Few reports have discussed the absorbed dose on CT units with increased scanning capacity even with the current widespread adoption of multi-slice CT units. To compare and investigate the dose indexes among CT units, we measured the absorbed dose on CT units operating in Nagano Prefecture Japan. The measurements showed proportionality between phantom absorbed dose and the exposured mAs values in conventional scanning operation. Further, the measurements showed that the absorbed dose in the center of the phantom differed by about 2.1-fold between the highest and lowest levels on individual CT units. Within a single company, multi-slice CT units of the same company gave absorbed doses of about 1.3 to 1.5 times those of conventional single-slice CT units under the same exposured conditions of conventional scanning. When the scanning pitch was reduced in helical scanning, the absorbed dose at the center of the phantom increased.

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An advanced underwater camera was used for recording coral spawning at a flow-through seawater aquarium. A colony of Acropora digitifera from the reef flat of Sesoko Island, Okinawa, Japan was transferred to a flow-through aquarium and photographed continuously for 5 days at 10 min intervals using an underwater digital camera equipped with a lens wiper. LED lighting was provided. The number of gamete bundle-like particles between the coral and seawater surface was counted on the photographs obtained. The gamete bundle release started around 22:00 pm on 31 May, 2015 (2 h and 50 min after sunset and 3 days before full moon). Spawning was estimated to continue for < 2 hours. The present study indicates that an underwater camera with a lens wiper system will help elucidate the details of coral spawning.

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 In this study, an attempt to shed light on Pier Luigi Nervi's design philosophy(included architectural and structural field) is made, which was formed before he left SACC(the company of Attilio Muggia who was his menter), and its formation process by focusing on a class of S. Canevazzi which Nervi took in School of Engineering and Architecture of Bologna and bridge construction he was actually in charge of in SACC.
 In chapter 2, the collapse of Risorgimento Bridge in Rome which S. Canevazzi illustrated in his class in 1913 was explained in detail. In Nervi's book published in 1955 (“Costruire Correttamente”), he referred to a German theorist who pointed out that the bridge had points where it exceeds the limit of collapse and the limit of safety according to a result of architectural analysis using elastic equation. By considering this criticism, issues of the bridge construction at that time emerge: the difference between using rigid connection like Hennebique's bridge and using pin joint like three hinges of Robert Maillart(1872-1940)'s bridge. Also, it confirmed the possibility that construction of this bridge of Rome and its discussion invited the development of architectural analysis and construction method of statically indeterminate structure and moreover, the new study of plastic capacity of reinforced concrete parts.
 In chapter 3, owing to observe his design philosophy and its formation process, the construction of Pelota Arena's roof, Cecina and Pescie Bridges are looked into and magazine articles he wrote at that time are analyzed. For Cecina Bridge, he conclusively adopted a design of Truss bridge with parabolic girders instead of an arch bridge with rigid connection. In contrast, he adopted a bridge of Vierendeel type with rigid connection in joint for Pescie Bridge. In his magazine article, he emphasized the advantages of rigid connection which included strengthening the bridge resistance, thinning parts and reducing materials. Also, this article demonstrated his tendency of putting emphasis on substantive side to prove the safety not only by mathematical analysis but also by measuring actual deformation on site, and his interest in plastic deformation.
 As a conclusion, it is brought into light that Nervi directed to the construction of statically indeterminate structure after learning about Risorgimento Bridge from S. Canevazzi and also experiencing construction of the Pescia bridge of rigid joint with A. Muggia and L. Poggi in SACC. Nervi, however, did not simply agree with the thinking about safety of F. Hennébique and A. Muggia for bridges based on their empiricism. Nervi's thinking was not only based on his experience in construction but also his calculation about safety of a structure in a scientific way, such as an experiment and numerical calculations with formulas. Furthermore he tried to find a new way to check a safety for construction.
 Lastly a further issue is to discuss about an idea of “costruttore progettista” proposed by Nervi through consideration of his construction works and his documents after his independence from SACC.

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In this study, pedaling motion was analyzed using a simulation model of a human-bicycle system. Pedaling motion was expressed by human body’s joint motion. In simulation, the joint motion was determined to satisfy geometric condition. And the pedaling motion was performed by PID control of the human body’s joints. First, with respect to the PID control, a target motion at the knee joint was changed to adjust knee joint power. As a result, it was confirmed that the simulator can reproduce results of a literature. From these results, it was considered that a difference in the way of pedaling can be expressed by changing the target joint motion, although there was a delay in the PID control. Next, another simulation considering the influence of a pelvis movement was conducted. It was assumed that the hip joint position draws an elliptical orbit in the sagittal plane. The rotation center of the pelvis was a middle point of the hip joints. The pelvis moved by PID control of the human body’s joints. As a result, it was suggested that pelvis movement and upper body movement were effective in reducing the knee joint power.

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 In 1931, Pier Luigi Nervi (1891-1979) published the article “Scienza o Arte dell’ Ingegnere?” on the magazine of “L'Ingegnere”. Why did he give importance to art not science? This paper therefore focuses on a process how Nervi led to such design philosophy and then examines architectural works of the construction company which Nervi and Nebbiosi established in 1923 (hereinafter called “N&N”).

 This first chapter clarifies Italy's social background around 1930s after the first world war (hereinafter called “WWI”). In a trend between statically determinate and indeterminate around Italy, it was shown that statically determinate was preferred to statically indeterminate during WWI and Autarky. The reason for architects and contractors to be afraid of indeterminate structure was because of its incomplete calculation at that time.

 In chapter two, the roofs of two theaters are examined. Nervi was involved in each work from halfway through their projects. Neither in Prato nor Naples, the roof construct didn't realize without Nervi. Also, it was shown that their structure needs rigidity in each joint to support a heavy equipment to open and close its skylight and roof's structure, that results in a statically indeterminate structure.

 In chapter three, its roof with cantilever beam and the stands in Berta Stadium was investigated. Nervi mentioned that it is important to put a center of gravity of its structure among two pillars to support the stands, to avoid an excessive reinforcement of its foundation. According to the analysis, it was shown that there are rigid joints between roof and stand or between stand and foundation.

 In chapter four, the points at issue of his article on the magazine are checked briefly with criticism of it. The editor of “L'Ingegnere“ criticized that Nervi's opinion leads other engineers to empiricism. On the other hand, at first of the article Nervi doubted absoluteness of science. Also, he had a critical opinion for a trend and movement decide that an art is a rational architecture without personality.

 In chapter five, his process and design philosophy were discussed with upper chapters. The reason why Nervi required an experience is because of his preference for a statically indeterminate structure with rigid joints of reinforced concrete in a roof construction of N&N, following the bridge of Pescia in SACC. Its calculation become so complicated. The usual solution at that time, was to increase the dimension and amount of material, based solely a calculation with safety factor. Yet Nervi, with his own experience, aspired to find the thin and minimum dimension. Yet it was so difficult to get to the correct and real answer. Furthermore, Nervi asserted that he designs not only with his experience but also with formulas based on calculation in a design process.

 As a conclusion, Nervi considered a calculation as one of the factual basis for the decision and he showed a choice of an experience of construction as “Arte” instead of an absolute trust for a calculation as “Science”. He aimed at their compatibility in his design process.

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A high accuracy measurement system for round parts based on sub-pixel and calibration technology is established. Canny edge detection algorithm is used to find the edge of the part and least squares approximation is used to calculate the parameters of the circle. Experiment results proved that the measuring scheme can realize real time detection with high accuracy and has broad prospects for the application of dimension measurement.

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During standing pedaling in a bicycle race, a human body and a bicycle are swinging in right and left. In order to investigate such movement, sagittal plane models and experiments using an ergometer in the previous studies were insufficient. In the present study, a three dimensional simulation model to analyze such problem was constructed using a multibody dynamics software. In this model, pedaling motion was achieved by PID control of joints of the human body. The simulation of sitting pedaling at the rate of 120 rpm for a power output of 200W as well as standing pedaling at the rate of 73 rpm for a grade of 8% were conducted, respectively. By comparing the results with those in previous studies, the validity of the simulation model was confirmed. In the simulation of standing pedaling, the knee joint torque and crank torque increased at a power phase and the crank torque decreased at a recovery phase when the bicycle swung. It was suggested that the rider makes the bicycle swinging to obtain the larger crank torque at the power phase.

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Recent technological innovations have introduced a new category of inexpensive, compact and shock-proof digital camera called the action camera (AC). An AC manufactured by Casio Computer Co., Ltd., and fitted with a LED ring light specially designed for this camera, was used to record coral spawning in a seawater aquarium during the night. A colony of Acropora digitifera from the reef flat off Sesoko Island, Okinawa, Japan was transferred to a flow-through aquarium located nearby the collection site. The photographing was conducted at 1 min intervals from around 18:00 until LED batteries were exhausted after midnight. The camera with the LED was re-set daily until the spawning was confirmed. The spawning was observed on 5 June 2017, four days before the full moon. The “setting,” appearance of gamete bundles on the colony surface, was first observed near the apical part of the colony around 20:10–20:20 and extended to the lower part around 20:50–21:00. The first bundle particles in the water column were detected at 22:17 and their number peaked to 100 at 22:27. The “setting” in the lower part was still recognized around 22:40. Around 22:50, the bundle particle number in water decreased to <5. Thus, the intensive spawning lasted ≤30 min. The present study shows that an action camera equipped with LED effectively elucidates the details of coral spawning. Considering the stable environment of aquarium tanks, ACs set up in an aquarium located close to the reef will be suitable for remote monitoring of coral reproduction.

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Type 2 diabetes is one of the most challenging health problems throughout the world and is increasing at an alarming rate. Most clinical evidence involved in therapeutic guidelines for diabetes is derived from European or American cohort studies, and the characteristics of diabetes in Asians, including Japanese, have been only poorly investigated to date, despite Asians constituting approximately half of the world diabetes population. The Japan Diabetes Complications Study (JDCS) is a nationwide multi-center prospective study of type 2 diabetic patients. In 1996, 2, 205 patients aged 40-70 years with previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes were recruited from 59 Japanese institutes that specialize in diabetes care. Parameters related to their diet, exercise, glycemic control, diabetic complication events, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity and quality of life have been measured and collected every year until now. It was clarified from the interim results of JDCS that the characteristics and pathophysiological backgrounds of diabetes in East Asians were quite different from those in Caucasian subjects. Compared with Caucasian diabetic patients, the JDCS patients had a much lower body mass index (BMI). Moreover, whereas the mean BMI of Caucasian diabetic patients was higher than that reported for non-diabetics of the same ethnic origin, the mean BMI of Japanese diabetic patients was normal in comparison with the Japanese non-diabetic population. Other differences between Japanese and Caucasian patients with type 2 diabetes could be found in the incidence rate and risk factors of complications, the effects of moderate alcohol drinking on cardiovascular disease, and the clinical significance of the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. These profound differences demonstrate the necessity for obtaining clinical evidence based on a large-scale study of East Asian patients in order to establish and provide management and care specific to this particular population.

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Creativeness is not only the trademark of successful entrepreneurship in a business environment, but is also a necessary ingredient for success and achievement in a complex policy system. The urban environment is one of the places ‘par excellence’ where creative ideas and actions can flourish, if they are supported by smart policy. Urban planning is one of the multi-faceted constellations that have triggered an uninterrupted attention in the literature after World War II. It has in recent years put creativeness high on the strategic agenda. This paper aims to offer new perspectives for strategic development of an urban system, on the basis of creative knowledge management that should induce innovative investment developments in an urban setting. The ultimate goal would be to make the city more attractive and thereby to contribute to urban welfare as a multi-attribute policy objective.
The conceptual framework of the paper is elucidated by presenting an empirical comparative case study on Italian urban areas, with a major interest in Caserta (in the Campania region in Italy). The analytical framework deployed in this paper is based on recent multi-criteria methods.

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ノツポロガンクビザウ (Carpesium Matsuei TATEW. et KITAMURA). ガンクビサウの類に二三年前から氣になつてゐたものがあつた,それは小生が加賀,市ノ瀬に採集した時普通のガンクビサウとは變異のちがふ群落を見つけて,それを研究したが充分な自信がなかつた.本年札幌に研究に行つた時館脇博士が變なガンクビサウがあるから野幌まで行かないかといふのでお伴して觀察したところそれがあれであつた.野幌には澤山箇体を見たがこればかりで尚後に室蘭でも澤山採集したがその附近に眞正のガンクビサウはない.それで別のものだと自信を得て研究したところガンクビサウに比するに頭花は半球形,總苞外片は長く先端は草質,雌花の花冠は上部が狹まつてゐるので全く別の種であると考へる樣になつた.北海道より本洲東北,北陸に分布する種類である.松江氏は館脇博士と共に野幌の植物を研究され且つこのガンクビサウ採集についても色々と御教へ下さつた方である. Chrysant hemum vestitum (HEMSL.) KITAMURA. これは英國の學者,HEMSLEY,HENRYの兩氏,並びに米國の BAILEY氏などが家菊と原種と考へ〓々論んぜられ且つ方々で圖説にされた有名な植物である.私はこの植物の標品即ちHENRY氏が支那湖北省宜昌で採集し HEMSLEY氏が研究した標品の Duplicate type を東京帝大標品庫で拝見し久しく見たいと思つた標品を見て大變禧しかつた.これは日本のリュウノウギクに似たもので葉の裏に灰白色の綿毛が厚く葉底は楔形であつて,家菊では葉の裏の毛が薄く葉底は心臟形で無論別種であると思ふ.この植物の研究を中井教授に御願ひ申し上げたところ,先生は心よく御許し下さつた.謹んで深謝する次第である. ミヤトジマギク(Chrysant hemum miyatojimense KITAMURA.) 陸前宮戸島は先住民族の貝塚などある古くそして美しい島であるが,木村有香氏がこの島に變つた菊があるから研究してはどうかと云つて下さつたのは本年の初春であつた.今秋同氏のお伴してこの島に渡り問題の菊を勸察したのは美しい思ひ出である.もつとも前から其の菊の性状をくわしく話して頂いたので小生の勸察は蛇足であつたかもしれない.この島に澤山に咲きほこつてゐるコハマギクに比するに莖が長く50-70センチあり下部は長く地に匐ひ葉がなく上部が上昇し葉と花をつける.葉の裏面にはコハマギクの程んど毛なきに反し可成り毛多く,尚莖にも總苞片にも毛が多い.花梗はコハマギクの樣に長く剛直でなく短かくて細く繖房状につく,それでこの菊の自生地が墓塲であることから考へれば或ひは墓塲にあげられた小菊系のものとコハマギクとの間に自然に出來た雜種ではあるまいかと想像もされる.

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　本研究では，潮流による往復流のある海域において環境DNAを用いた藻場及び魚礁ブロックへの生物蝟集効果について，設置型カメラによるモニタリング結果との比較によって検証を行った．山口県岩国市神代地先の人工岩礁性藻場において，すべての魚種で出現頻度及び平均個体数に差があり，人工岩礁性藻場内でランダム分布をしてたと考えられた．Sebastes inermisは，出現頻度と平均個体数についてDNAコピー数との間で概ね正の相関があった．Stephanolepis cirrhiferは，出現頻度，平均個体数ともにDNAコピー数との相関関係は概ねなかった．Sebastes inermisについては，環境DNAから魚類の蝟集について定量的な評価ができたが，人工岩礁性藻場内でのDNAの拡散及び魚類の移動性から往復流海域において環境DNAによる人工岩礁性藻場へのすべての魚類の蝟集を定量的に評価することができなかった．

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The world over, increasing automobile trips and the resulting negative consequences, such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and accidents, have been a matter of concern. As a strategy to contain automobile travel by shifting to Transit, a concept called Transit Oriented Development (TOD) has been propagated. This study compares two areas in the city of Naples, Italy, which can be considered a valuable case study. Beginning with the 1997 Transport Plan, the city of Naples has developed a strategy similar to the TOD concept with rail Transit. This study makes a comparative analysis of two urban districts with different urban forms in meeting the characteristics of the TOD concept: 1) the Centro Direzionale, alias central business district, located at the edge of the city centre, and 2) the Municipio area, in the central core of the city. Although different in terms of urban morphology and historical value, these two areas are characterised by high density, mixed land use, and good accessibility to rail transport. The analysis is based on a comprehensive data collection and a comprehensive user response survey, to investigate respectively the features of the analysed districts and travel characteristics of residents and workers. The study analyses socio-economic characteristics along with travel patterns of both areas, to develop meaningful insights regarding the kind of urban form and its level of achieving the benefits of the TOD concept. The paper will conclude with a set of recommendations, on whether to implement high-rise cost-intensive projects in the name of TOD or to preserve the conservative urban form having a glorious urban heritage.

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