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1974 年以来ボノボの調査がおこなわれているザイールのワンバ森林において， 93 科510種の植物からなるリストが作成された。標本収集は主にアドリブ・サンプリング法でおこなわれたが，ボノボの食物種は可能な限り収集され，採食部位も記録された。このリストはワンバ森林の全植物を記載したものではないが，ワンバと他地域間とでボノボの食物を比較するための生態学的バックグラウンドとしては有用である。胸高直径が5cm以上の樹種については，幅4m，長さ4150m のライントランセクトからも資料収集がなされた。ボノボの食物樹種は主な3つの森林植生，すなわち一次林，二次林，湿地林のそれぞれで高密度に記録された。さらに，ワンバ森林の豊富なTHVやキョウチクトウ科のツル性植物等は，ボノボに豊かで安定した食物源を提供し，彼らの大きなパーティーサイズの維持に貢献している。

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Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae) consists of approximately 450 species. Acalypha indica L. is a common annual herb (1-3 ft high). The plant develops a peculiar terminal monocarpellary female flower at the tip of inflorescence axis, it is known as allomorphic flower. Actually, the species produces two kinds of female flower, viz. the allomorphic flower and lateral, tricarpellet regular euphorbiaceous (female) flower. Interestingly, two kinds of female flowers exhibit two opposite mode and direction of evolutionary trends. The lateral flower shows regressive evolutionary trend while the terminal flower shows the trend of progressive evolution. The allomorphic flower, from either progressive or regressive view, stands in a different state of evolution from other flowers; this is a case of heterobathmy. And, both kinds of flowers are under neutral selection pressure, and the development of unicarpellary flower in this Euphorbiacean member is a kind of neutral evolution.

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The meiotic behaviour and fertility of the six monosomic H. muticus plants with 2n-1=27 chromosomes isolated from populations raised from seeds treated with higher doses (70 kR, 80 kR, 90 kR and 100 kR) of gamma rays were studied. One of the plants mostly showed thirteen bivalents and one univalent at diakinesis/metaphase I as a result of loss of one normal chromosome was identified as primary monosomic. The remaining five plants were tertiary monosomics lacking interchanged chromosome and thus mainly exhibited twelve bivalents and a chain trivalent at diakinesis/metaphase I. All the monosomics showed a wide variations in chromosome distribution at anaphase I and anaphase II. The pollen fertility of monosomics was highly variable, stainable pollen ranged from 16.66% to 48.03%. Hand pollination with normal diploid pollen resulted in low seed set in three tertiary monosomics only.

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Eight antifungal compounds were identified from the fermentation of Actinomadura sp. SCC 1778. This culture produces four homologous compounds (C₂₂H₄₂N₂O₅-C₂₅H₄₈N₂O₅) containing the sugar, mycosamine, and four homologous compounds (C₂₂H₄₂N₂O₅-C₂₅H₄₈N₂O₅) containing the sugar, 3, 6-dideoxy-3-amino-L-talopyranose. Five of the compounds identified were novel macrolactams. All these compounds exhibit antifungal activity against Candida spp. with geometric mean MICs ranging from approximately 1.0 μg/ml for the higher homologs to 30 μg/ml for the lower homologs.

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Datura metel L. var. muricata (BERNH.) DANERT was found to be double recessive with respect to the genes concerning the color and form of the corolla by breeding experiments involving four varieties, i.e. var. metel (white, simple corolla), var. rubra (purple, simple), var. fastuosa (purple, double or triple) and var. muricata (white, purple). The results support the proposal by Danert and others that these variants should be considered as varieties or forms of a single species, Datura metel. The analysis of tropane alkaloids in the seeds, flowers, and leaves of these four varieties showed that scopolamine was always dominant over hyoscyamine. The range of the scopolamine content (% of dry weight) of seeds, flowers, and leaves was 0.294 (var. rubra)-0.631 (var. fastuosa), 0.190 (var. metel)-0.698 (var. rubra), and 0.042 (var. rubra)-0.255 (var. metel), respectively. These findings proved that all the varieties, including var. muricata, which exhibited medium scopolamine content among the varieties, can be utilized as sources of scopolamine.

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Food habit of the Malagasy spiny tailed iguana, Oplurus cuvieri, was investigated based on its fecal samples. This lizard belongs to the endemic Malagasy family Opluridae, for which natural diet had been poorly studied. We focused on the extent of ant-eating and herbivory because these traits are dietary characters often evolved in iguanian lizards. Among 65 fecal samples examined, 73.8% and 40.0% contained ants and plant matter, respectively. The plant matter included small twigs, leaves, flower buds, and fruit seeds. Ants tended to be found more frequently in the dry season than in the rainy season. There was a significant negative correlation between snout-vent length of the lizard and the proportion of ants in its feces. Our results, coupled with the previous direct observations on foraging behavior of the lizard, suggest that O. cuvieri is primarily a sit-and-wait predator largely depending on ants, but also occasionally exploits plant matter by active foraging.

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The present studies are based on three species of the genus Costus viz., C. speciosus Sm., C. malortieanus H. Wendel and C. megalobractea K. Schum. C. spe-ciosus contains intraspecific chromosomal races namely diploid (2n=18), triploid (2n=27) and tetraploid (2n=36). This taxon has been studied in cytogeographic angle, and it is clear that the materials originating from different geographic regions of India have different ploidy levels. Intraspecific triploid hybrids (2n=27) were obtained by crossing natural tertaploid and diploid C. speciosus. The chromosome number recorded for the species C. megalobractea (2n=36) in the present studies is the first report on the taxon. The detailed karyotype analyses were made in all these taxa, while the meiotic analyses were carried out on the diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of C. speciosus. On the basis of the present cytological data, it can be concluded that polyploidy and structural changes of the chromosomes have played and important role in the evolution of the genus Costus.

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Diarrhea continues to be one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among infants and children in developing countries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of extracts and compounds from Ludwigia leptocarpa, a plant traditionally used for its vermifugal, anti-dysenteric, and antimicrobial properties. A methanol extract was prepared by maceration of the dried plant and this was successively extracted with ethyl acetate to obtain an EtOAc extract and with n-butanol to obtain an n-BuOH extract. Column chromatography of the EtOAc and n-BuOH extracts was followed by purification of different fractions, leading to the isolation of 10 known compounds. Structures of isolated compounds were assigned on the basis of spectral analysis and by comparison to structures of compounds described in the literature. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and gallic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (GAEAC) assays. Antibacterial activity was assessed with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) with respect to strains of a Gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus (a major cause of community and hospital-associated infection), and Gram-negative multi-drug-resistant bacteria, Vibrio cholerae (a cause of cholera) and Shigella flexneri (a cause of shigellosis). All of the extracts showed different degrees of antioxidant and antibacterial activities. 2β-hydroxyoleanolic acid, (2R,3S,2''S)-3''',4',4''',5,5'',7,7''-heptahydroxy-3,8"-biflavanone, and luteolin-8-C-glucoside displayed the most potent antibacterial and antioxidant properties, and these properties were in some cases equal to or more potent than those of reference drugs. Overall, the present results show that L. leptocarpa has the potential to be a natural source of anti-diarrheal and antioxidant products, so further investigation is warranted.

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This research presents indigenous knowledge of the Baduy community in using and managing natural resources in their homeland. The Baduy community lives in a special reserve of sacred forestland (in state forest) with an area of 5,101.85 ha in Banten Province, Java Island, Indonesia. They have indigenous knowledge of how to live in harmony with nature. To sustain their traditional customs, the Baduy people have been implementing a strict code of conduct and taboos guided by their traditional government. They classify their land into five categories as follows: huma, kebon, reuma, leuweung kolot, and leuweung titipan. They also arrange specific terms for a traditional tenure system. Swidden farming is the main pillar of their livelihood and they follow sequential activities on their swidden farming based on a traditional calendar. Due to the taboos imposed by their ancestors against using many products from outside, the Baduy people have been producing their livelihood products for a long time. They use raw materials extracted from the forest area which is rich in natural resources. With increasing contact with outside communities, as well as a high demand of cash income, the Baduy people sell some of their products to outsiders. Similar to many other indigenous people around the world, the Baduy people today live with a dual economy of subsistence and cash income.

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