Background

The differences in conditions of enteric-coated acid-labile drug release and absorption between healthy subjects in bioequivalence studies and gastrointestinal patients in clinical practice can lead to significant differences in gastric stability of original PPIs and generics. Thus, pathologic duodenogastric reflux (PDGR) and the pH increasing within PPIs administration still remain unaccounted for.

Methods

Two-stage modified comparative dissolution testing of original omeprazole (OO) and four generics (G

;;;) was performed. At first, we moved drugs from solution with pH . (.±0.05) to pH 7.0 (7.0±0.05) and measure concentration of omeprazole in solution by high-performance liquid chromatography. According to our self-developed formula, pH 7 exposure time of resistance to PDGR for omeprazole is minutes, i.. the active substance should not be released within minutes at pH 7. The exposure at the second stage was conducted with pH (.0±0.05), that imitated gastric pH after PPI administration. And then we also moved drugs to pH 7 with the subsequent measurement of omeprazole concentration.

Results

Omeprazole concentrations after

, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 minutes in pH 7 solution at the first stage were different for OO and generics. For OO, these values were ,7±0,7%; 41,±,0%; 62,±,0%; 79,±,%; 83,±,%; ,6±,%; ,6±,%; for Generic - 0; 49,±,%; , ±,%; ,±,7%; , ±,%; 87,±,0%; ,±,%; for Generic - 0; 30,6±6,%; 66,7±,%; 76,±7,%; ,±,%; 86,0±,7%; ,6±,%: for Generic - ,±,6%; 83,±,%; 83, ±,%; 83,±,7%; ,±,%; ,±,0%; ,0±,%; for Generic - ,±,7%; ,±0,%; ,±,%; , ±0,%; ,±0,%; ,±0,%; ,±,%, respectively.

An analysis of the omeprazole concentration in pH 7 solution at the second stage revealed the following parameters after the same time: for OO -

,±0,6%; 40, ±,0%; 62,±,0%; ,0±,%; ,±,%; ,±,%; ,±,%; for Generic - 0; 67,0±7,%; 89,7±,%; 91, ±,%; 89,±,6%; ,±,%; 87,±,%; for Generic - 0; 42,±,6%; 75,±7,%; ,0±6,0%; ,±,%; , 6±,%; 87,±,0%; for Generic - ,±0,%; ,6±0,%; ,7±0,%; ,7±,0%; ,±0,%; ,±0,%; ,±0,%, respectively. Generic release and degradation were completely realized at pH .

Conclusion

Decreased gastric stability of Generic

and Generic makes PDGR and inhibited gastric acid secretion due to PPIs administration the potential causes of decreased enteric-coated acid-labile drugs stability.

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Circuit techniques to enhance the linearity of input-voltage-to-current (V/I) conversion and to increase the output impedance of a current source by compensating for the low intrinsic gain of a transistor were introduced to realize a high-frequency operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) for a low supply voltage using sub-100-nm CMOS processes. Applying these techniques, a MOS 7th-order Gm- linear-phase low-pass filter (LPF) was realized using a 65nm CMOS process. A simplified biquad LPF that can serve as a component of a 7th-order LPF was newly developed by replacing OTAs with resistors. As a result, the -dB frequency bandwidth, group delay ripple, rd-order distortion, and rd-order input intercept point (IIP) were 200MHz, .%, ≤ -55dB with a 100MHz input, and +10.dBm, respectively, all with a ±0.Vp-p input signal at each input terminal in the pseudodifferential configuration. The LPF including an output buffer dissipated 60mW in the case of a .V supply. Wide spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) characteristics were confirmed up to high frequencies.

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Static characteristics of two different structured InAlGaAs/InAlAs superlattice avalanche photodiodes (SLAPDs) cooled by liquid nitrogen were evaluated at a wavelength of . μm. The dark current of the SLAPD having a thick superlattice layer of 0.504 μm was ×10^-13 A. This was successively reduced by four orders of magnitude compared to that of the thin layer SLAPD of 0.231 μm at a breakdown voltage of around 20 V. The thickened layer was effective in suppressing tunneling dark current. An output current of .7×10^-12 A at a bias voltage of 15 V was measured for an optical input with a wavelength of . μm and a signal power of ×10^-12 W. This showed a sharp distinction from the dark current.

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A biosynthetic pathway for (

)-methyl cinnamate formation was evaluated in Tricholoma matsutake by tracer experiments using

13C

- and

2H

-labeled precursors. One hundred percent selective

13C

incorporation was observed when L-[

1

,

2

,

3

,

4

,

5

,6,7,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

, ^15/N]phenylalanine was converted to (

E

)-[

1

,

2

,

3

,

4

,

5

,6,7,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]cinnamate and (

E

)-[

1

,

2

,

3

,

4

,

5

,6,7,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]methyl cinnamate. Similarly, 100% selective

13C

incorporation was observed when (

E

)-[

1

,

2

,

3

,

4

,

5

,6,7,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]cinnamate was converted to (

E

)-[

1

,

2

,

3

,

4

,

5

,6,7,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]methyl cinnamate. In contrast, the

2H

incorporation selectivities were

82

.

1

% and

81

.

4

% when L-[

2

,

3

,

4

,

5

,6,7,7,

8

-

2H₈

]phenylalanine was converted to (

E

)-[

2

,

3

,

4

,

5

,6,7,

8

-

2H₇

]cinnamate and (

E

)-[

2

,

3

,

4

,

5

,6,7,

8

-

2H₇

]methyl cinnamate, respectively. Thus, T. matsutake synthesizes (

E

)-methyl cinnamate from L-phenylalanine via (

E

)-cinnamate. (

E

)-cinnamate was likely formed through two pathways: one was major and the other was a minor.

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The performance of single pitch and multi pitch screw anchors during the application of installation torque is presented. An experimental testing program was conducted using five models of screw anchors with different geometry. The effect of the shape of the screw element, sand properties, and installation depth on the required installation torque value was examined. A theoretical model was developed from which the required installation torque value can be calculated in terms of the influencing factors. The required installation torque can be determined in terms of the ultimate uplift resistance calculated from any of the available theories. Based on the actual installation torque value measured in the field, the anticipated pullout capacity can be back calculated from the present theory. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results showed good agreement. Also, good agreement was observed when the present theoretical results were compared with the available field results reported in the literature.

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Six full-length cDNAs encoding pig cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, CYPA, CYPA19, CYP, CYP33v, CYP49, and CYP, were isolated and sequenced. The cDNA sequences of pig CYPA, CYPA19, CYP, CYP49, and CYP showed high similarity to human (.%), (.6%), (.%), (.%), and (.%), respectively, and pig cDNA showed high similarity to rat (79.%). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays revealed hepatic gene expression of all these pig CYP enzymes: the order of expression was and > > and > . In the kidney, the gene was expressed at the same level as in the liver, but the , , and genes were expressed at lower levels than in the liver. Little renal gene expression of CYP49 and CYP was observed. We revealed for the first time the full-length cDNA sequences encoding pig CYPA and five CYP enzymes belonging to the gene family, thus making it possible to examine the gene expression levels of these CYP enzymes in pig tissues by RT-PCR.

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Two new polyacetylene compounds (, 6, 12)--acetoxy--isovaleryloxytetradeca-, 6, 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (), and (, 6, 12)--acetoxy--(-methylbutyryloxy)tetradeca-, 6, 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol () have been isolated along with (, 6, 12)--acetoxy--senecioyloxytetradeca-, 6, 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (A) from Atractylodes Rhizome (Karabyakujutu). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of their spectral data.

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Does the demonstration of recollection with the slave boy in the Meno really constitute the proof of recollection thesis? Socrates seems there to be asking leading questions I take it that Plato intended to make it uncertain whether the boy is really recollecting his second denial of knowledge 'ou manthano' (A-) can mean 'I am not learning', suggesting that he is not recollecting We can never know the truth about his learning, because the demonstration is a Gorgian type of epideixis (-), which produces only persuasion However, it is one thing to know whether the boy is recollecting, and quite another to know whether learning is recollection The demonstration is meant to make Meno recollect the latter truth (6-A) Throughout the demonstration Socrates addresses questions to Meno, thereby making him consider whether the boy is really recollecting (6-7, 12-, A-, 10-) Socrates' remark after the demonstration is that Meno knows that the boy will regain knowledge (-), which means that Meno has been successfully made to recollect that recollection thesis is correct According to Cebes' explanation in the Phaedo (73A7-), recollection is helped by the use of proper questions and diagrams, and according to the Republic (510-511A, 5297-530A), mathematicians should not seek truth in diagrams or models made by such masters as Daedalus, but make use of them simply as images The boy's learning is a beautiful image of true learning created by Socrates, an offspring of Daedalus We should not seek truth concerning learning in this image, but make use of it to find truth about true learning Socrates' proper questions with the help of this image made Meno recollect that learning is recollection However, inquirers are rather misled by perceptual images when the object of inquiry has no lustre in its earthly image(Phaedrus 250), as is the case with virtues, knowledge, education and learning In order to establish that learning is recollection, it is then necessary to have recourse to another kind of proof, in which one relies on rational thinking Plato embarks on this task in the Phaedo Recollection itself can be taken to be an image or metaphor (eikon) of learning, presented by Socrates, just as the torpedo is an image of Socrates, presented by Meno (A-) But they are different in that while the latter is intended to stop inquiry, recollection is a metaphor that stimulates inquiry and helps to develop new ideas expressible in literal paraphrases ('the illustrative thesis' in Pender, Images of Persons Unseen, Sankt Augustin 2000) In the Phaedo Plato continues his quest for the truth about learning, with the help of recollection as the image of learning, and thereby develops such new ideas as the existence of Forms and the immortality of the soul His further inquiry about knowledge, the object of learning, in the Theaetetus is taken to be its further continuation

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The possibility of attenuation of microseismic waves due to the presence of an upward folding of the ocean bottom into the liquid is discussed in this paper. The upward folding of the ocean bottom has been idealized by means of an irregularity in the form of a rectangle intruding into the liquid and the evaluation of the displacement component at any point of the solid medium has been carried out in two stages. First, the change in the incident mode of the surface wave due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity has been determined, and second, the subsequent change of the resulting displacement components due to the termination of the liquid layer and the step change in elevation of the solid medium at the continental margin has been discovered. Finally, numerical calculation has been made to determine the attenuation of the microseismic waves of different periods due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity at the ocean bottom.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if the optical properties of zirconia and glass–ceramic (

.max) were affected by low-temperature degradation (aging).

Methods: Experiment samples were fabricated with seven zirconia brands (n=10): Zenostar, Zirlux, Katana, Bruxzir, DD-

, DD-, NexxZr; and .max were used as a control. This resulted in a total of samples in the experiment. The L*, a* and * were measured for each sample, and then the optical properties including translucency parameter (TP), contrast ratio (CR), and opalescence parameter (OP) were calculated. The samples were aged (20, 40, 60, , 100h), and the optical properties were calculated after each interval.

Results: Most zirconia brands had lower L*, higher a*, higher

* with increased aging, which visually corresponds to darker, redder, and more yellow. Aging also increased CR, lowered TP, and lowered OP. .max was also affected by aging but still had the highest TP (23.±.), L* (.7±.), and lowest CR (0.41±0.05) compared to any zirconia. The Zenostar had the closest TP (24.±0.), and L* (.±0.) values to .max before aging. However, after 100h of aging, the DD- was least effected and had the highest TP (.±0.6) and lowest CR (0.43±0.01) compared with other zirconia samples and highest OP (11.±0.) of all ceramic samples.

Conclusions: The optical properties of zirconia and

.max materials were affected by aging with the effects increasing with time. The magnitude of change was affected by seven brands of dental zirconia.

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The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–

,500 μm tall). On % modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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　コンクリート舗装はアスファルト舗装よりもわだち掘れやひび割れに対する耐久性が高く，舗装の長寿命化が期待される．しかしながら，寒冷地では凍上対策を確実に実施されない場合，早期に破損が生じることが知られている．本研究では，既設アスファルト舗装をコンクリート舗装へ打ち換える場合の凍上対策として，XPS（押出法ポリスチレンフォーム断熱材）を用いた断熱工法の適用性を試験施工により検討した．断熱材の保護および路盤の品質確保のため必要となる路盤厚さの検討，断熱材の耐力照査，および熱伝導解析による断熱効果のシュミレーション結果に基づいて試験施工を実施した結果，良好な施工が可能であること，路床の支持力低下が懸念される融解期においても通常期と同等の支持力が得られること，期待される断熱効果が得られることが明らかとなった．

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