Static characteristics of two different structured InAlGaAs/InAlAs superlattice avalanche photodiodes (SLAPDs) cooled by liquid nitrogen were evaluated at a wavelength of . μm. The dark current of the SLAPD having a thick superlattice layer of .504 μm was ×10^-13 A. This was successively reduced by four orders of magnitude compared to that of the thin layer SLAPD of .231 μm at a breakdown voltage of around 20 V. The thickened layer was effective in suppressing tunneling dark current. An output current of .×10^-12 A at a bias voltage of 15 V was measured for an optical input with a wavelength of . μm and a signal power of ×10^-12 W. This showed a sharp distinction from the dark current.

抄録全体を表示

In this paper, bus signal priority (BSP) with different near side bus stop position in reference to the average queue during red time of the selected intersection and bus detection after bus departure from stop was modeled. Three alternative positions such as bus stop within normal queue, at the end of normal queue and beyond the distance of normal queue were evaluated for traffic flow ratios of ., . and . by simulation method. Two objective functions i.. decrease in delay for priority movement and increase in delay for non-priority movements were considered. Since there are two objective functions, Pareto-optimal situation arises. The optimal case was selected based on the shortest normalized distance to Pareto optimal sets. Bus stop at the end of normal queue outperforms reducing total person delay in priority direction with least increase in total person delay on non-priority direction.

抄録全体を表示

It has been shown after mathematical and mechanical investigation that Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) can be considered as a method to obtain the necessary condition of Slip Line Method (SLM), and that the solution can be obtained under the condition that F_s= and ∂F_s/∂θ=O, where F_s is the safety factor and θ is the inclination of the plane on which the safety factor is defined. Next, the generalized LEM (GLEM) is proposed, dealing with the following points : () Triangular or quadrangular blocks can be treated; (2) Safety factors are defined also on interblock planes; and () All types of plastic problems, slope stability, bearing capacity, and earth pressure are identically formulated. Two situations regarding treatment of the moment equilibrium condition are discussed. GLEM is applied to well-known problems. The results agree well with those obtained by theoretical methods. GLEM can be used to obtain the distribution of earth pressure or bearing capacity. GLEM, Iike ordinary LEM, is very effective for the practical problems, but GLEM is more theoretical and it can result in more accurate solutions.

抄録全体を表示

We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MCT-. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MCT- cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-,-diene-,,6β-triol (). induced ALP activities of MCT- cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MCT- cells by , ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (), cholesta-,,6β-triol (4), -dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol (6) were tested. The enzyme activities of MCT- cells were increased .-fold by 10 μM and 2.4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, 2, , and 6 did not induce MCT- cell ALP activity at .—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C- and/or C-6 of and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MCT- cells. Furthermore, suppressed induction of MCT- cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

抄録全体を表示

Background

The differences in conditions of enteric-coated acid-labile drug release and absorption between healthy subjects in bioequivalence studies and gastrointestinal patients in clinical practice can lead to significant differences in gastric stability of original PPIs and generics. Thus, pathologic duodenogastric reflux (PDGR) and the pH increasing within PPIs administration still remain unaccounted for.

Methods

Two-stage modified comparative dissolution testing of original omeprazole (OO) and four generics (G

;2;;4) was performed. At first, we moved drugs from solution with pH .2 (.2±.05) to pH . (.±.05) and measure concentration of omeprazole in solution by high-performance liquid chromatography. According to our self-developed formula, pH exposure time of resistance to PDGR for omeprazole is 4 minutes, i.. the active substance should not be released within 4 minutes at pH . The exposure at the second stage was conducted with pH 4 (4.±.05), that imitated gastric pH after PPI administration. And then we also moved drugs to pH with the subsequent measurement of omeprazole concentration.

Results

Omeprazole concentrations after 4, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 minutes in pH

solution at the first stage were different for OO and generics. For OO, these values were 4,±,%; 41,4±,%; 62,8±4,%; 79,±2,%; 83,±2,%; ,6±2,%; 80,6±4,4%; for Generic - ; 49,±,%; ,8 ±2,8%; 90,4±,%; , 2±2,2%; ,±2,%; 85,±,%; for Generic2 - ; 30,6±6,%; 66,±8,2%; 76,4±,4%; 82,8±,%; 86,±,%; 84,6±,%: for Generic - 80,8±,6%; 83,±,%; 83, 8±,2%; 83,±2,%; ,±2,%; 82,±2,%; 82,±2,4%; for Generic4 - 82,±,%; 84,4±,8%; 84,2±,2%; 82, ±,%; 82,±,%; 82,±,%; 82,8±,%, respectively.

An analysis of the omeprazole concentration in pH

solution at the second stage revealed the following parameters after the same time: for OO - 4,4±,6%; 40, ±,%; 62,8±2,%; 80,±,%; 85,4±2,%; 82,8±,4%; 80,±,%; for Generic - ; 67,±,8%; ,±2,%; 91, ±4,%; ,±,6%; ,±,4%; ,8±,2%; for Generic2 - ; 42,2±,6%; 75,±,%; ,±6,%; ,4±,2%; , 6±,%; ,±,%; for Generic4 - 85,±,%; 85,6±,%; 84,±,%; 82,±,%; 84,4±,%; 84,4±,%; 84,±,4%, respectively. Generic release and degradation were completely realized at pH 4.

Conclusion

Decreased gastric stability of Generic

and Generic4 makes PDGR and inhibited gastric acid secretion due to PPIs administration the potential causes of decreased enteric-coated acid-labile drugs stability.

抄録全体を表示

Thirty-six patients (19 males, 17 females: atypical schizophrenia; , typical schizophrenia; , depression; 11, neurosis and other psychiatric disorders; 8) were operated on according to orbitoventromedial undercutting by Hirose. In all cases, the Rorschach test was carried out and daily behaviors were studied. Thirty-one scales of the test were subjected to multivariate analysis whereas the behaviors were evaluated according to the following criteria, i.., A: recovered or symptom free, : markedly improved, C: moderately improved, D: slightly improved and : not improved. The following results were obtained.
) The evaluation of behaviors is as follows. A: 12 cases, : , C: , D: 6, : none.
2) It was found that scores of +106% and R+106% scales were significantly higher after the operation than before; that correlation coefficients between the scores before and after the operation were considerably high.
) Factor analysis followed by varimax rotation was carried out. Six factors were extracted, i.., () sensitivity to emotional stimuli, (2) ego-strength, () obsessional rigidity, (4) reaction time, () anxiety and tension and (6) empathy. It was revealed that 2 was high in atypical schizophrenia, depression and neurosis, and that 2 and 6 were significantly different in terms of the factor scores among the four groups A, , C and D; 2 was highest in A, and lowest in D regardless of whether it was before or after the operation. 6 showed high scores in both A and C, and low in D.
4) Multiple discriminant analysis was applied to the data of the Rorschach test before the operation, by classifying 36 subjects into the four groups A, , C and D. As a result, high rates of correct diagnosis were obtained, i.., 100% for A, 78% for , 56% for C and 100% for D. When the groups C and D were combined into one group (C+D) the highest percentage (100%) was seen in A, followed by (%) and C+D group (%). When the groups A and were combined into one group (A+), the percentages of correct diagnosis were % for A+, and 93% for C+D.
In conclusion, it can be said that scales of the Rorschach test have been proved to be valid for predicting mental and physical states after the orbito-ventromedial undercutting.

抄録全体を表示

Escherichia coli (

. coli) is a zoonotic pathogen that often causes diarrhea, respiratory diseases or septicemia in animals. Fluoroquinolones are antimicrobial agents used to treat pathogenic

E

. coli infections. In this study, ,221

E

. coli strains were isolated between March, 2011 and February, 2014. The results of the antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed a high prevalence of quinolone resistance. The antimicrobial resistance rates of these

E

. coli isolates to nalidixic acid (NAL) were 72.% in swine, .% in chickens, .% in turkeys, 64.% in ducks and 73.2% in geese. Among these isolates, the positive rate for the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinant was 14.8% (181/,221); the detection rate for was the highest (10.2%), followed by aac(6’)-Ib-cr (4.%) and qnrB2 (.%). The quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) analysis for the PMQR-positive isolates showed that the strains with mutations at codon 83 or in GyrA were resistant to NAL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of occurrence of qnrB2, and aac(6’)-Ib-cr genes and high frequency (56.4%; 102/181) of mutation in gyrA or parC among PMQR-positive

E

. coli strains derived from diseased animals in Taiwan.

抄録全体を表示

ビニルトリアジン誘導体として2, 4-ジアミノ-6-ビニル-s-トリアジン (DAVT) の重合を行なった。アゾビスイソブチロニトリルを開始剤として60℃でジメチルスルホキシド溶液重合を行ない, 重合速度式としてR_p=.50×10-

3

[AIBN]

0.6

[DAVT]

1.3

を得た。また, 見かけの活性化エネルギーとして17.

3

kcal/molを得た。ポリ-DAVTは不融性で, ギ酸中で電解質的挙動を示した。スチレン (St), メタクリル酸メチル (MMA) および酢酸ビニル (VAc) との共重合を行ない, モノマー反応性比, およびQ,

e

値としてそれぞれSt (

M₁

)-DAVT (M₂),

r₁

=

1

.30, r₂=

0

.65, Q₂=

0

.55,

e₂

=-

0

.38; MMA (

M₁

)-DAVT (M2),

r₁

=

1

.03, r₂=

0

.

22

, Q₂=

0

.44,

e₂

=-

0

.

81

; VAc (

M₁

)-DAVT (M₂),

r₁

=

0

.05, r₂=13, Q₂=

0

.60,

e₂

=-

0

.

87

を得た。

抄録全体を表示

The applicability of a method for predicting 'bearing capacity increase'in reinforced sandy ground was examined using tests performed under various test conditions. It was found that the present method predicted, with reasonable accuracy, the bearing capacity increase in sandy ground, reinforced with stiff reinforcement. This method may not be applicable for sandy ground reinforced with extensible reinforcement due to the unsuccessful formation of a semirigid zone under the footing. An investigation into the settlement of a footing on reinforced sandy ground, at ultimate footing load condition, suggested that the settlement of footing for reaching peak footing load may be correlated to the 'deep-footing'and the 'wide-slab'mechanisms. That is, the ultimate settlement ratio between reinforced and unreinforced model sandy ground, SR_f, may be linearly correlated to 'BCR_D'and 'BCR_s', which represent 'deep-footing' and 'wide-slab'effects, respectively, on the ultimate bearing capacity increase in reinforced sandy ground.

抄録全体を表示

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if the optical properties of zirconia and glass–ceramic (

.max) were affected by low-temperature degradation (aging).

Methods: Experiment samples were fabricated with seven zirconia brands (n=10): Zenostar, Zirlux, Katana, Bruxzir, DD-BioZX², DD-cubeX², NexxZr; and

.max were used as a control. This resulted in a total of 80 samples in the experiment. The L*, a* and * were measured for each sample, and then the optical properties including translucency parameter (TP), contrast ratio (CR), and opalescence parameter (OP) were calculated. The samples were aged (20, 40, 60, 80, 100h), and the optical properties were calculated after each interval.

Results: Most zirconia brands had lower L*, higher a*, higher

* with increased aging, which visually corresponds to darker, redder, and more yellow. Aging also increased CR, lowered TP, and lowered OP. .max was also affected by aging but still had the highest TP (23.±2.8), L* (.±.4), and lowest CR (.41±.05) compared to any zirconia. The Zenostar had the closest TP (24.±.4), and L* (90.2±.) values to .max before aging. However, after 100h of aging, the DD-cubeX² was least effected and had the highest TP (.2±.6) and lowest CR (.43±.01) compared with other zirconia samples and highest OP (11.±.2) of all ceramic samples.

Conclusions: The optical properties of zirconia and

.max materials were affected by aging with the effects increasing with time. The magnitude of change was affected by seven brands of dental zirconia.

抄録全体を表示

Six full-length cDNAs encoding pig cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, CYPA, CYP2A19, CYP2, CYP2C33v4, CYP2C49, and CYP2, were isolated and sequenced. The cDNA sequences of pig CYPA, CYP2A19, CYP2, CYP2C49, and CYP2 showed high similarity to human (85.4%), CYP2A13 (.6%), (.%), CYP2C18 (85.%), and (82.%), respectively, and pig CYP2C33v4 cDNA showed high similarity to rat CYP2C23 (79.2%). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays revealed hepatic gene expression of all these pig CYP enzymes: the order of expression was CYP2C33v4 and > CYP2C49 > and CYP2A19 > . In the kidney, the CYP2C33v4 gene was expressed at the same level as in the liver, but the , CYP2A19, and genes were expressed at lower levels than in the liver. Little renal gene expression of CYP2C49 and CYP2 was observed. We revealed for the first time the full-length cDNA sequences encoding pig CYPA and five CYP enzymes belonging to the CYP2 gene family, thus making it possible to examine the gene expression levels of these CYP enzymes in pig tissues by RT-PCR.

抄録全体を表示

The travel behavior is a result of complex decision making process affected by individual's socioeconomic, mode and trip characteristic as well as unobserved variables. The focus of this research was to identify the unobserved factors influencing travel behavior. Six latent variables named as travel factors were identified through factor analysis. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to identify casual relationship between observed variables and travel factors. It was noted that SEM cannot predict the travel demand but it has ability to express relationships between unobserved and observed variables. Then, travel factors were employed in discrete choice model to consider individual preferences on unobserved variables. It was found that the model with travel factors perform superior than model without travel factors. Conclusively, the further application of these factors in its different forms can effectively measure their effect in the travel demand model.

抄録全体を表示

Ni-base amorphous alloys with the homogeneous dispersion of nanoscale fcc-Ni particles have been produced in the composition range of to 14 at%Si and to 15%. The particle size and interparticle spacing are 10 and 20 nm, respectively. The alloys exhibit tensile fracture strength (σ_f), Young’s modulus () and hardness (H_v) which are higher than those of the corresponding amorphous single phase alloys, accompanying an increase in fracture elongation (ε_f). The highest values of σ_f, , H_v and ε_f in the mixed phase state of Ni–Si– alloys, i.., 3400 MPa, 130 GPa, 960 and 2.%, respectively, are found for . Addition of Cr increased σ_f and ε_f, their highest values being 3900 MPa and .8%, respectively for ()

97Cr₃

. The increase in σ_f by the dispersion of the fcc-Ni particles is presumably because the fcc-Ni particles are higher in mechanical strength than the amorphous phase because of the absence of internal defects and can act as a barrier to suppress the shear deformation of the amorphous matrix. The increase in ε_f is due to the suppression of the inhomogeneous shear deformation. The effectiveness of Cr for the increase in σ_f and ε_f is presumably attributed to a further refinement of the fcc-Ni particle size due to the increase in glass-forming ability.

抄録全体を表示

Failure problems of saturated soils are classified in the present study into the following four types : Type I : The failure of loose and/or normally consolidated soils under fully drained loading conditions. Type II : The same soils but under perfectly undrained conditions. Type III : The failure of dense and/or overconsolidated soils under fully drained conditions. Type IV : The same soils but under perfectly undrained conditions. The soil-water coupling limiting equilibrium analysis on the basis of the critical state concept is shown possible to draw a distinction between type I, II and IV problems, and the limitations of the analysis procedure happen in solving the type problem in the above. This is demonstrated experimentally, in which seepage failure experiments in laboratory with the use of a saturated silty sand are employed to make distinctions clearly between the four types of failure problems. The definite distinctions both in failure load and failure mode appeared in the four types of experiments are summarized as follows : () the smallest failure load in loose sand in the undrained condition, (2) the largest failure load with the largest failure region in dense sand under undrained loading, () the observation of no global deformation before failure within the soil under the fully drained condition that suggests the development of very localized shear deformation in the sand. Three out of four experiments are described well by the limit analysis computation mentioned above as far as the failure load and the shape and the size of the failure region after boiling failure are concerned, and thus the type III problem is identified to be the problem that should be solved by any other means in near future.

抄録全体を表示