I have found a convenient method for the measuring of the elasticity-degree of testing pieces, by which the elasticity-degree may be very easily and simply known without the stress-strain curve or the hysterisis curve.
Now could this method be scientifically true ?
According to of the theoretical confirmation for this, the relation between the elasticity-degree (Young's modulus) and the ratio of the breaking-stress to the breaking-strain is to be established as follows:
Y=S(1+c)/(1-c)
where Y: Young's modulus
S: the ratio of the breakings-tress to the breaking-strain
c: constant (0_??_c<1)

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重症呼吸不全に対するネーザルハイフロー（Nasal High-flow: NHF）は，その安全性と有効性から近年特に注目されている呼吸療法である．著者らの施設においても心臓外科術後の呼吸不全に対するNHF 導入の要望が強かったが，システムそのものが高価であるため新規購入は難しい状況であった．そこで著者らは，既存の院内備品を組み合わせた独自の簡易型NHF システムの構築を試みた．実際の構築に際しては，①院内既存備品の有効利用，②高流量酸素の正確な流量測定，③回路間の確実な接続，などに工夫を要した．作製したNHF システムは準備・搬送・運用が容易であり，実際の臨床において有用であった．

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  This paper mainly talks about research methodology of synthetic sciences. First, I compare analytic and synthetic sciences and point out the difference of the view point, or the standing point of the researcher. Analytic sciences require exo-system view and methodology, while constructive or synthetic sciences require endo-system view and methodology. To study intelligence, we need a constructive methodology with internal observation (endo-system view). Then, I focus on the methodology of synthetic sciences and point out that the essential driving force of a synthetic methodology is the evolutionary method. It is a loop of generation and selection. I formalize the loop of synthetic methodology that includes analysis as its part. Finally, I layout my current research plan to implement a multi-level emergent system using evolutionary method.

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In the present paper I have made an investigation into the influence of vitamin C upon Arakawa's reaction with the following results:-
1. An oral or parenteral administration of vitamin C in a large amount did not change Arakawa's reaction remarkably.
2. The amount required of vitamin C to make the urine of 4 mgrms. % content in the vitamin was in the case of strong Arakawa's reaction 1.4-1.6 grms. and 1.2-1.4 grins. in the case of the negative re-action of the intensity 5'(-).
3. In such cases with a certain daily fluctuation of Arakawa's reaction, the fluctuation had nothing to do with vitamin C, and in such cases with a daily change of the vitamin content in milk, the change had no or scarcely any connection with Arakawa's reaction.
4. In spite of almost the same diet, human milk with Arakawa's reaction of the intensity 5'(-) was of a larger content in vitamin C (like substance) than milk positive to the reaction.
5. There was no remarkable difference between the Arakawa reaction and the amount of milk secretion, “rich” or “poor” secretion taking the word of the mothers themselves.
6. The amount of vitamin C necessary to make Arakawa-positive milk Arakawa negative in vitro was very much larger than had hitherto been reported in literature.
7. The trial to make the C-vitamin like substance in human milk disappear by force of Arakawa's reagent No. 3 was unable to intensify the Arakawa reaction remarkably.

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Guidelines in western countries for the management of carotid artery stenosis (CS) were formulated on the basis of the results of several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in which risks of future ischemic events were estimated only based on luminal narrowing. Consequently, carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for symptomatic low-grade stenosis (LS) is not recommended and that for near occlusion (NO), which is a severe form of CS, is controversial because of the favorable outcomes of the medical treatments for LS and NO in the past RCTs. Luminal narrowing, however, does not necessarily reflect a significant burden of atherosclerotic plaque. Accumulating evidence from recent vascular biology studies and the advent of vessel wall imaging modalities, such as high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have indicated that plaque characteristics play pivotal roles in ischemic events.

We report the therapeutic outcomes of CEA for LS and NO based on carotid MRI plaque characterization to assess its safety and efficacy. The study participants were comprised of 17 patients with LS and 11 with NO among 101 consecutive patients who underwent CEA by the same surgeon (K.Y.). For the patients with LS, MRI plaque characteristics, histology of the excised plaque, safety of CEA, and long-term outcome were retrospectively studied. For patients with NO, long-term patency of the distal carotid artery was also analyzed.

The mean percentage of luminal stenosis was 31.6% ± 9.8%, and the MRI-detected intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) and expansive remodeling (ER) were severe in the patients with LS. Histological studies demonstrated hemorrhage in all 17 plaques, ruptured fibrous cap in 15, and erosion with thrombosis in 2. The safety and long-term outcome of CEA with 57 months of follow-up were acceptable. In the patients with NO, CEA was performed without major adverse events in all the cases. Of the 5 patients with NO with full collapse, 3 who had an MRI-detected IPH demonstrated satisfactory patency of the distal internal carotid artery. Among the 2 patients without IPH, one had a collapsed distal ICA and the other showed an asymptomatic thrombotic occlusion.

In addition to the percentage of luminal stenosis, plaque evaluation based on MRI-detected IPH and ER could be helpful for improving the management of CS by offering a more precise risk stratification for future ischemic events or efficacy prediction of CEA in patients with CS.

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To reduce the incidence of thromboembolic events during the perioperative period of carotid artery stenting (CAS), filter devices, distal balloons, and proximal guiding balloons have been developed as embolic protection devices. We report the treatment outcomes of 22 patients who underwent 24 CAS procedures with a distal filter and proximal balloon deployed for double protection as a flow arrest system with intermittent antegrade blood flow. Seventeen patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis and 7 patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis were treated using CAS with the double protection technique. New ischemic lesions were detected on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging after 7 procedures. One patient experienced a minor stroke and 1 experienced pulmonary infarction postoperatively. Both patients recovered completely within 30 days after the procedures. Our double protection technique appears safe and useful; however, it is complex and expensive to use, and the volume of aspirated blood is high. This technique is suitable for patients with large or soft carotid plaques and clamping intolerance.

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Aging is a risk factor for atheromatous carotid artery stenosis and also for many cancers. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between cancer and severe carotid stenosis requiring carotid endarterectomy (CEA). We retrospectively reviewed data obtained from 97 patients (92 men and 5 women; mean age: 76 years) who underwent CEA and were followed for more than six months at our institution. The follow-up period ranged from 6 months to 11 years (mean: 3.6 years). We divided the patients into four groups based on the timing between CEA and cancer: group 1 had a past history of cancer; group 2 underwent CEA during medical treatment for cancer; group 3 underwent CEA before surgery for cancer because severe carotid stenosis was detected by ultrasonography; and group 4 developed cancer after CEA. Five patients died during follow-up after CEA, and three of them died of cancer. Group 1 included 10 patients, among whom five received radiotherapy to the neck. CEA was performed safely in this group. Group 2 comprised two patients (one each with esophageal cancer and bilateral parotid cancer). Group 3 also included two patients, both of whom had colon cancer and severe carotid stenosis detected by ultrasonography before cancer surgery. They underwent laparoscopic tumor resection soon after CEA while off of antiplatelet medication. Group 4 had a total of eight patients. None of the patients developed ischemic stroke during surgery after stopping antiplatelet medication. In Japan, the population is aging rapidly, so the relationship between cancer and carotid stenosis will become more important over time. We identified the following points about the relationship between CEA and cancer from our experience: 1) CEA should be performed with the assumption that the patient will undergo cancer surgery in the future. 2) As ultrasonography becomes more common, detection of asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis may increase, necessitating decisions about the order of and method for treating both carotid stenosis and cancer. 3) CEA can be performed safely even after irradiation of the neck in our experience. 4) CEA was also performed safely in one patient with massive bilateral parotid tumors.

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The debate over gender emerged in the field of geography in Japan around 1990, and geographers began conducting case studies in the late 1990s. However, it cannot be denied that the geography of gender is a minority field in Japan. This paper attempts to explore how the geography of gender in Japan can be developed in the future. While the concept of gender is gradually becoming more common in geography, there is a fairly common tendency to reduce the concept of gender to an “extraction of gender differences” and regard it as an issue only for women. It is not insignificant to map gender differences and tackle the issues of women’s spaces. They are suited to ascertaining spaces from macro- or meso-scales. The issue is whether such research studies (and researchers) are aware of the positional relationship between the research subjects and themselves. This is because by highlighting the current spatial issues of gender while adopting a reflective perspective on power relations and researchers’ own gender relations, stances aimed at resolving various types of discrimination can be discussed. Furthermore, there are some reservations around thinking of the issues of gender independently. Within Japanese human geography, many “geographies” currently exist for each research subject. In order to clarify the structure of inequality and the oppression borne from intersecting several axes of distinction, including gender, it is necessary for segmented “geographies” to have a theoretical framework common to all its foundations. For the geography of gender, it is not always necessary to look at a research subject from a neutral standpoint. This is because research studies that view gender as an issue cannot help but focus on the power relations. A critical stance is being sought.

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The efficacy of and indications for acute carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in patients with stroke-in-evolution are still unclear. Here, we discuss the safety and plaque features of five patients undergoing acute CEA.
We studied five male patients (mean age of 70.6 years) with thromboembolism from cervical plaques. The preoperative median value of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 1 (0-10).
Preoperative plaque imaging studies showed three cases with low intensity, one with ulceration, and one with a floating atheroma. All five patients had undergone CEA within a week of onset between March 2011 and March 2014. None had postoperative recurrence.
We believe that CEA is more beneficial for patients with thromboembolic diseases such as carotid atheroma and stroke-in-evolution than management with medication alone.

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頸部頸動脈内膜剥離術(以下,CEA)の術後合併症予防の観点から,CEA施行94例の術前後の血小板凝集能の推移につき検討した.CEA術前では,薬剤非投与(以下,N)群とワーファリン投与(W)群ではコラーゲン凝集の上昇がみられ,チクロピジン投与(T)群ではADP凝集の抑制,さらにアスピリン投与(A)群ではコラーゲン凝集とアドレナリン凝集の高度な抑制がみられた.術後早期の経時的推移ではN群,W群でコラーゲン凝集の上昇が約1週間継続した.一方,T群およびA群ではアドレナリン凝集の有意な低下がみられた.CEAによって中膜コラーゲン層が血管腔へ露出されることが,術後早期のコラーゲン凝集の上昇と相関するのではないかと考えられた.この観点からは術後早期のアスピリン投与が理想的であるが,アスピリンの投与は内膜再生の遅延をもたらすので,この点についての検討が必要である.

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This study argues for use of learners’ first language (L1) to facilitate learners’ second language (L2) output in the classroom by students through Interpreting Training Methods (ITM). The activity of producing the target language may raise learners’ consciousness and improve performance on the target language. In particular, the positive use of L1 through ITM may bring to their attention what they need to do to enable successful L2 output and also lower learning anxiety to increase their motivation for L2 output. To test student performance in the target language and investigate the effectiveness of ITM in English education, thirty-three Japanese high school students participated in this research project through output task activities and follow-up interviews. The result shows that L1 task comprehension seems to facilitate L2 output removing learning anxiety that often arises when students try to communicate in the L2.

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The structure of nô as a theatrical art as well as its aesthetic character have been analyzed in a variety of ways. However, most of these analyses have lacked a certain perspective regarding the essence of nô as written by Zeami – in other words, the character of all nô plays, as represented by his works. What was missing was an un- derstanding of nô as poetic drama. Poetic drama in this case refers to a form of theater almost indifferent to the idea of representing the world by depicting the opposition of individuals (or individuals against society) or the conflict within a human being. It is a drama based on a particular world- view through which the playwright realizes his vision on stage. Nô is an integration of the literary, aesthetic, philosophic and religious trends in the theatrical arts during the time of its earliest formation, in Zeami’s lifetime (1363?-1443?). This paper attempts to read into Tôru, a work that represents Zeami’s aesthetic sensibilities, from such a standpoint. What becomes evident from such analysis is that Tôru, while based on the apparently simple emotion of nostalgia, incorporates a variety of ideas within it to realize its meaning as a “poetic world” on stage. Current nô research needs, in this author’s opinion, this kind of dramatic analysis based on a rigorous explication of the text.

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