近年GAFA等に代表される巨大IT企業によるデータ寡占が問題視されている。多くのデータを集め、個人の嗜好に合わせて打たれるターゲティング広告は消費者にとって意図しない購買行動を引き起こしている可能性もある。また物質的に豊かになり、モノ消費からコト消費という言葉ができたように消費者の価値観も多様化している。

本稿では消費行動の中でも広告などの様々な外的影響を受ける非計画購買に着目し、実店舗またはクッキーなど個人情報を販売促進に利用できるECサイトとの購買行動を比較して、消費者の消費特性、価値観の分析から非計画購買との関連性について考察する。

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被保険者家族(主婦群)に対し保健指導を行い7項目の数値データを指導前後で改善が見られたかどうかを (1)差のZ検定, (2a)変化量の差の検定および (2b)ロジスティック回帰分析の手法を用いて検定した。上記諸方法での検定では差が認められず新しい手法による比較法が必要となった。これらの健診データの比較対比の難しさについて言及した。

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  手術部位感染(SSI)を比較する場合，リスクを調整した標準化感染比(SIR)が指標となる．米国疾病予防管理センター(CDC)の公開ソフトウェア等でSIRを検定し，SSIを比較する方法を提言する．
  観測SSI数(SSI_観測)を予測SSI数(SSI_予測)と比較する際，リスク度の総和であるRisk Index Category (総リスク度)にて調整する．SIR=SSI_観測/SSI_予測にて，分母SSI_予測は当該術式の総リスク度別にSSI割合(%)を0.01倍し，全例に合計する．比の検定は二項分布をz変換して正規分布に近似させるが，近似上の問題により目安として，(観測数)×(予測確率)=SSI_予測≧5または<5により2分することが勧められる．
  SSI_予測≧5の場合はz検定を行い，Excel^TMにてp値を容易に得られる．SSI_予測<5の場合は二項検定またはPoisson検定を行い，共にCDCの無償ソフトウェアEpi Info^TM 6が日本語コンピュータも容易に使用できる．
  なお総リスク度毎に検定を繰り返す多重検定は，第1種過誤(帰無仮説を“正しいのに棄てる過誤”)となりえるが，これは上記の一括的な検定で補える．

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In this study, I focus on the Nishi-ohdai Regulated Utilization Area (RUA) of Yoshino-Kumano National Park, which was designated as the first such area after the RUA system was established in accordance with the Natural Parks Law. The study was based on the research on trends in visitors to the area and the questionnaire survey results, both of which have been conducted by the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) since the RUA designation was launched. In conclusion this study clarified that, in the area, about 97% of visitors have no perception of crowding and the visitors who expected to see the primeval atmosphere feel satisfied on the whole. I think this conclusion indicates the effect of RUA. The study was also examined from the perspective of the guide use in consideration of the future utilization method of the RUA based on the analysis result of questionnaire surveys.

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The vertical movement of the German cockroach Blattella germanica (Linnaeus) to upper floors was studied using a 700 cm vinyl tube as a model of a drainpipe in buildings and houses. The whole experiment was conducted in the dark. After three days of acclimatization with twenty cockroaches, the acclimated container was connected to the bottom of the tube on the third floor of a building, and two new containers were connected to the tube on the fourth floor (350 cm distant from the third floor) and fifth floors (700 cm distant), respectively. The cockroaches in each container were counted daily for four weeks. Food and water were set in the container on the third floor from the first to seventh day of the experiment, and from the eighth to 28th day, they were placed only in the containers on the fourth and fifth floors. Twenty-eight percent of both male and female German cockroaches stayed in the acclimated container for the first seven days. After food and water were moved to the new containers, many cockroaches moved to the new containers. For the last seven days, 30% of the males and 13% of the females stayed in the new containers, while 7.7% of males and 5.4% females stayed in the acclimated container. Thus, the cockroaches used the vinyl tube for both a passage and for a harborage.

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Recently, it is becoming more challenging to cope with low success probabilities, much cost and severe competitions in a new drug development. An adaptive design is considered to be a promising tool for efficient development for its various types of adaptations and applications in multiple development stages. However, its flexibility does not necessarily make the development more efficient and it may always allow a risk of operational bias to use such a design. Thus, to consider the specific benefit and risk of each adaptive design using quantitative measures under a concrete setting, it is important to make intensive discussions and to share experiences between each side persons in charge. In this review, focusing on sample size re-estimation which is a relatively simple and basic adaptive design, I will give some outlines of methods and review statistical points to consider.

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小児急性リンパ性白血病 (ALL) の再発例の予後は不良である.著者らは, 小児ALL再発例 (22例) に対し, 当科High-risk ALLプロトコールにて再寛解導入を試みた.本プロトコールは, 寛解導入に6剤 (Vincristine, Bleomycin, Methotrexate, Endoxan, Adriamycin, Predonine) の化学療法剤を併用し, 寛解維持には8剤 (Vincristine, Bleomycin, Methotrexate, Endoxan, Adriamycin, Predonlne, 6-Mercaptopurine, Hydroxyurea) を交替させて用いる強力なものである.20例の骨髄再発例のうち15 (75%) 例が寛解に導入されたが, 9例が早期に骨髄再発をきたした.再発までの寛解期間が36ヵ月以内の症例は, 36ヵ月以上の症例に比較して, 有意差 (p<0.01) をもって予後不良であった.また, 2回目, 3回目の骨髄再発例も, 初回骨髄再発例と比較すると, 有意に予後不良であった (p<0.05).本プロトコールは, 小児ALLの再発例の再寛解導入には有効であったが, その再寛解期間は短かった.

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