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  • 早川 礎子, 宮崎 清
    デザイン学研究
    2007年 54 巻 4 号 89-98
    発行日: 2007/11/30
    公開日: 2017/07/11
    ジャーナル フリー
    平安時代の伝統色彩文化は、今日、神道の祭に継承されている。本研究は、熱田神宮における祭礼の現地調査を通して、日本における伝統色彩文化における職階ならびに方位に関する象徴性を解析したものである。得られた結果は、次の通りである。(1)大祭においては、神職は、その身分・職階に従い、単の上着である黒・赤・青の袍を着用している。奴袴(さしぬき)は、紋付の白、紋付の深紫、紋なしの紫、紋なしの薄い標色と、異なる色彩意匠によって、それぞれの神職の身分を象徴している。(2)神道の祭礼で神職が着用する服飾の色彩ならびに立位には、陰陽五行説に基づく方位との関連がみられ、東が崇高な方位として位置づけられている。(3)陰陽五行説においては、黒・赤・青の袍が四季を意味していた。青は春と、赤は夏と、白は秋と、黒は冬と、それぞれ対応していた。また、白との色彩には、「清浄」の意味が内包されている。
  • 犀川団体研究グループ
    地質学雑誌
    1965年 71 巻 835 号 173-184
    発行日: 1965/04/25
    公開日: 2008/04/11
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 関野 昌蔵, 藤島 敏行
    日本金属学会誌
    1975年 39 巻 3 号 213-220
    発行日: 1975年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    Two kinds of pure iron of commercial grade were heat-treated to have different grain size, hydrogen-treated and N or C charged, the content of which was measured by the Snoek peak height. Strain aging index (
    SAI
    ) was measured by 7.5% straining and aging. In this case the aging conditions, strain rates, and N or C content were changed. The following conclusions were obtained.
    SAI
    increased sharply from zero when N content increased from zero to about 10 ppm, and became almost constant when N content was over 20∼40 ppm. On the other hand,
    SAI
    continued to increase with the increase of C content even when it was over 20 ppm. As regards the effect of aging temperature and time,
    SAI
    showed a maximum at 20 min at 100°C, no maximum being attained even at 300 hr at 50°C.
    SAI
    increased with strain rate, but the degree of increase was larger, the larger the grain size and the higher N or C content. When N or C content was less than 10 ppm, the grain size showed almost no effect on
    SAI
    , but in the range of higher N or C content,
    SAI
    was larger, the finer the grain size. As to the effect of annealing and furnace cooling on
    SAI
    in the case of only C,
    SAI
    was dependent largely on the interstitial C remaining in that state after the annealing and furnace cooling.
  • Yasushi Ohmachi, Kazuyuki Kitamura, Eisuke Kume, Shuichi Towa, Masatoshi Asahina, Kunio Doi
    Journal of Toxicologic Pathology
    2001年 14 巻 2 号 169
    発行日: 2001年
    公開日: 2001/07/13
    ジャーナル フリー
    6-Sulfanilamidoindazole (6
    SAI
    ) is a sulfonamide that induces acute, self-limiting arthritis in rats, and it is reported that endotoxin may modify the sensitivity to 6
    SAI
    in rats. In this study, detailed pathological changes were examined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ (Lpsd) and LPS-normoresponsive C3H/HeN (Lpsn) mice orally administered with 6
    SAI
    (500, 1000 mg/kg) daily for 2 wk. There was no joint swelling observed in any animals treated with 6
    SAI
    . Histopathologically, 6
    SAI
    -treated mice from both strains showed the same changes such as hypertrophy of hepatocytes, mural thickening of hepatic artery, thickening of adrenal cortex, hypertrophy of thyroid epithelium and hypertrophy of intestinal mucosa. In one animal of the high-dose group of C3H/HeJ strain showed focal epicarditis and capsulitis of thymus and lungs. In the synovium of tarsal joints, there were no changes observed in any 6
    SAI
    -treated animals. From this study, it is confirmed that hepatic artery, hepatocytes, thyroid epithelium and intestinal mucosa are target sites of 6
    SAI
    in mice. 6
    SAI
    -induced toxicity in mice is considered not to be correlated with LPS sensitivity.
  • 鈴木 健司
    ファルマシア
    2014年 50 巻 5 号 379-381
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2016/06/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    Super Photon ring-8 GeV,略してSPring-8(スプリングエイト).SPring-8は兵庫県西部の播磨科学公園都市にある世界最高性能の放射光施設で,1997年10月から国内外の様々な分野の研究者に利用されている.放射光とは,電子を光とほぼ等しい速度まで加速し,磁石によって進行方向を曲げた時に発生する強力な電磁波のことである. SPring-8には様々な研究分野に特化した仕様の実験装置(ビームライン)が設置されている.本稿では,構造生物学研究の進展を支えるタンパク質結晶構造解析で使用されているビームラインを紹介する.
  • 山田 剛也, 別所 和久, 村上 賢一郎, 堀 信介, 飯塚 忠彦, 瀬上 夏樹
    歯科薬物療法
    1998年 17 巻 1 号 18-22
    発行日: 1998/04/01
    公開日: 2010/06/08
    ジャーナル フリー
    This study was conducted to asses the clinial efficacy of
    Sai
    -boku-to (Kanpo) in comparison to minor tranquilizer with vitamin B complex medication for the treatment of glossodynia.
    Either
    Sai
    -boku-to (7.5g per day) of minor tranquilizer (Diazepam) 6mg per day with vitamine B complex medication for three months was P. O. administered to 104 cases. The clinical examination was carried out in order to evaluate the subjective symptoms such as pain, heat sensation, and unpleasent feeling in comcomitant treatment of glossodynia.
    After three-month administration the success rates were 75.8 %, 87.1 %, and 88.7 % in the
    Sai
    -boku-to medication group and 73.8 %, 71.4 %, 69.0 % in the minor tranquilizer medication group. The
    Sai
    -boku-to medication group was significantry superior to the minor tranquilizer medication group. The side effect of the sleepiness was found in 13 cases in the minor tranquilizer medication group. On the contrary, a mild signs and symptoms of digestive discomfort was noted in three cases in the
    Sai
    -boku-to medication group.
    These results suggested that
    Sai
    -boku-to was a clinically useful drug for the treatment of glossodvnia.
  • Kosaku Komiya, Hiroshi Ishii, Minoru Ohama, Masahiro Uchida, Tetsuo Tsubone, Tomohiko Iwashita, Hajime Miyajima, Eiji Okabe, Taisuke Matsumoto, Bunroku Matsumoto, Jun-ichi Kadota
    Internal Medicine
    2012年 51 巻 24 号 3421-3425
    発行日: 2012年
    公開日: 2012/12/15
    ジャーナル オープンアクセス
    An 81-year-old man was admitted to our hospital due to persistent fever and dyspnea with pulmonary infiltrates. He was treated successfully by discontinuing his current medications, including
    Sai
    -rei-to, and administering glucocorticoids. Drug lymphocyte stimulation tests showed a positive result for
    Sai
    -rei-to alone, and the resumption of other regular drugs did not re-induce the lung injury. Therefore, we diagnosed the patient with
    Sai
    -rei-to-induced lung injury.
    Sai
    -rei-to is a combination drug that consists of Sho-saiko-to and Gorei-san. This paper briefly reviews drug-induced lung injury caused by
    Sai
    -rei-to or its components with a case report.
  • 虫明 敬一, 藤本 宏, 新間 脩子
    水産増殖
    1993年 41 巻 3 号 339-344
    発行日: 1993/09/20
    公開日: 2010/03/09
    ジャーナル フリー
    1.ブリふ化仔魚の活力判定のための一つの手法として, 飢餓耐性試験を行い, 無給餌生残指数 (
    SAI
    ) により仔魚の活力を数値化することを試みた。
    2.給餌飼育試験において,
    SAI
    が高い仔魚のロットほど日齢10までの初期生残率が高かった。
    3.海水を静止させた条件下で浮上する仔魚と沈下する仔魚に分けて
    SAI
    を検討した結果, 浮上仔魚の
    SAI
    のほうが高かった。
    4.由来と年齢の異なる親魚を用いて, 自然産卵と人工受精の両方から得られた仔魚を用いて試験を行った結果, 仔魚の
    SAI
    は親魚の由来あるいは採卵方法とは無関係に若齢魚ほど高い値を示した。
    5.以上の結果から, ブリにおいても
    SAI
    がふ化仔魚の活力を判定する指標として有効であると考えられた。
    6.水温18~24℃の範囲において, 試験水温 (x1) と
    SAI
    (y1) との間に,
    y1=-1.13x1+38.75
    と, 有意な直線回帰が認められ, 水温20℃の
    SAI
    (y) への補正は,
    y=y1+1.13 (x1-20)
    により可能となった。
    7.卵質判定項目と
    SAI
    との関連性を検討した結果, ふ化率と
    SAI
    との間に相関が認められた。
  • 関野 昌蔵, 藤島 敏行
    日本金属学会誌
    1975年 39 巻 3 号 220-224
    発行日: 1975年
    公開日: 2008/04/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    Steels containing Mn were heat-treated to have different grain size, hydrogen-treated and N or C charged, the content of which was measured by the Snoek peak height. Strain aging index (
    SAI
    ) was measured by 7.5% straining and 100°C×1 hr aging. In this case, strain rates, and N or C content were changed. The following conclusions were obtained.
    SAI
    increased sharply from zero when N content increased from zero to about 10 ppm in 0.3%Mn steel, and it became almost constant when N content was over 20∼40 ppm.
    SAI
    increased sharply from zero, when C content increased from zero to under 5 ppm, and it continuously increased with increasing C content, and after passing through a maximum, decreased. The content corresponding to the maximum of
    SAI
    , shifted to lower C content when the grain size was larger and the strain rate lower. The effect of Mn content on
    SAI
    was small in N-charged 0.3%Mn steel. In the case of C, sometimes 2∼3 kg/mm2
    SAI
    was observed even when the Snoek peak height was zero, and in a range of higher C content,
    SAI
    tended to decrease with increasing C content. This behavior was different from that observed in the pure iron.
  • 塚本 勝巳, 梶原 武, 西脇 昌治
    日本水産学会誌
    1975年 41 巻 2 号 167-174
    発行日: 1975/02/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    A method to deal quantitatively with swimming ability of fish was investigated. Duration of swimming [swimming time:t (sec)] was measured at various current velocities [swimming speed: V (cm/sec)]. The relationship between swimming speed and swimming time presented a curve, “swimming curve”, and was expressed by the following formula : V •tk=a where k and a are constants peculiar to any one species and its growth stage. Swimming ability was assumed to be proportional to the total swimming time a fish could maintain itself against various current velocities. Therefore, swimming ability index (
    SAI
    ) was defined as follows:
    SAI
    =∫36000Vdt×10-4(cm)
    SAI
    ?? may be considered as the synthetic index of swimming ability. Both cruising speed and burst speed have been used as the index for the estimation of swimming ability, but they are not sufficient to estimate swimming ability synthetically.
    SAI
    should be used for the accurate estimation of swimming ability of fish. The values of
    SAI
    were obtained for 16 species by means of swimming tests. The values of
    SAI
    of Plecoglossus altivelis and Salmo gairdnerii irideus were high and those of Anguilla anguilla and Misgurnus anguillicaudatus were low. The values of
    SAI
    of P. altivelis were also obtained and discussed for the different growth stages.
  • 浜田 和久, 浜崎 活幸, 虫明 敬一
    水産増殖
    2002年 50 巻 1 号 79-84
    発行日: 2002/03/20
    公開日: 2010/03/09
    ジャーナル フリー
    1.アサヒガニふ化幼生の活力判定のための一つの手法として, 飢餓耐性試験を行い, 無給餌生残指数 (
    SAI
    ) を求めた。
    2.給餌飼育試験において,
    SAI
    が高い幼生ほど10日齢までの初期生残率が高かった。
    3.卵のふ化パターンを3型に分類した結果, 一斉型のふ化パターンを示した幼生の
    SAI
    が他のふ化パターン (分割型, 断続型) より高かった。
    4.以上の結果から, アサヒガニにおいて
    SAI
    がふ化幼生の活力を示す有効な指標になるものと考えられた。
    5.水温22~31℃の範囲において, 試験水温 (x1) と
    SAI
    (y1) との間に有意な直線回帰y1=-0.76x1+27.70が認められ, 水温25℃の
    SAI
    (y) への補正は, y=y1+0.76 (x1-25) により可能となった。
    6.雌ガニの体重, ふ化幼生の背額棘間長, 湿重量および乾重量と
    SAI
    の間には, 特に関連性は認められなかったが, 雌ガニの養成期間が25日以上およびふ化時の水温が27℃以上では
    SAI
    が10以上を示す雌ガニの割合が低下する傾向がみられた。
  • ―薬物性歯肉線維芽細胞に対するニフェジピンと柴苓湯の影響―
    王 宝禮, 服部 敏己
    歯科薬物療法
    2008年 27 巻 2 号 97-102
    発行日: 2008/08/01
    公開日: 2010/06/08
    ジャーナル フリー
    Calcium antagonists such as nifedipine are used for the treatment of hypertension but are known to elicit gingival overgrowth. The enhanced proliferation of gingival fibroblasts, the increase of bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor) production and the decrease of phagocytosis of collagen by fibroblasts are proposed to be the mechanism for drug-induced gingival overgrowth. Plaque control and gingivectomy in severe case are necessary for the treatment of gingival overgrowth, but gingival overgrowth recurs in cases of poor plaque control. Moreover, it is difficult to stop drug administration because treatment of hypertension is preferred.
    Sai
    -rei-to is a Japanese traditional medicine used for the treatment of acute gastroenteritis and edema.
    Sai
    -rei-to has an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation such as rat mesangial cells and fibroblasts in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis.
    Sai
    -rei-to has also an anti-inflammatory effect and is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus and glomerulonephritis. From these effects, we assumed that
    Sai
    -rei-to is effective for the treatment of drug-induced gingival overgrowth. We investigated the effects of Sa-rei-to on nifedipine-induced fibroblast proliferation and production of bFGF and type I collagen using an in vitro gingival overgrowth model in which human gingival fibroblasts, Gin-1, were treated with nifedipine.
    Sai
    -rei-to decreased nifedipine-induced cell proliferation and productions of bFGF and type I collagen in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that
    Sai
    -re-to may be effective for the prevention and treatment of drug-induced gingival overgrowth.
  • 大礒 幸雄
    MACRO REVIEW
    1988年 1 巻 1 号 2-7
    発行日: 1988/09/20
    公開日: 2009/08/07
    ジャーナル フリー
    宇宙は,大昔から人類の思索の対象,哲学の源泉でもあった。しかし,20世紀後半の自然科学と技術の発達は,この宇宙の神秘のヴェイルを,徐々にではあるが遠慮するところなく引きはがし,人工的に宇宙を利用しはじめている(宇宙時代の到来)。 ミサイルの核弾頭をSDIにより宇宙空間で破壊してどちらが宇宙条約の違反国であるかを論じても後の祭りである。 地球を取り巻く自然は,無限なのではなく,代替性のまったくない超希少資産であることを認識すると,先端科学を駆使する宇宙施設の利用方法(宇宙時代構想―
    SAI
    )について,原水爆以上に人類は「畏れ」を払うべきである。 米ソ両国を含めた全世界の経済構造を完全な民需構造に計画することは,衛星センサーとコンピュータにより可能となってきた。各国の経済政策および地球的大規模事業のガイドラインとしての世界経済構造計画を提唱するものである。
  • Katsuhisa Ikeda, Masayuki Furukawa, Noriko Tanno, Mutsuo Yamaya, Tomonori Takasaka
    The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology
    1997年 73 巻 1 号 29-32
    発行日: 1997/01/01
    公開日: 2006/04/06
    ジャーナル フリー
    Sai
    -rei-to
    , a type of Kampo medicine (Japanese herbal medicine), has been shown to be clinically effective in treating patients with otitis media with effusion. The effect of
    Sai
    -rei-to
    on the ion transport of the middle ear surface epithelium cultured from the Mongolian gerbil was investigated by using an Ussing chamber. Application of
    Sai
    -rei-to
    to the mucosal bath but not the serosal bath induced an increase in the short-circuit current (Isc)in the basal state. The increase in Isc was almost completely inhibited by addition of diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid but not by amiloride, indicating enhancement of Cl- secretion. On the basis of the lack of changes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and a sideness of action, the effect of
    Sai
    -rei-to
    on Isc is thought to be a direct and selective activation on the apical Cl- channel.
  • 佐々木 亮樹, 立木 翔太, 宮口 翔太, 小島 翔, 齊藤 慧, 犬飼 康人, 大鶴 直史, 長岡 輝之, 山崎 一徳, 大西 秀明
    理学療法学Supplement
    2019年 46S1 巻 P3-1
    発行日: 2019年
    公開日: 2019/08/20
    会議録・要旨集 フリー

    【はじめに、目的】

    一次運動野(M1)における皮質内抑制機能の評価には,経頭蓋磁気刺激(TMS)を用いた二連発TMSによる短潜時皮質内抑制(SICI)と長潜時皮質内抑制(LICI),TMSと末梢電気刺激を組み合わせた短潜時求心性抑制(

    SAI
    )と長潜時求心性抑制(LAI)がある.しかし,各皮質内抑制指標の被験者内での再現性および各皮質内抑制指標間の関連性は不明である.そこで本研究の目的は,皮質内抑制指標の被験者内の再現性と各皮質内抑制指標間の関連性を明らかにすることであった.

    【方法】

    対象は健常成人38名であった.M1の興奮性評価には,TMSで誘発される運動誘発電位(MEP)を用い,右第一背側骨間筋より記録した.皮質内抑制機能の評価には,二連発TMSによるSICI,LICIと,尺骨神経刺激とTMSを組み合わせた

    SAI
    ,LAIをそれぞれ用いた.SICIの条件刺激強度は安静時運動閾値の80%,磁気刺激間隔を2msとし,LICIの条件刺激強度はMEPが1 mVを導出する強度,磁気刺激間隔は100msとした.また,
    SAI
    の条件刺激強度は運動閾値の110%,電気磁気刺激間隔は20ms(
    SAI20ms
    )と25ms(
    SAI25ms
    )とし,LAIの条件刺激強度は運動閾値の110%,電気磁気刺激間隔は200msとした.TMSの試験刺激強度は単発刺激のMEPが1 mVを導出する強度として,単発刺激のMEP,SICI,LICI,
    SAI20ms
    SAI25ms
    ,LAIをランダムにそれぞれ20回×2セットを0.20 Hzの刺激頻度で計測した.セット間隔は10分間とし,級内相関係数(ICC)を用いて被験者内の再現性を算出した.

    【結果】

    SICI,LICI,

    SAI20ms
    SAI25ms
    ,LAIのMEP振幅値は,単発刺激のMEP振幅値で定量化し,各皮質内抑制指標の抑制率を算出した.各セットで単発刺激のMEPと比較して,SICI,LICI,
    SAI20ms
    SAI25ms
    ,LAIのMEPで有意な低下を認めた(p<0.05).各皮質内抑制指標のICCは中等度から高度の値を示した(SICI,0.56;LICI,0.86;
    SAI20ms
    ,0.70;
    SAI25ms
    ,0.63;LAI,0.86).また,SICIに対してLICI,
    SAI20ms
    SAI25ms
    のそれぞれと,
    SAI20ms
    SAI25ms
    で正の相関関係を認めた(SICIとLICI,r=0.40;SICIと
    SAI20ms
    ,r=0.44;SICIと
    SAI25ms
    ,r=0.49;
    SAI20ms
    SAI25ms
    ,r=0.87;全てでp<0.05).

    【結論】

    M1の各皮質内抑制指標は,被験者内で中等度から高度の再現性を認めた.また,SICIはLICI,

    SAI20ms
    SAI25ms
    のそれぞれと関連性があることが明らかになった.

    【倫理的配慮,説明と同意】

    本研究はヘルシンキ宣言の趣旨に則り,かつ我々の所属する機関の倫理委員会の承認を得て行った.また対象者には,本研究の内容について十分な説明を行い,書面にて同意を得た.

  • 虫明 敬一, 関谷 幸生
    水産増殖
    1993年 41 巻 2 号 155-160
    発行日: 1993/06/20
    公開日: 2010/03/09
    ジャーナル フリー
    1.シマアジふ化仔魚の活力判定のための一つの方法として, 飢餓耐性試験を行い, 無給餌生残指数 (
    SAI
    ) により仔魚の活力を数値化することを試みた。
    2.生産試験において,
    SAI
    が高い仔魚を用いた事例ほど初期減耗も少なく, 沖出しまでの生残率が高かった。
    3.水温を22℃に保ち継続して産卵を促進した親魚から得られた仔魚の
    SAI
    は, 産卵初期には高かったが, その後次第に低下する傾向が認められた。産卵後に水温を下げ産卵制御した親魚からの仔魚では, 産卵後期になっても
    SAI
    の低下は見られなかった。
    4.海水を静止させた条件下で浮上する仔魚と沈下する仔魚に分けて調べたところ, 浮上仔魚の
    SAI
    が高かった。
    5.以上の結果から, シマアジにおいて
    SAI
    がふ化仔魚の活力を示す有効な指標になると考えられた。
    6.水温19~24℃の範囲において, 試験水温 (x1) と
    SAI
    (y1) との間に,
    y1=-1.16x1+48.81
    と, 有意な直線回帰が認められ, 水温22℃の
    SAI
    (y) への補正は,
    y=y1+1.16 (x1-22)
    により可能となった。
    7.浮上卵率, 受精率, ふ化率, 卵径および油球径などの卵質判定項目と
    SAI
    との間には, とくに関連性は認められなかった。
  • 堀 信介, 別所 和久, 楠元 貴司, 金田 典子, 高 済石, 村上 賢一郎, 飯塚 忠彦
    日本口腔外科学会雑誌
    1994年 40 巻 6 号 676-679
    発行日: 1994/06/20
    公開日: 2011/07/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    The present study was conducted to evaluate the clinical usefulness of
    Sai
    -boku-to (Kanpo medicine) for the treatment of glossodynia.
    Oral administration of 7.5 g
    Sai
    -boku-to per day for one to two months was performed to treat glossodynia. Clinical examinations were carried out in order to evaluate subjective symptoms such as pain, heat sensation and unpleasent feelings.
    The success rate was 60% after one month and 82.4% after two months' administration. Mild side effects, recorded in 3 cases, disappeared without any treatment, and did not preclude the long-term use of
    Sai
    -boku-to.
    These results demonstrate that
    Sai
    -boku-to is a clinicaly useful drug for the treatment of glossodynia.
  • 平澤 正知, 池見 宅司, 竹内 武男, 高田 和子, 池田 正
    口腔衛生学会雑誌
    1992年 42 巻 5 号 703-708
    発行日: 1992/10/30
    公開日: 2010/10/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    We studied the inhibitory effects of passive immunization with antibody against Streptococcus mutans surface protein antigen I/II (
    SAI
    /II) on experimental dental caries in rats and humans was investigated. The results obtained were as follows. Two groups of rats were infected with S. mutans (c) and fed a modified diet 2000 which contained 50% sucrose and 6% lyophilized normal rabbit serum or 6% lyophilized anti-
    SAI
    /II rabbit serum. A significantly lower caries score was observed in rats fed the modified diet 2000 containing anti-
    SAI
    /II serum powder as compared with the control rats. In the intraoral cariogenicity test experiment in humans, the enamel slabs set on both sides of the device were immersed in 3% sucrose solution for 10min. outside the mouth. One side of the enamel was treated with normal rabbit serum and the other side was treated with anti-
    SAI
    /II rabbit serum, 3 times daily for 2 weeks. The enamel treated with sucrose plus anti-
    SAI
    /II serum showed statistically significant lower demineralization, than the enamel treated with sucrose plus normal serum.
  • 太田 美奈子
    マス・コミュニケーション研究
    2018年 92 巻 165-182
    発行日: 2018/01/31
    公開日: 2018/05/10
    ジャーナル フリー

    This paper examines the reception of early television in rural Japan through

    Sai
    village in the Aomori prefecture. While the first television station in Aomori

    was founded in 1959, most Aomori residents had previously accessed the television

    signal from NHK Hakodate( Hokkaido), established in 1957. The small fishing

    village,

    Sai
    village, had the highest television penetration rate in Aomori at

    that time and was known as a ‘TV village’. Why did the people of

    Sai
    village

    want television? What effect did this desire have? This paper aims to answer

    these questions by tracing the evolution from the first arrival of television in

    Sai
    village in 1957 to the wide spread availability of television in Aomori in

    1959.

      Interviews and archival documents show that educational motivations, and

    specifically the desire to show the outside world to the children, were funda

    mental to their choices. Through television education in school, the children’s

    education flourished and developed into television reception that went beyond

    educational purposes. Matsunoyama village in Niigata prefecture also had a

    similar television reception as

    Sai
    village.
    Sai
    village represents a key point of

    reference for television reception in rural Japan in that its remoteness preserved

    television’s function as an educational visual aid. This paper goes beyond

    the urban-centred narratives about early television reception by accounting for

    the fact that villagers saw a potential for television beyond leisure in education,

    and by exploring how the affirmation of television as leisure also opened up

    children to outside worlds.

      The children’s reactions were in line with a McLuhan-esque view of television

    and what happened in

    Sai
    village points to the key potentials of television.

    This paper shows how rural areas had a rich television reception during the

    early days of television. In addition, this paper represents the first steps

    towards understanding an era in which television reception forms were still

    mixed.

  • 伊藤 亜人
    民族學研究
    1977年 41 巻 4 号 281-299
    発行日: 1977/03/31
    公開日: 2018/03/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    The present paper discusses the village structure in contemporary rural Korea, primarily through the analysis of ch'inhan-
    sai
    (Korean friendship) on Which Kye system is based. I isolate roughly two separate fields or types of social relations which subsume most of the interactions of the people in the village. The first is with regard to kinship relations based on munjung (Korean lineage) membership and the ascribed status in it. In the village on which the data of this paper is based, there are two dominant munjung, It is apparent that the patrilineal principle, as well as seniority, has a great effect on the community structure. The second embraces the personal relationships people become involved in for the purpose of mutual assistance in daily life and during life crisis, by manipulating the personal interactions. The kye system and the ch'inhan-
    sai
    relation are of primary importance in this field. Generally speaking, the first social field regulated by the kinship system has been a major concern for many students, while the second has been given only secondary, residual meaning in the studies of the Korean community. The kye is the formal organization for activities of many kinds in this field ; preparing for a funeral or wedding ceremony, saving, approval of mutual intimacy, etc. The kye is, in general, organized by as few as lo members who are same in sex and generation, and observe the contractual principle of give-and-take. The kye is, therefore, a temporary organization, because it is broken up when all members are paid in equal, and its membership is not succeeded to, with only a few exceptions. The duration of each kye organization, therefore, depends primarily on the number of members ; the more members, the larger amount of funds one can get in case of need, in exchange for a small personal contribution, while the more risks he must run due to the longer duration. Among 94 households in the village concerned, more than 130 kyes of various kinds and durations are organized, overlapping in their memberships. A Kye is planned and organized by two or three core members intimate with each other in everyday life, and the rest are recruited from among their common, close friends. Ch'inhan-
    sai
    (friendship) can be achieved, only according to the context of explicit social principles ; seniority, segregation of sex, lineage membership. In this sense, the most intimate dyadic ch'inhan-
    sai
    is to be found between tonggap (set of the same age) , regardless of lineagemembership, is of special importance, and, in many cases, constitutes the longer-term commitment to join the common-interest activities, and also contributes to form a personal cell, while the primary ch'inhan-
    sai
    relation is, most commonly achieved between elders and youngers of the same generation, but of different lineage membership, on the ground that the latter follow the strict code of reverence for the former. Personal interaction to be found within the ch'inhan-
    sai
    is in contrast with the relation of kakkaun-
    sai
    (near relation) to be found between close kinsmen; ch'inhan-
    sai
    relation is informal, and can be manipulated by personal will, on the contrary, kakheun-
    sai
    relation is strictly regulated by the ascribed norms, according to the relative status, to be more explicit between close skinsmen, and in consequence, behavior is rather formal. Even within the same lineage, members of different segments of sub-divisions do not stand in kakkaun-
    sai
    , and can achieve relatively friendly and informal relation, in the situations kinship norms can be flexibly applied, especially through the middleman of different lineage, who is in ch'inhan-
    sai
    relation with both two.
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