. The chromosome numbers of 64 species have been studied on which 56 are investigated for the first time.
2. Morphological, anatomical and cytological findings on the Musaceae in the broad sense are considered from a phylogenetical standpoint and three distinct groups:
a) Musa-Ensete, ) Ravenala-Strelitzia-Phenakospermum and ) Holiconia are recognised as suggested by some authors. For these groups sub-familial status is proposed.
. Lowiaceae have been studied for the first time cytologically and their chromosome morphology, distinct from that of any other group of Zingiberales, confirms their claim to familial status.
4. Consideration of the conflicting theories proposed to account for the higher chromosome number in genera like Globba, Alpinia, and Phaemeria, etc. leads to rejection of Chakravorti's hypothesis of wholesale fragmentation of chromosomes and the acceptance of the opposed view of Raghavan and Venkatasubban and others.
. Holttum's transference of the genus Zingiber to the tribe Hedychieae has been given cytological support on the following points:
a) the basic number in the genus Zingiber correlates with that of Kaempferia.
) the new tribe Alpinieae (which is infact Zingibereae without Zingiber) have consistently 48 chromosomes in their somatic complements.
6. It is suggested that the African representatives of Kaempferia should be given the status of genus; Cienkowskya on the following points:
a) the difference in floral morphology
) geographical separateness and
) the difference in the number and morphology of the chromosomes. By comparing the present and past findings, various lines of evolution of the chromosome complements within each group are discussed.
7. The basic number 11 is considered to be probably the original one for the Zingiberales as a whole, being present in Ravenala which is the most primitive member in the order. From this secondary basic numbers have arisen through evolution.

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Background

The differences in conditions of enteric-coated acid-labile drug release and absorption between healthy subjects in bioequivalence studies and gastrointestinal patients in clinical practice can lead to significant differences in gastric stability of original PPIs and generics. Thus, pathologic duodenogastric reflux (PDGR) and the pH increasing within PPIs administration still remain unaccounted for.

Methods

Two-stage modified comparative dissolution testing of original omeprazole (OO) and four generics (G

;2;;4) was performed. At first, we moved drugs from solution with pH .2 (.2±.05) to pH 7. (7.±.05) and measure concentration of omeprazole in solution by high-performance liquid chromatography. According to our self-developed formula, pH 7 exposure time of resistance to PDGR for omeprazole is 4 minutes, i.. the active substance should not be released within 4 minutes at pH 7. The exposure at the second stage was conducted with pH 4 (4.±.05), that imitated gastric pH after PPI administration. And then we also moved drugs to pH 7 with the subsequent measurement of omeprazole concentration.

Results

Omeprazole concentrations after 4, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 minutes in pH 7 solution at the first stage were different for OO and generics. For OO, these values were 4,7±

,7%; 41,4±,%; 62,±4,%; 79,±2,9%; ,±2,9%; ,6±2,9%; 80,6±4,4%; for Generic - ; 49,±9,9%; 88, ±2,%; 90,4±,7%; 88, 2±2,2%; 87,±2,%; ,9±,%; for Generic2 - ; 30,6±6,%; 66,7±,2%; 76,4±7,4%; ,±,%; 86,±,7%; ,6±,%: for Generic - 80,±,6%; ,±,9%; , ±,2%; ,±2,7%; ,9±2,%; ,±2,%; ,±2,4%; for Generic4 - ,±,7%; ,4±,%; ,2±,2%; , 9±,9%; ,9±,9%; ,9±,9%; ,±,%, respectively.

An analysis of the omeprazole concentration in pH 7 solution at the second stage revealed the following parameters after the same time: for OO - 4,4±

,6%; 40, ±,%; 62,±2,%; 80,±,%; ,4±2,9%; ,±,4%; 80,9±,%; for Generic - ; 67,±7,%; 89,7±2,%; 91, 9±4,%; 89,±,6%; 88,±,4%; 87,±,2%; for Generic2 - ; 42,2±,6%; 75,±7,%; ,±6,%; 88,4±,2%; 88, 6±,%; 87,9±,%; for Generic4 - ,±,%; ,6±,%; ,7±,9%; ,7±,%; ,4±,%; ,4±,%; ,±,4%, respectively. Generic release and degradation were completely realized at pH 4.

Conclusion

Decreased gastric stability of Generic

and Generic4 makes PDGR and inhibited gastric acid secretion due to PPIs administration the potential causes of decreased enteric-coated acid-labile drugs stability.

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Circuit techniques to enhance the linearity of input-voltage-to-current (V/I) conversion and to increase the output impedance of a current source by compensating for the low intrinsic gain of a transistor were introduced to realize a high-frequency operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) for a low supply voltage using sub-100-nm CMOS processes. Applying these techniques, a MOS 7th-order Gm- linear-phase low-pass filter (LPF) was realized using a 65nm CMOS process. A simplified biquad LPF that can serve as a component of a 7th-order LPF was newly developed by replacing OTAs with resistors. As a result, the -dB frequency bandwidth, group delay ripple, rd-order distortion, and rd-order input intercept point (IIP) were 200MHz, 2.2%, ≤ -55dB with a 100MHz input, and +10.dBm, respectively, all with a ±.Vp-p input signal at each input terminal in the pseudodifferential configuration. The LPF including an output buffer dissipated 60mW in the case of a .2V supply. Wide spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) characteristics were confirmed up to high frequencies.

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L'entree en Iran des armees britannique et sovietique s'est produite en aout 1941. Elle ebranla du coup le regime de la dynastie pahlavi qui etait au pouvoir depuis 16 ans, et mena le pays vers l'instabilite politique et le chaos social. La defaite de l'arme gouvernementale, qui etait le pivot du regime de Reza Shah, reduisit considerablement le controle du gouvernement central dans le pays. Cette situation politico-sociale confuse permit le developpement de differents mouvements politiques en Iran. ainsi que le 16 aout 1942 le parti clandestin Komeley Jiyanewey Kurdistan (J-K) est ne a Mehabad, une ville au nord-ouest de l' Iran. Des sa formation, ce parti a su etendre sa sphere d'activite et, en une courte periode de temps, a fini par mettre sous son influence la ville et ses alentours. A la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en ete 1945, le J-K etait devenu une organisation representant le mouvement nationaliste kurde en Iran. a ce moment-la qu'un autre parti politique, le Hizbi Dimokratiki Kurdistan (HDK), fonde par Qazi Mihemed a Mehabad aussi, devait remplacer le J-K. Des le janvier 1946, le HDK proclama l'instauration de la≪Republique de Kurdistan≫. Cependant, les troupes sovietiques qui avaient pris sous leur protection la Republique evacuerent les terres iraniennes, en mai 1946. Six mois plus tard, sous la pression militaire du gouvernement central iranien, la republique s'ecroula. Deux theories tentent d'expliquer le passage du J-K au HDK. William Eagleton Jr., par exemple, affirme dans The Kurdish Republic of 1946 que le HDK a ete cree sur le conseil des autorites sovietiques. L'ex-secretaire general du Parti Democratique du Kurdistan d'Iran, 'Ebd el-Rehman Qasimlu maintient par contre que Qazi Mihemed a etabli le nouveau parti de sa propre initiative, eu regard a la situation politique de cette epoque-la. Il considere que la passage du J-K au HDK comme etant l'evolution d'un parti nationaliste clandestin en un parti democratique. En analysant ces deux theories et en se basant sur les autobiographies des personages qui se sont engages dans cet evenement, cette etude tentera d'examiner le principe directeur et les activites du J-K et de mieux comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles le J-K devait etre remplace par le HDK. La conclusion generale portera sur les differents objectifs politiques du J-K et du HDK. Le J-K visait l'elevation du niveau culturel du peuple tout en luttant contre le tribalisme, qui etait, selon lui, le probleme majeur de≪la nation kurde≫, et cela en ecartant toute idee de revolte militaire. Le J-K a aussi exclu de son cadre les elites sociales telles que les leaders des tribus et dirigeants religieux de peur qu'ils n'excercent une influence sur les membres du parti. L'automne de 1944 fut le debut d'une nouvelle ere pour le mouvement kurde. Alors que l'espoir de l'autodetermination augmentait parmi le peuple a mesure que s'approchait la fin de la guerre, la necessite de la force militaire a commence a se faire sentir dans le J-K. pour cela que s'est produite au sein du parti une tendance a compter sur l'aide militaire des sovietiques et a recourir au leadership de Qazi Mihemed, qui avait une certaine influence meme sur les leaders tribaux. Mais cette tendance etait essentiellement incompatible avec la ligne fondamentale du J-K et, graduellement, a prive ce parti de sa raison d'etre. Ainsi, le HDK se substitua au J-K en tant que≪parti democratique≫visant a rallier d'abord les elites sociales sous sa banniere, en s'appuyant sur l'autorite personnelle de Qazi Mihemed.

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Six full-length cDNAs encoding pig cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, CYPA, CYP2A19, CYP2, CYP233v4, CYP249, and CYP2, were isolated and sequenced. The cDNA sequences of pig CYPA, CYP2A19, CYP2, CYP249, and CYP2 showed high similarity to human (.4%), CYP2A13 (88.6%), (.%), (.%), and (.%), respectively, and pig cDNA showed high similarity to rat (79.2%). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays revealed hepatic gene expression of all these pig CYP enzymes: the order of expression was and > > and CYP2A19 > . In the kidney, the gene was expressed at the same level as in the liver, but the , CYP2A19, and genes were expressed at lower levels than in the liver. Little renal gene expression of CYP249 and CYP2 was observed. We revealed for the first time the full-length cDNA sequences encoding pig CYPA and five CYP enzymes belonging to the CYP2 gene family, thus making it possible to examine the gene expression levels of these CYP enzymes in pig tissues by RT-PCR.

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A biosynthetic pathway for (

)-methyl cinnamate formation was evaluated in Tricholoma matsutake by tracer experiments using

13C

- and ²H-labeled precursors. One hundred percent selective

13C

incorporation was observed when L-[

1

,2,

3

,4,

5

,6,7,

8

,9-

13C₉

, ^15/N]phenylalanine was converted to (

E

)-[

1

,2,

3

,4,

5

,6,7,

8

,9-

13C₉

]cinnamate and (

E

)-[

1

,2,

3

,4,

5

,6,7,

8

,9-

13C₉

]methyl cinnamate. Similarly, 100% selective

13C

incorporation was observed when (

E

)-[

1

,2,

3

,4,

5

,6,7,

8

,9-

13C₉

]cinnamate was converted to (

E

)-[

1

,2,

3

,4,

5

,6,7,

8

,9-

13C₉

]methyl cinnamate. In contrast, the ²H incorporation selectivities were

82

.

1

% and

81

.4% when L-[2,

3

,4,

5

,6,7,7,

8

-

2H₈

]phenylalanine was converted to (

E

)-[2,

3

,4,

5

,6,7,

8

-²H₇]cinnamate and (

E

)-[2,

3

,4,

5

,6,7,

8

-²H₇]methyl cinnamate, respectively. Thus, T. matsutake synthesizes (

E

)-methyl cinnamate from L-phenylalanine via (

E

)-cinnamate. (

E

)-cinnamate was likely formed through two pathways: one was major and the other was a minor.

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It has been shown after mathematical and mechanical investigation that Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) can be considered as a method to obtain the necessary condition of Slip Line Method (SLM), and that the solution can be obtained under the condition that F_s= and ∂F_s/∂θ=O, where F_s is the safety factor and θ is the inclination of the plane on which the safety factor is defined. Next, the generalized LEM (GLEM) is proposed, dealing with the following points : () Triangular or quadrangular blocks can be treated; (2) Safety factors are defined also on interblock planes; and () All types of plastic problems, slope stability, bearing capacity, and earth pressure are identically formulated. Two situations regarding treatment of the moment equilibrium condition are discussed. GLEM is applied to well-known problems. The results agree well with those obtained by theoretical methods. GLEM can be used to obtain the distribution of earth pressure or bearing capacity. GLEM, Iike ordinary LEM, is very effective for the practical problems, but GLEM is more theoretical and it can result in more accurate solutions.

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The relationship between withers height and hip height of 378 purebred Holstein-Friesian cows in Japan aged over 4, which have good dairy conformation and heigh milk production, is investigated by the Writer from biometric standpoint. And the results are as follows:
. Biometric constants.
Withers height. (.m.) Hip height. (.m.)
M……135.±, 167 137.33±.184
σ……4.±.118 .29±.130
V…….55±.087 .±.095
Q…….17±.228 .45±.250
Mi……135.40±.210 136.90±.230
Mo……137.00±.205 139.00±.225
S……-.±.042 -.32±.042
2. The frequency curve of withers height is Y=378/4.√2π -/2(χ-135./4.)2×2, and that of hip height Y=378/.29√2π -/2(χ-137.33/.20)×2.
.The correlation coefficient between there two characters is +.96±.003.
4.The regression equations are (denoting withers height and hip height by X and Y, respectively).
X=.88Y+16.45……()
Y=.05X-.40……(2)

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This paper is concerned with dynamics of the standard penetration test (SPT). The usefulness of mounting strain gages at two different stations along a driven rod is described, together with a workable procedure of analysis. The analysis procedure makes use of the traveling time between the two gage points and enables one to identify the particle velocity, the displacement and the stress at any station of the rod, as well as the energy actually transmitted from a hammer to the rod. Particular attention is called for the consequence of inevitable, small errors in strain data upon such identifications. A pertinent procedure of error-correction is proposed and its validity is substantiated against the performance of well instrumented SPTs performed by the authors.

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The nucleus

12C

was bombarded by

82

.

1

–MeV

3He

particles to study elastic and inelastic scattering and the (

3He

, α) reaction. Angular distributions were measured for the elastic scattering, for the inelastic scattering to levels at 4.4, 7.6 and 9.6 MeV in

12C

, and for the (

3He

, α) reaction to levels at

0

.

0

, 2.

0

, 4.

3

(4.7) and 6.4 MeV in

11C

. The optical potential parameters were searched for to fit the

3He

elastic scattering angular distribution. The deformation parameters β₂ and

β₃

for

12C

were determined from DWBA analysis. The angular distributions of α particles were compared with DWBA calculations and calculations including the two-step process via inelastic channel.

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The applicability of a method for predicting 'bearing capacity increase'in reinforced sandy ground was examined using tests performed under various test conditions. It was found that the present method predicted, with reasonable accuracy, the bearing capacity increase in sandy ground, reinforced with stiff reinforcement. This method may not be applicable for sandy ground reinforced with extensible reinforcement due to the unsuccessful formation of a semirigid zone under the footing. An investigation into the settlement of a footing on reinforced sandy ground, at ultimate footing load condition, suggested that the settlement of footing for reaching peak footing load may be correlated to the 'deep-footing'and the 'wide-slab'mechanisms. That is, the ultimate settlement ratio between reinforced and unreinforced model sandy ground, SR_f, may be linearly correlated to 'BCR_D'and 'BCR_s', which represent 'deep-footing' and 'wide-slab'effects, respectively, on the ultimate bearing capacity increase in reinforced sandy ground.

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Does the demonstration of recollection with the slave boy in the Meno really constitute the proof of recollection thesis? Socrates seems there to be asking leading questions I take it that Plato intended to make it uncertain whether the boy is really recollecting his second denial of knowledge 'ou manthano' (A4-) can mean 'I am not learning', suggesting that he is not recollecting We can never know the truth about his learning, because the demonstration is a Gorgian type of epideixis (-2), which produces only persuasion However, it is one thing to know whether the boy is recollecting, and quite another to know whether learning is recollection The demonstration is meant to make Meno recollect the latter truth (6-A) Throughout the demonstration Socrates addresses questions to Meno, thereby making him consider whether the boy is really recollecting (6-7, 12-, A-4, 10-D) Socrates' remark after the demonstration is that Meno knows that the boy will regain knowledge (9-D), which means that Meno has been successfully made to recollect that recollection thesis is correct According to Cebes' explanation in the Phaedo (73A7-2), recollection is helped by the use of proper questions and diagrams, and according to the Republic (510D-511A, 529D7-530A), mathematicians should not seek truth in diagrams or models made by such masters as Daedalus, but make use of them simply as images The boy's learning is a beautiful image of true learning created by Socrates, an offspring of Daedalus We should not seek truth concerning learning in this image, but make use of it to find truth about true learning Socrates' proper questions with the help of this image made Meno recollect that learning is recollection However, inquirers are rather misled by perceptual images when the object of inquiry has no lustre in its earthly image(Phaedrus 250), as is the case with virtues, knowledge, education and learning In order to establish that learning is recollection, it is then necessary to have recourse to another kind of proof, in which one relies on rational thinking Plato embarks on this task in the Phaedo Recollection itself can be taken to be an image or metaphor (eikon) of learning, presented by Socrates, just as the torpedo is an image of Socrates, presented by Meno (80A-) But they are different in that while the latter is intended to stop inquiry, recollection is a metaphor that stimulates inquiry and helps to develop new ideas expressible in literal paraphrases ('the illustrative thesis' in Pender, Images of Persons Unseen, Sankt Augustin 2000) In the Phaedo Plato continues his quest for the truth about learning, with the help of recollection as the image of learning, and thereby develops such new ideas as the existence of Forms and the immortality of the soul His further inquiry about knowledge, the object of learning, in the Theaetetus is taken to be its further continuation

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