Electrophysiological recordings of eye movement are important for the discipline of orthoptics not only in clinical evaluation of visual function but also for understanding the properties of visuomotor coordination. Therefore, low-cost visual stimulators with real-time output of current stimulation status are required for effective student practice. In this report, three types of stimulators were tested for recording saccadic and pursuit eye movements and optokinetic nystagmus in electrooculography practice. These stimulators were built with low-cost, general-purpose parts and might improve the student training courses for certified orthoptists, a specialty that requires thorough knowledge of the complex properties of various human eye movements.

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刺激音と同一周波数の耳音響放射であるStimulus frequency OAE (SFOAE) の測定を行った。測定にはSuppression法を用いた。この方法は測定音の単独刺激時の外耳道内音響と測定音の近傍周波数の抑圧音を同時刺激しSFOAEを抑圧した際の外耳道内音響それぞれの測定周波数成分の差からSFOAEを求めるものである。測定は健聴成人被験者5名で行った。4000Hz・50dBSPLの測定音に対し, 70dBSPLの抑圧音では周波数が測定音近傍から1200Hz程度高い周波数にかけて抑圧が最大となり, 抑圧音圧を減少させると測定音より低い抑圧音の場合には抑圧量が大きく減少する一方, 測定音より抑圧音の周波数が高い場合には抑圧量の変化は少なく小さな抑圧音であっても一定の抑圧が得られた。これらは過去の報告と同様であった。SFOAE抑圧の原理ならびにSFOAEの臨床活用について考察を加えた。

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Media are objects and devices used for recording, transmitting, and storing information. Not only is media an indispensable part of our lives, but its evolution has made our lives easier. The “Skin Display^®” developed by the authors does not lose its electrical and mechanical properties even when repeatedly expanded and contracted by 45%. Additionally, because it is thin, lightweight, and elastic, it does not hinder the movement of people even if directly attached to the skin. Further, the burden of wearing it can be greatly reduced. This paper provides an overview of how electronic media evolved as per our needs. Subsequently, it describes the design concept, functions, and application examples.

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音声入力を用いた口腔診査記録では乳歯列の“A”から“E”を正しく認識することが大切である。乳歯の“A”から“E”については“D”と“E”の音声認識ができなかったので，われわれは“A”から“E”を認識しやすい“1-（いち はいふん）”から“5-（ご はいふん）”として入力する方法（H法）を報告した。“1-”は「いち はいふん」と発音するので入力時間が長くなっていた。そこで入力時間を短くするため，乳歯の“1-”から“5-”を“1ban（いち ばん）”から“5ban（ご ばん）”として入力する方法（B法）を試みた。また，B法の用語で診査記録をExcelのひとつのセルに入力する方法（新B法）を試み，入力時間を比較した。
いろいろな口腔状態のものを20症例作成した。各症例をH法とB法で5回ずつ入力し，時間を比較した。また，入力誤り率を調べた。さらに，新B法を用いて各症例5回入力し時間を測定した。入力誤り率についても検討した。
その結果，H法の平均入力時間は128秒，B法は112秒で B法が16秒速かった。入力誤り率はH法が0.05%，B法が0.03%でほぼ同じであった。新B法の入力時間は82秒でB法より30秒速かった。新B法の入力誤り率は0.05%でB法とほぼ同じであった。
音声入力を用いた乳歯列や混合歯列の口腔診査記録には新B法が有用であると思われる。

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地球環境を保全し, 持続的経済発展をするための循環型社会の構築に向けた企業の役割として, 環境保全に適合した製品の開発や, 使用済み製品の回収・リサイクルを考えた活動がますます重要になってきている。NECは1991年11月に「NECの環境憲章」を制定し, 環境との調和を経営の最高課題のひとつと位置づけるとともに, 環境保全に適合した製品 (環境配慮型製品) の提供をめざしている。
環境配慮型製品の開発をさらに加速するとともに, お客様へ製品に関する環境情報を積極的に開示することを目的に, NEC版環境ラベル「エコシンボル」制度を導入した。本稿では, この「エコシンボル」制度の概要と, エコシンボル認定第1号製品となったパソコンの環境配慮型製品開発の取り組み事例を紹介する。

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To understand temperature profiles and to identify factors affecting these profiles in the early neonatal stage, body temperature was monitored using a deep thermometer in 10 normal neonates placed in a room at 26–27°C from 2 h 31 min to 7 h after birth. Temperature data were used to investigate correlations between physical characteristics measurements, body-mass indices, gestational weeks and time of birth. No significant differences were observed in chest deep temperature values between any measurement time points. The degree of decrease in chest deep temperature was significantly larger in Group AL (mean value of individual subject is lower than total mean value) than in Group AH (mean value of individual subject is higher than total mean value) up to 5 h after birth. Degree of decrease in chest deep temperature tended to be larger in Group RH (rectal temperature immediately after birth of individual subject ≥37.0°C) than in Group RL (rectal temperature immediately after birth of individual subject <37.0°C) up to 4.5 h after birth.
Regarding physical characteristics, head circumference was significantly larger in Groups AH and RL and body-mass indices of head circumference/body mass and chest circumference/body mass were generally larger in Groups AL and RH. Body surface area did not differ significantly between any groups, but body surface area/body mass ratio was significantly larger in Group AL than in Group AH. Body temperature changes were shown to fluctuate in the lower range in neonates with larger head circumference/body mass ratio and chest circumference/body mass ratio and body surface area/body mass ratio at an early neonatal stage after birth.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of external pacing with periodic auditory stimuli on the control of periodic movement. [Subjects and Methods] Eighteen healthy subjects performed self-paced, synchronization-continuation, and syncopation-continuation tapping. Inter-onset intervals were 1,000, 2,000 and 5,000 ms. The variability of inter-tap intervals was compared between the different pacing conditions and between self-paced tapping and each continuation phase. [Results] There were no significant differences in the mean and standard deviation of the inter-tap interval between pacing conditions. For the 1,000 and 5,000 ms tasks, there were significant differences in the mean inter-tap interval following auditory pacing compared with self-pacing. For the 2,000 ms syncopation condition and 5,000 ms task, there were significant differences from self-pacing in the standard deviation of the inter-tap interval following auditory pacing. [Conclusion] These results suggest that the accuracy of periodic movement with intervals of 1,000 and 5,000 ms can be improved by the use of auditory pacing. However, the consistency of periodic movement is mainly dependent on the inherent skill of the individual; thus, improvement of consistency based on pacing is unlikely.

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Due to vehicle movement and lossy wireless channels, providing a reliable and efficient multi-hop broadcast service in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is a well-known challenging problem. In this paper, we propose BR-NB (broadcast with neighbor information), a fuzzy logic based multi-hop broadcast protocol for VANETs. BR-NB achieves a low overhead by using only a subset of neighbor nodes to relay data packets. For the relay node selection, BR-NB jointly considers multiple metrics of the inter-vehicle distance, vehicle mobility and link quality by employing fuzzy logic. Since the expected coverage and vehicle mobility are inferred from the two-hop neighbor information which can be acquired from the hello message exchange, BR-NB is independent of position information. BR-NB provides a practical and portable solution for broadcast services in VANETs. We use computer simulations and real-world experiments to evaluate the performance of BR-NB.

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The plaque control record (PCR) has been widely used for evaluating the cleansing state of teeth. After plaque staining, the stained tooth surfaces are examined by a dentist, and an assistant manually records the results. To create electronic dental records, the handwritten data must then be input into a computer. The assistant sometimes inputs the data concurrently with the oral examination by the dentist. However, the input of the PCR into the computer is time-consuming. Therefore, we developed a system in which the utterances made by the dentist examining the oral cavity are collected by a microphone, and the PCR is converted to text using speech recognition software and directly input into a computer.
The tooth numbers were defined as ichiban to hachiban, and the stained tooth surfaces were expressed as numbers. The tooth numbers and stained tooth surface numbers were input into one cell of Excel from the maxillary right most posterior tooth. Twenty cases with various PCRs were produced. Verbal input was performed five times for each case, and the input time was measured. In addition, the input recognition error rate was evaluated.
As a result, the mean input time was 137 seconds, and the input recognition error rate was 0.06%.
The direct verbal input of PCR may also be clinically useful.

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This paper proposes a mechanism and control of a wheeled skid-steering mobile robot equipped with six feet for each wheel. Front and rear feet on one side are grouped into two. First one is odd numbered and second one is even numbered. Same things are said in other side. Therefore, the robot has 6 degrees of freedom (DOFs) totally. We consider robot controls for progressing and steering by rolling and walking since cooperative control of feet and wheel makes various movements on a terrain to cope with obstacles. Particularly, angular values of hip and knee joints are investigated in the two feet groups for stepping up or stepping over obstacles. These motions are demonstrated by the robot, PEOPLER-IV on a practical field for verifying that the proposed cooperative controls are useful.

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　本研究は新人教師の授業リフレクションを先輩教師がグループウェアを活用して遠隔から支援することで，新人教師の授業改善に資する可能性について事例分析を行った。その結果，汎用性のあるグループウェアを活用することで遠隔から支援を行うことが可能であり，新人教師も遠隔支援の効果や魅力を感じ，授業改善に資する可能性を示唆できた。

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We have reported methods for directly inputting oral examination records and plaque control records （PCR） into a computer using speech recognition software. However, since the terms and input methods were determined for the straightforward input of each type of record, two software programs, one for oral examination records and one for PCR, were necessary. Therefore, in this study, an input method that is applicable to various examinations was evaluated.
Verbalizations of dentists examining the oral cavity were collected using a microphone, and data were converted to text using speech recognition software and directly input into a computer. AmiVoice Ex Clinic was used as the speech recognition software. The tooth numbers were defined as ichiban to hachiban. Oral examination records, PCR, and records of the periodontal pocket depth （1-point method） were produced in 20 cases. Data input was performed 5 times in each case, and the input time was measured. The input recognition error rate was also evaluated.
Oral examination records, PCR, and records of the periodontal pocket depth could be verbally input. This method is applicable to the input of various dental examination records.

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本研究では音声雑音付加時の精神作業成績に対するサウンドマスキング音の効果を調べた。被験者は10名の若年女性であった。被験者は雑音付加前と雑音付加時にタイピング課題と暗算課題を行った。雑音条件は暗騒音(BN条件)、会話雑音(CN条件)、会話雑音にピンクノイズを加えたもの(PN条件)、会話雑音にサウンドマスキング音を加えたもの(SM条件)であった。CN条件での雑音付加時に2 つの精神作業の正解数が低下したが、他の条件ではそのような低下は認められなかった。また、主観申告よりCN条件よりSM条件で高い快適感が得られた。以上より、サウンドマスキング音は会話雑音による精神作業成績や快適感の低下を妨げる効果があることが示唆された。

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The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) task is a widely used measure for the development of executive function during early childhood. In this task, children are asked to sort cards according to one rule (e.g., color) during preswitch phases, after which they are asked to sort cards according to another rule (e.g., shape) during the postswitch phases. A computer version of the DCCS was needed to standardize the test material, but a previous study showed that children showed more difficulty in a computer version with a mouse device than the standard card version. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of a computer version with a touch panel and compared performance with the standard card version. Three- and 4-year-old children were given the card version and computer version of the DCCS tasks. The results revealed that children showed similar performance during the preswitch and postswitch phases both in the computer version and in the card version. The results suggest that both versions of the task assessed the same underlying cognitive processes.

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