ランタナは台湾の自然環境への適応性があり，雑草として帰化したと考えられる．野生化したランタナの類縁関係を調べるため，台湾に分布している 1 種 3 変種（38 か所で採集した 38 個体）と 5 園芸品種の合計 43 個体を集めた．高速液体クロマトグラフィー（HPLC）を用いてこれらの花弁のアントシアニン組成を比較し，さらに 2 つの形態特性も検討した．HPLC 分析の結果，42 個体で，6 種類のアントシアニンのうちの 5 種類が検出された．同定されたアントシアニンはシアニジン 3-グルコシド，3,5-ジグルコシド，3-マロニルグルコシドおよびペオニジン3,5-ジグルコシド，3-マロニルグルコシドであった．各植物のアントシアニン組成の違いは，いくつかの重要な意味を持つ比率であることを示していた．これらの結果，野生化した植物を園芸品種から区別することができた．今後，さらにランタナの花色は野生化した植物と園芸品種の間で交雑され多様化していくと考えられた．

抄録全体を表示

【Background & Aim】 We previously showed that prostaglandin D₂ (PGD₂) promotes allergic reaction by increasing antigen-specific IgE production. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the promotion of IgE production by PGD₂focusing on the role of its receptor, chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule on Th2 cells (CRTH2).

【Methods & Results】

intradermally sensitized type (WT) and CRTH2 deficient mice (Crth2^-/-) with ovalbumin (OVA). The serum OVA specific IgE level and the allergic reaction against OVA stimulation were lower in Crth2^-/- than those of WT. Immunostaining of lymph nodes showed that dendritic cells (DCs) expressed PGD₂ synthase. Consistently, bone marrow derived DCs released PGD₂ in response to OVA stimulation in vitro. The OVA-sensitization increased immune cell number in lymph node and Th2 cytokine productions from lymphocytes in WT. CRTH2 deficiency significantly decreased the immune cell number and cytokine productions. We finally revealed that intravenous transplantation of WT DCs but not T cells or B cells restored the serum levels of OVA specific IgE production and allergic reaction in Crth2^-/-.

【Conclusion】 In summary, antigen invasion stimulates PGD₂ production from DCs which promotes Th2 cytokine production in lymph node through CRTH2 signaling. These phenomena result in promoting antigen specific IgE production.

抄録全体を表示

　グルタミン酸脱炭酸酵素 (GAD) はグルタミン酸からγ-アミノ酪酸(GABA) への反応を触媒する酵素であり、大腸菌から高等植物まで広く存在する。我々は一昨年の本大会で、イネは少なくとも二つの異なるアイソフォーム (OsGAD1とOsGAD2)を持ち、前者は双子葉植物のGADのC末端側に見られるカルモジュリン結合ドメイン(CaMBD)を持つのに対して、OsGAD2はCaMBDを持たない新規なGADであることを報告した。これら二種のイネGADの細胞内での活性制御機構を明らかにするために、野生型GAD遺伝子及びC末端側の30アミノ酸残基を欠失させた変異GAD遺伝子をアグロバクテリウムを介した形質転換法によりイネカルス細胞に導入した。ハイグロマイシン耐性カルスから遊離アミノ酸を抽出して、GABA含量を調べた所、野生型の遺伝子を過剰発現させたものでは2～5倍の増加が見られた。驚いたことに,変異OsGAD1の過剰発現株は野生型に比べてわずかな上昇にすぎなかったのに対して、変異OsGAD2を過剰に発現させたものでは100～200倍もの蓄積が観察された。また再生植物体はペール色、葉のカール、矮化などの表現型が見られ、根、茎、葉のいずれの器官でも高いレベルのGABAを検出した。以上の結果から、OsGAD2のC末端側を欠失したことにより、その細胞内での酵素活性が飛躍的に上昇したものと考えられる。このことから、OsGAD2のC末端側は強力な自己阻害ドメインとして働いていると予想される。

抄録全体を表示

The destruction of natural habitats of wild plant species is accelerating due to environmental changes and various human activities. This situation requires sustained and extensive efforts to preserve and safeguard wild species. The National Institute of Genetics (NIG), Mishima, Japan, maintains 1,701 accessions of 20 wild species of the genus Oryza, which have been collected from tropical and subtropical areas all over the world. This paper reviews the history, biodiversity, ex-situ conservation, and utility of the NIG wild Oryza collection. In addition, we describe our recent activities to improve the reliability of the collection and our contributions as part of the National BioResource Project (NBRP) of Japan. This project aims to provide reliable and high-quality rice materials for researchers worldwide. As part of the NBRP, have evaluated Oryza accessions for eighteen morphological or physiological traits of vegetative and reproductive organs and for resistance to bacterial blight disease, developed molecular markers to distinguish species and/or genome-species in the genus, and published the information on the Oryzabase database.

抄録全体を表示

九州各地で収集したツルマメの種子貯蔵タンパク質を分析した結果，天草で収集したツルマメから7Sタンパク質のサブユニットに変異を持つ系統が見いだされた.この系統は7Sタンパク質のサブユニットの全てが欠失あるいは極端に含量が低下している.我々はこの系統をQT2系統と名付けた.7Sタンパク質にQT2系統と類似の変異をもつ系統は突然変異により既にダイズで見いだされているが，致死性で正常な生育をしない.しかしQT2系統は正常に生育し，次世代を得ることができた.また得られた種子も同様の変異を持ち，この形質が環境変異でなく遺伝変異であることが示された.

抄録全体を表示

The surface glycoprotein (G) of Borna disease virus (BDV) plays central roles in the process of viral entry. BDV G is cleaved by cellular furin-like proteases into two components, GP1 and GP2. Although GP1 is involved in the virus entry into cells, the binding activity of GP1 to cells is unknown. Therefore, expressed the -type GP1 and a variety of GP1 deletion mutants that were FLAG-tagged at the C-terminus in human embryonic kidney 293T cells. These proteins were then purified using an anti-FLAG antibody and evaluated for their ability to bind to cell lines. GP1 bound to BDV-permissive cells but not to non-permissive cells. GP1 also inhibited BDV infection via its binding to cells. This binding assay should prove useful to map the receptor-binding domain of BDV.

抄録全体を表示

This paper concerns K3 surfaces with automorphisms of order 11 in arbitrary characteristic. Specifically study the case and prove that a generic such surface in characteristic 11 has Picard number 2. We also construct K3 surfaces with an automorphism of order 11 in every characteristic, and supersingular K3 surfaces whenever possible.

抄録全体を表示

In this paper, we investigate when a smooth complete toric variety of positive characteristic has a maximal wild hypersurface bundle over it. In particular, we determine the possibilities for toric varieties with Picard number at most three and for toric Fano varieties of dimension at most four. Moreover, construct maximal hypersurface bundles over almost all of them.

抄録全体を表示

Wild Mangifera species were explored in northeast Thailand, central and northern Laos and northwest Vietnam, in which Tai language families settle. Their morphological characteristics, local names and uses were recorded, and their growing environments were compared. observed 260 Mangifera trees, and we classified them into four groups based on morphological characteristics of leaves and tree shape. Broad-leaf type was distributed in flatland of Thailand and Laos and called muang paa or muang khan, respectively. Slender-leaf type was distributed in mountainous areas of Vietnam and Laos, and was called muang khai in central Laos, muang kaeo noi in northern Laos and moi or mak chai in Vietnam. Long-leaf type grew only in the Laotian forests, and names were not consistent. Type with leaves similar to those of cultivated mango was found constantly, and was called by several names in each area. Muang kalon have been explained as M. caloneura, while some of the trees were possibly considered to be M. indica, indicating that the recognition of “wild edible mango” could have drifted from M. caloneura to the old local varieties of M. indica. The leaves of muang kasoo in Laos were used as food and its bark as dye and medicine, while most wild Mangifera were mainly used for fruits and woods. In the flatland of Thailand and Laos, trees often grew in croplands. They were assumed to have been conserved from the original forest. In the mountainous areas of Laos, the villagers used wild Mangifera trees in the forest, while they had no intention to conserve useful trees. In northwest Vietnam, wild Mangifera trees were transplanted into the villages before the forest had been reclaimed for crop fields, possibly implying a first step in the domestication of wild fruit trees.

抄録全体を表示

We revisit the problem with generic object recognition from the point of view of human-computer interaction. While many existing algorithms for generic object recognition first try to detect target objects before features are extracted and classified in processing, our work is motivated by the belief that solving the task of detection by computer is not always necessary in many practical situations, such as those involving mobile recognition systems with touch displays and cameras. It is natural for these systems to ask users to input the segmentation data for targets through their touch displays. Speaking from the perspective of usability, such systems should involve rough segmentation to reduce the user workload. In this situation, different people would provide different segmentation data. Here, an interesting question arises - if multiple training samples are generated from a single image by using various segmentation data created by different people, what would happen to the accuracy of classification? created “20 bird datasets” that had a large number of rough segmentation datasets made by 383 people in an attempt to answer this question. Our experiments revealed two interesting facts: (i) generating multiple training samples from a single image had positive effects on classification accuracies, especially when image features including spatial information were used and (ii) augmenting training samples with artificial segmentation data synthesized with a morphing technique also had slightly positive effects on classification accuracies.

抄録全体を表示

Dementia, one of the major causes of cognitive decline mostly found in the elderly patients, has becomes a serious social problem. RP58, a zinc-finger transcriptional repressor, plays a critical role in the formation of cerebral cortex. Recently, it has been reported that the expression level of RP58 decreases in aged human cortex. Furthermore, it has been shown that the level of RP58 is declined in hippocampal CA1 region of aged rat. Therefore, RP58 may play a crucial factor in aging. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of RP58 in age-related cognitive decline. We used RP58+/- mice and wild-type mice at 2-17 months. We performed an open field test, an object location recognition test, and a fear conditioning test to measure cognitive function.

indicate that -type mice show the impairment of habituation and spatial memory for object, and increased reactive microglia, which leads to synapse loss as age-related changes, with advancing age. On the other hand, RP58+/- mice show them earlier than wild-type mice. Furthermore, RP58 +/- mice show the impairment of cue related memory for fear memory in adolescence, indicating that RP58 is required for emotional development. These results suggest that the decline of RP58 may lead to progression of aging by impairment of emotion in adolescence.

抄録全体を表示

Wild soybean (Glycine soja) is a useful genetic resource for broadening the genetic background of cultivated soybean. selected a type soybean line showing a unique character consisting of a green seed-coat color at Yeongchun in Korea 1996 and designated it as KLG10084. The objectives of the present study were as follows; (1) to evaluate the agronomic characters of KLG10084 by comparing them to those of other wild-type accessions and cultivars, and (2) to evaluate the possibility of improving the seed-coat color in an interspecific cross of G. max ×G. soja. The major agronomic traits of KLG10084 were investigated and a genetic relationship was analyzed by comparing it to wild soybean (G. soja) and soybean cultivars (G. max) using the RAPD technique. KLG10084 was similar to IT184256, one of the G. soja accessions tested, that was known as a wild soybean exhibiting typical wild-type characters in stem diameter, pod size at maturity, seed size, hard seed and viny growth habit. A cluster analysis using UPGMA suggested that KLG10084 belonged to the group of wild soybean. It strongly indicated that the KLG10084 line corresponded to an accession of G. soja showing a green seed-coat color, based on morphological and RAPD analysis. The populations were generated by crossing KLG10084 with two different G. max cultivars, ‘Sobaegnamulkong’ and ‘Eunhakong’, and backcrossing it to the G. max parent to obtain BC₀ to BC₃ populations. The seed-coat color was evaluated on the populations representing each generation. The percentage of acceptable seed-coat color was 74% in the BC₀F₂, 90% in the BC₁F₂ and 97% in the BC₂F₂ generations, and approximately 100% in the BC₃F₂ generation in the population of Eunhakong × KLG10084. These results indicated that a single backcross is required to recover a commercially desirable seed-coat color in a population derived from an interspecific cross of G. max × G. soja when KLG10084 is used as a G. soja parent. Therefore, KLG10084 was considered to be a valuable gene source in overcoming the seed-coat color in interspecific crosses and was particularly useful for shortening soybean breeding programs by reducing the number of backcrosses that are required.

抄録全体を表示

7S蛋白質(β-conglycinin)は11S蛋白質とともにダイズ種子蛋白質の70%を占める主要な貯蔵蛋白質であるが,11S蛋白質と比べ含硫アミノ酸含量が少なく,ゲル強度や栄養性が劣る。7S蛋白質と11S蛋白質は相補的な関係にあることが知られているので,11S蛋白質含量が高いダイズの育成のために7S蛋白質欠失の遺伝資源が求められてきた。7S蛋白質はα,α',βの3つのサブユニットからなり,αサブユニット欠失,α'サブユニット欠失等の変異が知られているが,βサブユニット欠失変異が見つかっていないため,これらの変異系統を組み合わせた7S蛋白質完全欠失系統は育成されていない。また放射線突然変異により2つの7S蛋白質欠失系統が作出されたが,これらの系統は致死変異であり,育種素材としては利用されていない。最近我々は天草から収集したツルマメに7S蛋白質を欠失した系統を見いだし,この系統が正常に生育することを報告した。我々はこの系統をQT2系統と名付け,また7S蛋白質を欠失しているにもかかわらず,正常に生育するため,致死の7S蛋白質欠失変異と区別するためにこの表現型をQT2-typeと呼ぶことにした。このQT2-typeの遺伝様式を明らかにするために,普通ダイズや種子リポキシゲナーゼ欠失ダイズ等と交配実験を行った。その結果,QT2-typeは単一の優性遺伝子により支配され,また7S蛋白質のα'サブユニットやリポキシゲテーゼの3つのアイソザイムとは独立に遺伝することが明らかとなった。我々はこの遺伝子にScgの遺伝子記号を付与した。得られたQT2-typeの後代はリポキシゲテーゼ欠失の系統を含め全て正常に生育し,QT2系統は7S蛋白質欠失ダイズ育成のための遺伝資源として利用できると考えられた。

抄録全体を表示

There is a possibility that classical swine fever (CSF) virus outbreak has negative impacts on wild boar. To adequately manage native wild boar populations, wildlife managers need to gather the field data on wild boar and implement population management practices. We aimed to report the relative abundance index of wild boar before and after this outbreak. Our results showed that relative abundance index declined from 2017 (8.88 wild boars/100 trap days) to 2019 (2.03 wild boars/100 trap days), because of the negative impact of this virus and continuous culling programs. Although the eradication risk from the synergistic effect is low, wildlife managers need to consider the relationship between the trade-off between the risk of CSF and the conservation ecology risk of native species eradication.

抄録全体を表示

西表島産リュウキュウイノシシの頭骨35例(頭蓋骨と下顎骨25組, および下顎骨のみ10例)を用いて, 骨計測学的検討を行った. 年齢は下顎歯列の萌出と咬耗の状態を基準に査定し, 性別は下顎犬歯歯冠高の計測値および下顎犬歯歯根部のX線観察結果を利用して判定した. 計測部位は頭蓋骨で13部位, 下顎骨で14部位である. 最大頭蓋長と下顎骨全長から, 成長パターンを検討したところ, 幼若期に著しい成長が見られた. また, 幼獣で既に性差が出現していることが明らかとなった. 一方, 各部位の相対成長係数の比較から, 頭蓋骨と下顎骨の双方で, 長径が幅径よりも速く成長することが示された. また, 顔面頭蓋では長径の成長が著しく, 脳頭蓋では幅径の成長が速かった. 下顎骨の長径の成長においては, 下顎体の成長が大きな比重を占めていることが示された. いくつかの幅径の計測部位において, 頭蓋骨と下顎骨の成長速度は, そこに付着する筋肉の発達に関連して決定されることが示唆された. 以上の結果を, 他のリュウキュウイノシシ集団およびニホンイノシシの検討結果と比較することによって, リュウキュウイノシシの起源, およびリュウキュウイノシシの系統関係の把握に, 有効な情報が得られることが期待される.

抄録全体を表示

Firefly emits visible yellow-green light. The bioluminescence reaction is carried out by the enzyme luciferase. The bioluminescence color change by a single amino acid substitution in luciferase is most attractive interest, however the molecular mechanism has been unclear. In fact S286N mutant of Genji-botaru luciferase emits red light. have determined -type and S286N crystal structures of Genji-botaru luciferase and uncovered a structural explanation for the color control mechanism in firefly luciferase. The degree of molecular rigidity of the excited oxyluciferin is involved in the color of bioluminescence during emission reaction.

抄録全体を表示