成した。V₂O₂対母剤(天然産ベリル)を4:1(wt%)にし,5.0wt%Cr₂O₃を添加し,白金ルツボへ充テンした。種結晶には天然産ベリルを用い,約1050℃で育成した。合成エメラルドは顕微鏡観察,Laue写真,赤外分光分析法などで調べた。本実験内ではバツフル板を用い,母剤付近の温度を種結晶のそれより高くした場合がエメラルドの合成法としてすぐれていた。バツフル板を用いない場合は液面付近にエメラルド小結晶が生成した。合成エメラルドを利用してV₂O₂フラックスに対する溶解度曲線を調べた。その結果,1050℃では約6.3gエメラルドが溶解した。合成エメラルドのc面,m面のLaue写真は天然産ベリルのそれと同一であり,かつよい結晶性を示した。4000～400cm^-1の範囲を赤外分光分析計で調べたところ,1200,1015,955,802,738,679,648,590,520,490±5cm^-1に吸収バンドが認められ,文献値とよく一致した。3500cm^1-付近の幅広な吸収はKBr錠剤作成時の吸着水と思われた。結晶成長時にエメラルドのc面上にカード状の六角板状晶の績重なりが認められた。その厚さは数10μ程度であった。

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　本稿は、故人渡辺保史の「Designing Ours『自分たち事』をデザインする」をクラウドファンディングで出版したプロジェクトの作品に関する報告である。本作品は（a）クラウドファンディングによる出版（b）出版記念イベントの二つで構成されている。後者においては出資者の参加によるトークショーを開催、トークショーでは故人の年表を作成した。立案からイベント実施まで約半年のプロジェクトであった。結果として（A）故人の思考の可視化、（B）関係者から見た故人の可視化、という二つを作品化することができた。本稿では、SNS時代に置いて、亡くなった人をSNS上で知る友人たちの「グリーフケア」としての「お弔いのデザイン」という視点からそれぞれの作品を捉えた。

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For particulates forming as a result of precipitation in intravenous injections and those arising from injection devices,we examined their distribution in tissue distribution following intravenous administration.
Barium sulfate was used as the particulate and 100% (w/v) suspensions of varying particle size (1.5,5.0,10.0μm) were prepared.Each test suspension was injected into the caudal vein of ICR mice in a single dose of 0.1 mL/10 g and wholebody radiography was performed.Each suspension was also injected into the internal jugular vein of Hartley guinea pigs in a single dose of 5 mL/kg and major organs were collected for radiographic examination.The experiments were model-like and barium sulfate was injected in large quantities.
The whole-body radiography of the mice revealed the presence of barium sulfate in the lungs,heart,kidneys,liver and external carotid arteries and the radiography of the guinea pig organs showed that barium sulfate was present in the lungs,heart,coronary artery,kidneys and liver.There were no obvious differences in tissue distribution for the three different particle sizes.
Our findings indicate that particulates of less than 10.0μm could possibly be distributed throughout the body by passing through the lungs after intravenous dosing.The Japanese Pharmacopoeia places no restriction on particle fineness of 10μm or less to prevent pulmonary embolism and the results of the present study indicate that it is essential to eliminate particles of such size through the incorporation of a final filter (0.22μm).

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An ampoule is a glass cylinder that contains intravenous solutions. Ampoule opening (AO) is performed by nurses on a daily basis, but the procedure involved can cause injuries to the hand as well as contamination of ampoule contents with glass microparticles. As it is currently impossible to completely eliminate the use of glass ampoules, one should learn how to safely perform the AO operation. Herein, we quantitatively analyze the combined seven upper-limb movements of ten experienced participants to clarify the mechanism of AO operations and establish a procedure for safe AO. Unlike current instruction manuals, this study focuses on the joint movements of dominant and nondominant upper limbs rather than on finger positions. A motion-capture system and video cameras are used to analyze the above seven movements of each upper limb. Based on results obtained, the following three guidelines for performing AO operations are derived: (1) supinate the elbow joint to break the ampoule neck; (2) move the dominant hand away from the cutting plane of the ampoule immediately after ampoule breaking without moving the nondominant hand to avoid unnecessary contact of fingers with the cutting plane; (3) synchronize elbow-joint extension with supination in step (1) as the dominant hand is moved away after ampoule breaking. This approach not only ensures safe AO but also helps in learning other skills related to technical nursing education.

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To clarify the role of thromboxane A₂ (TXA₂) in evoking coronary spasm, we compared coronary arterial spasticity induced by ergonovine maleate (EM) with coronary sinus thromboxane B₂ (TXB₂: a stable catabolite of TXA₂) in 34 patients with documented variant angina and 11 patients with chest pain syndrome (CPS). We also examined the effect of OKY-1581 ( 8 mg/kg, i.v), a TXA₂ synthetase inhibitor, on the coronary arterial spasticity of these patients. When blood samples were taken from coronary sinus just before EM test, all patients with variant angina exhibiting markedly augmented TXB₂ levels (424±138 pg/ml), had positive EM test results, while CPS exhibiting lower TXB₂ levels (223±38 pg/m), had negative EM test. We found that the amounts of EM needed to induce coronary spasm were inversely correlated with TXB₂ levels in coronary sinus. In 7 out of these 8 patients, OKY-1581 was found to attenuate the increased spasticity with reduction of coronary sinus TXB₂ levels. In 3 patients, an EM rechanllenge at symptomatically quiescent stage resulted in negative test with augmented TXB₂ levels being markedly decreased. These findings indicate that increased TXA₂ in circulating plasma is closely correlated with the hypersensitivity of coronary arteries to EM in patients with variant angina, suggesting a possible role of augmented TXA₂ production in the enhancement of coronary vascular spasticity.

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Fast switching speed, low power consumption, and good stability are some of the important properties of spin transfer torque assisted voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy magnetic tunnel junction (STT-assisted VCMA-MTJ) which makes the non-volatile full adder (NV-FA) based on it attractive for Internet of Things. However, the effects of process variations on the performances of STT-assisted VCMA-MTJ and NV-FA will be more and more obvious with the downscaling of STT-assisted VCMA-MTJ and the improvement of chip integration. In this paper, a more accurate electrical model of STT-assisted VCMA-MTJ is established on the basis of the magnetization dynamics and the process variations in film growth process and etching process. In particular, the write voltage is reduced to 0.7 V as the film thickness is reduced to 0.9 nm. The effects of free layer thickness variation (γ_tf) and oxide layer thickness variation (γ_tox) on the state switching as well as the effect of tunnel magnetoresistance ratio variation (β) on the sensing margin (SM) are studied in detail. Considering that the above process variations follow Gaussian distribution, Monte Carlo simulation is used to study the effects of the process variations on the writing and output operations of NV-FA. The result shows that the state of STT-assisted VCMA-MTJ can be switched under -0.3%≤γ_tf≤6% or -23%≤γ_tox≤0.2%. SM is reduced by 16.0% with β increases from 0 to 30%. The error rates of writing ‘0’ in the NV-FA can be reduced by increasing V_b1 or increasing positive V_b2. The error rates of writing ‘1’ can be reduced by increasing V_b1 or decreasing negative V_b2. The reduction of the output error rates can be realized effectively by increasing the driving voltage (V_dd).

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ergonovine maleateにより冠動脈攣縮を誘発させ,その時の12誘導心電図と対比した.心電図各棘波に何らかの変化を生じた例は,冠動脈攣縮を誘発せしめた5 4 例中3 8 例で sensitivity70.4% であった.また,冠動脈攣縮を生じなかった103例中10例にも心電図変化は生じ, specificity は90.3% であった.ST変化は sensitivity 53.7%, specificity 98.1%であった. T波変化のみ生じた例が54例中8例(14.8%)あり,軽度の冠動脈攣縮の診断に有用と思われた.54例中10例に13種の不整脈を生じた.この中には,III度房室ブロック,心室細動,心停止,高度徐脈など致死的なものもあった.冠動脈各分枝別では, 前下行枝が心電図変化を最も生じやすく,右冠動脈,回旋枝の順であった.冠動脈攣縮の形態別では,total spasmや mono-segmental spasmに心電図変化は多かった.冠動脈攣縮が生じているにもかかわらず,心電図変化も自発症状もなかった例が7例存在した.

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This research examines the impact of mechanization development on women and hired labor utilization of small-scale rice farming operations in Kampar Region. Surveys were conducted in Kuok and Bangkinang districts of the region during July–August 2018. Sixty women farmers were purposively selected for samples and interviewed personally to collect primary data. Data were analyzed using descriptive–quantitative and simple regression techniques. The mechanization development in small-scale rice farming gradually reduced women and hired labor utilization. The time requirement for performing rice farming operations was relatively high to account for 602.56 h ha^-1. Most of the hours were required for manual operations, primarily weeding, transplanting and harvesting. Whilst, the working hours with mechanized operations reduced significantly, including ploughing, harvesting, threshing, and milling.

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