. The chromosome numbers of 64 species have been studied on which 56 are investigated for the first time.
2. Morphological, anatomical and cytological findings on the Musaceae in the broad sense are considered from a phylogenetical standpoint and three distinct groups:
a) Musa-Ensete, b) Ravenala-Strelitzia-Phenakospermum and ) Holiconia are recognised as suggested by some authors. For these groups sub-familial status is proposed.
. Lowiaceae have been studied for the first time cytologically and their chromosome morphology, distinct from that of any other group of Zingiberales, confirms their claim to familial status.
4. Consideration of the conflicting theories proposed to account for the higher chromosome number in genera like Globba, Alpinia, and Phaemeria, etc. leads to rejection of Chakravorti's hypothesis of wholesale fragmentation of chromosomes and the acceptance of the opposed view of Raghavan and Venkatasubban and others.
5. Holttum's transference of the genus Zingiber to the tribe Hedychieae has been given cytological support on the following points:
a) the basic number in the genus Zingiber correlates with that of Kaempferia.
b) the new tribe Alpinieae (which is infact Zingibereae without Zingiber) have consistently 48 chromosomes in their somatic complements.
6. It is suggested that the African representatives of Kaempferia should be given the status of genus; Cienkowskya on the following points:
a) the difference in floral morphology
b) geographical separateness and
) the difference in the number and morphology of the chromosomes. By comparing the present and past findings, various lines of evolution of the chromosome complements within each group are discussed.
7. The basic number 11 is considered to be probably the original one for the Zingiberales as a whole, being present in Ravenala which is the most primitive member in the order. From this secondary basic numbers have arisen through evolution.

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L'entree en Iran des armees britannique et sovietique s'est produite en aout 1941. Elle ebranla du coup le regime de la dynastie pahlavi qui etait au pouvoir depuis 16 ans, et mena le pays vers l'instabilite politique et le chaos social. La defaite de l'arme gouvernementale, qui etait le pivot du regime de Reza Shah, reduisit considerablement le controle du gouvernement central dans le pays. Cette situation politico-sociale confuse permit le developpement de differents mouvements politiques en Iran. ainsi que le 16 aout 1942 le parti clandestin Komeley Jiyanewey Kurdistan (J-K) est ne a Mehabad, une ville au nord-ouest de l' Iran. Des sa formation, ce parti a su etendre sa sphere d'activite et, en une courte periode de temps, a fini par mettre sous son influence la ville et ses alentours. A la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en ete 1945, le J-K etait devenu une organisation representant le mouvement nationaliste kurde en Iran. a ce moment-la qu'un autre parti politique, le Hizbi Dimokratiki Kurdistan (HDK), fonde par Qazi Mihemed a Mehabad aussi, devait remplacer le J-K. Des le janvier 1946, le HDK proclama l'instauration de la≪Republique de Kurdistan≫. Cependant, les troupes sovietiques qui avaient pris sous leur protection la Republique evacuerent les terres iraniennes, en mai 1946. Six mois plus tard, sous la pression militaire du gouvernement central iranien, la republique s'ecroula. Deux theories tentent d'expliquer le passage du J-K au HDK. William Eagleton Jr., par exemple, affirme dans The Kurdish Republic of 1946 que le HDK a ete cree sur le conseil des autorites sovietiques. L'ex-secretaire general du Parti Democratique du Kurdistan d'Iran, 'Ebd el-Rehman Qasimlu maintient par contre que Qazi Mihemed a etabli le nouveau parti de sa propre initiative, eu regard a la situation politique de cette epoque-la. Il considere que la passage du J-K au HDK comme etant l'evolution d'un parti nationaliste clandestin en un parti democratique. En analysant ces deux theories et en se basant sur les autobiographies des personages qui se sont engages dans cet evenement, cette etude tentera d'examiner le principe directeur et les activites du J-K et de mieux comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles le J-K devait etre remplace par le HDK. La conclusion generale portera sur les differents objectifs politiques du J-K et du HDK. Le J-K visait l'elevation du niveau culturel du peuple tout en luttant contre le tribalisme, qui etait, selon lui, le probleme majeur de≪la nation kurde≫, et cela en ecartant toute idee de revolte militaire. Le J-K a aussi exclu de son cadre les elites sociales telles que les leaders des tribus et dirigeants religieux de peur qu'ils n'excercent une influence sur les membres du parti. L'automne de 1944 fut le debut d'une nouvelle ere pour le mouvement kurde. Alors que l'espoir de l'autodetermination augmentait parmi le peuple a mesure que s'approchait la fin de la guerre, la necessite de la force militaire a commence a se faire sentir dans le J-K. pour cela que s'est produite au sein du parti une tendance a compter sur l'aide militaire des sovietiques et a recourir au leadership de Qazi Mihemed, qui avait une certaine influence meme sur les leaders tribaux. Mais cette tendance etait essentiellement incompatible avec la ligne fondamentale du J-K et, graduellement, a prive ce parti de sa raison d'etre. Ainsi, le HDK se substitua au J-K en tant que≪parti democratique≫visant a rallier d'abord les elites sociales sous sa banniere, en s'appuyant sur l'autorite personnelle de Qazi Mihemed.

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A biosynthetic pathway for (

)-methyl cinnamate formation was evaluated in Tricholoma matsutake by tracer experiments using

13C

- and ²H-labeled precursors. One hundred percent selective

13C

incorporation was observed when L-[

1

,2,

3

,4,5,6,7,

8

,9-

13C₉

, ^15/N]phenylalanine was converted to (

E

)-[

1

,2,

3

,4,5,6,7,

8

,9-

13C₉

]cinnamate and (

E

)-[

1

,2,

3

,4,5,6,7,

8

,9-

13C₉

]methyl cinnamate. Similarly, 100% selective

13C

incorporation was observed when (

E

)-[

1

,2,

3

,4,5,6,7,

8

,9-

13C₉

]cinnamate was converted to (

E

)-[

1

,2,

3

,4,5,6,7,

8

,9-

13C₉

]methyl cinnamate. In contrast, the ²H incorporation selectivities were

82

.

1

% and

81

.4% when L-[2,

3

,4,5,6,7,7,

8

-

2H₈

]phenylalanine was converted to (

E

)-[2,

3

,4,5,6,7,

8

-²H₇]cinnamate and (

E

)-[2,

3

,4,5,6,7,

8

-²H₇]methyl cinnamate, respectively. Thus, T. matsutake synthesizes (

E

)-methyl cinnamate from L-phenylalanine via (

E

)-cinnamate. (

E

)-cinnamate was likely formed through two pathways: one was major and the other was a minor.

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This paper is concerned with dynamics of the standard penetration test (SPT). The usefulness of mounting strain gages at two different stations along a driven rod is described, together with a workable procedure of analysis. The analysis procedure makes use of the traveling time between the two gage points and enables one to identify the particle velocity, the displacement and the stress at any station of the rod, as well as the energy actually transmitted from a hammer to the rod. Particular attention is called for the consequence of inevitable, small errors in strain data upon such identifications. A pertinent procedure of error-correction is proposed and its validity is substantiated against the performance of well instrumented SPTs performed by the authors.

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Background

The differences in conditions of enteric-coated acid-labile drug release and absorption between healthy subjects in bioequivalence studies and gastrointestinal patients in clinical practice can lead to significant differences in gastric stability of original PPIs and generics. Thus, pathologic duodenogastric reflux (PDGR) and the pH increasing within PPIs administration still remain unaccounted for.

Methods

Two-stage modified comparative dissolution testing of original omeprazole (OO) and four generics (G

;2;;4) was performed. At first, we moved drugs from solution with pH .2 (.2±0.05) to pH 7.0 (7.0±0.05) and measure concentration of omeprazole in solution by high-performance liquid chromatography. According to our self-developed formula, pH 7 exposure time of resistance to PDGR for omeprazole is 4 minutes, i.. the active substance should not be released within 4 minutes at pH 7. The exposure at the second stage was conducted with pH 4 (4.0±0.05), that imitated gastric pH after PPI administration. And then we also moved drugs to pH 7 with the subsequent measurement of omeprazole concentration.

Results

Omeprazole concentrations after 4, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 minutes in pH 7 solution at the first stage were different for OO and generics. For OO, these values were 4,7±0,7%; 41,4±

,0%; 62,±4,0%; 79,5±2,9%; 83,5±2,9%; ,6±2,9%; 80,6±4,4%; for Generic - 0; 49,±9,9%; 88, ±2,%; 90,4±,7%; 88, 2±2,2%; ,±2,0%; 85,9±,%; for Generic2 - 0; 30,6±6,%; 66,7±,2%; 76,4±7,4%; ,±5,%; 86,0±,7%; 84,6±,%: for Generic - 80,±,6%; 83,5±,9%; 83, ±,2%; 83,±2,7%; ,9±2,%; ,±2,0%; ,0±2,4%; for Generic4 - ,5±,7%; 84,4±0,%; 84,2±,2%; , 9±0,9%; ,9±0,9%; ,9±0,9%; ,±,%, respectively.

An analysis of the omeprazole concentration in pH 7 solution at the second stage revealed the following parameters after the same time: for OO - 4,4±0,6%; 40, 5±

,0%; 62,±2,0%; 80,0±,%; 85,4±2,9%; ,±,4%; 80,9±,5%; for Generic - 0; 67,0±7,%; 89,7±2,%; 91, 9±4,%; 89,±,6%; 88,±,4%; ,±,2%; for Generic2 - 0; 42,2±5,6%; 75,±7,%; ,0±6,0%; 88,4±,2%; 88, 6±,%; ,9±,0%; for Generic4 - 85,5±0,5%; 85,6±0,5%; 84,7±0,9%; ,7±,0%; 84,4±0,%; 84,4±0,%; 84,±0,4%, respectively. Generic release and degradation were completely realized at pH 4.

Conclusion

Decreased gastric stability of Generic

and Generic4 makes PDGR and inhibited gastric acid secretion due to PPIs administration the potential causes of decreased enteric-coated acid-labile drugs stability.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MCT-. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MCT- cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-7,-diene-,5α,6β-triol (). induced ALP activities of MCT- cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MCT- cells by , ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (), cholesta-,5α,6β-triol (4), 7-dehydrocholesterol (5) and cholecalciferol (6) were tested. The enzyme activities of MCT- cells were increased .0-fold by 10 μM and 2.4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, 2, , 5 and 6 did not induce MCT- cell ALP activity at 0.—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at -5 and/or -6 of and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MCT- cells. Furthermore, suppressed induction of MCT- cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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Recently we saw two patients with acute hepatitis, infected with hepatitis virus (HEV) of a rare genotype . One patient (Tokyo/2012) had traveled Spain month before developing hepatitis, while the other patient (Saitama/2014) did not have history of traveling abroad. Nearly entire genomic sequence of HEV was recovered from both patients; 7,336 nucleotides (nt) from the Tokyo case in 2012 (isolate name=JAO-SpaTok12, accession=LC055972) and 7,306 nt from the Saitama case in 2014 (JMH-Sai14, LC055973). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that JMH-Sai14 from the Saitama patient, who denied having traveled abroad, could be classified into a subgroup of genotype , together with European isolates as well as an already reported Japanese isolate HE-JA12-0725 (AB850879) from a patient living in Gunma and having never traveled abroad when he/she developed hepatitis in 2012. On the other hand, the Tokyo patient's sequence segregated to a separate branch together with European isolates. Based on these findings it is possible that HEV genotype has already made inroad into Japan as in the case of .

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Circuit techniques to enhance the linearity of input-voltage-to-current (V/I) conversion and to increase the output impedance of a current source by compensating for the low intrinsic gain of a transistor were introduced to realize a high-frequency operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) for a low supply voltage using sub-100-nm CMOS processes. Applying these techniques, a MOS 7th-order Gm- linear-phase low-pass filter (LPF) was realized using a 65nm CMOS process. A simplified biquad LPF that can serve as a component of a 7th-order LPF was newly developed by replacing OTAs with resistors. As a result, the -dB frequency bandwidth, group delay ripple, rd-order distortion, and rd-order input intercept point (IIP) were 200MHz, 2.2%, ≤ -55dB with a 100MHz input, and +10.dBm, respectively, all with a ±0.Vp-p input signal at each input terminal in the pseudodifferential configuration. The LPF including an output buffer dissipated 60mW in the case of a .2V supply. Wide spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) characteristics were confirmed up to high frequencies.

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Six full-length cDNAs encoding pig cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, CYPA, CYP2A19, CYP2B, CYP233v4, CYP249, and CYP2, were isolated and sequenced. The cDNA sequences of pig CYPA, CYP2A19, CYP2B, CYP249, and CYP2 showed high similarity to human (85.4%), CYP2A13 (88.6%), CYP2B6 (.%), (85.%), and (.5%), respectively, and pig cDNA showed high similarity to rat (79.2%). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays revealed hepatic gene expression of all these pig CYP enzymes: the order of expression was and > > and CYP2A19 > . In the kidney, the gene was expressed at the same level as in the liver, but the , CYP2A19, and genes were expressed at lower levels than in the liver. Little renal gene expression of CYP249 and CYP2 was observed. We revealed for the first time the full-length cDNA sequences encoding pig CYPA and five CYP enzymes belonging to the CYP2 gene family, thus making it possible to examine the gene expression levels of these CYP enzymes in pig tissues by RT-PCR.

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Limiting equilibrium state of saturated soils is solved taking into account drainage conditions during loading stage before reaching limit state. In analysis procedure, non-dilatant characteristics are assumed at limit state and then the failure problem discussed in the present study is concerned with normally consolidated and/or lightly overconsolidated soils. When solving statically indeterminate limiting equilibrium state one needs constitutive relations at limit state. In saturated soils, however, since the constitutive relations are generally expressed in terms of effective stresses, an additional field equation is required in order to link a velocity field to a pore pressure field. Therefore the problem should be solved as a coupling problem between these two fields. Two distinct types are discussed, one is undrained problem and the other, fully drained problem. Topics covered in the present study are as follows : () Undrained bearing capacity and excavation stability of soft clays, (2) Bearing capacity under partly drained and/or partly swelling condition, () Comparison between rapid loading condition and undrained condition, and (4) Seepage failure of loose sandy soils under fully drained condition.

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