Static characteristics of two different structured InAlGaAs/InAlAs superlattice avalanche photodiodes (SLAPDs) cooled by liquid nitrogen were evaluated at a wavelength of 1.5 μm. The dark current of the SLAPD having a thick superlattice layer of 0.504 μm was 5×10^-13 A. This was successively reduced by four orders of magnitude compared to that of the thin layer SLAPD of 0.231 μm at a breakdown voltage of around 20 V. The thickened layer was effective in suppressing tunneling dark current. An output current of 1.7×10^-12 A at a bias voltage of 15 V was measured for an optical input with a wavelength of 1.5 μm and a signal power of 1×10^-12 W. This showed a sharp distinction from the dark current.

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Using the Theil population-weighted method for per capita GDP and the variance in a shift-share analysis on labor productivity, we conduct a comprehensive interregional income inequality decomposition analysis on Indonesia before and after the 1998 economic crisis.
Interregional income inequality is largely determined by the interregional inequality in the productivity differential component due to the region's specific sector-by-sector productivity differentials—the result of investments accumulated in technology, public infrastructure and human capital. Although the interregional inequality in the productivity differentials show a declining trend throughout the period under observation, they should have decreased further, considering the active implementation of policies aimed at balanced regional development. However, the results are still far below the target levels because of the effects of economic agglomeration. An examination of non-productivity factors shows that the interregional inequality in the employment rate has become the dominant factor after the crisis, whereas the active population rate was dominant before. The widening of the interregional employment gap is a new concern for Indonesia. The relative decrease in urban employment rates in 2003-2006 and the predominance of inequality in higher educational attainments within the urban sector reported by Akita and Miyata[5]suggest a growing deterioration in the labor market efficiency in urban regions.

JEL Classification: D63, O40, R11, R58

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The studies on the enantioselective hydrogenation of prochiral olefins with heterogeneous palladium catalysts in these 20 years are briefly reviewed. The experimental results mainly on the hydrogenation of α, β-unsaturated carboxylic acids with cinchona alkaloids-modified Pd catalysts are described from the points of substrate structure, modifier structure, catalyst preparation method, support texture, pretreatments, reaction conditions (.g., solvent, hydrogen pressure, reaction temperature, additives, etc.), and the reaction mechanism. The highest ee up to% has been achieved for the reaction of () -2, -diphenylpropenoic acid, and up to% for its derivative, () -2, -di (4-methoxyphenyl) propenoic acid, with a cinchonidine-modified Pd/C catalyst under an optimized reaction condition. More systematic studies for understanding the reaction mechanisms will lead to further improvement of this catalytic system.

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In this paper, bus signal priority (BSP) with different near side bus stop position in reference to the average queue during red time of the selected intersection and bus detection after bus departure from stop was modeled. Three alternative positions such as bus stop within normal queue, at the end of normal queue and beyond the distance of normal queue were evaluated for traffic flow ratios of 0.7, 0.9 and 1.1 by simulation method. Two objective functions i.. decrease in delay for priority movement and increase in delay for non-priority movements were considered. Since there are two objective functions, Pareto-optimal situation arises. The optimal case was selected based on the shortest normalized distance to Pareto optimal sets. Bus stop at the end of normal queue outperforms reducing total person delay in priority direction with least increase in total person delay on non-priority direction.

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L'entree en Iran des armees britannique et sovietique s'est produite en aout 1941. Elle ebranla du coup le regime de la dynastie pahlavi qui etait au pouvoir depuis 16 ans, et mena le pays vers l'instabilite politique et le chaos social. La defaite de l'arme gouvernementale, qui etait le pivot du regime de Reza Shah, reduisit considerablement le controle du gouvernement central dans le pays. Cette situation politico-sociale confuse permit le developpement de differents mouvements politiques en Iran. C'est ainsi que le 16 aout 1942 le parti clandestin Komeley Jiyanewey Kurdistan (J-K) est ne a Mehabad, une ville au nord-ouest de l' Iran. Des sa formation, ce parti a su etendre sa sphere d'activite et, en une courte periode de temps, a fini par mettre sous son influence la ville et ses alentours. A la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en ete 1945, le J-K etait devenu une organisation representant le mouvement nationaliste kurde en Iran. C'est a ce moment-la qu'un autre parti politique, le Hizbi Dimokratiki Kurdistan (HDK), fonde par Qazi Mihemed a Mehabad aussi, devait remplacer le J-K. Des le janvier 1946, le HDK proclama l'instauration de la≪Republique de Kurdistan≫. Cependant, les troupes sovietiques qui avaient pris sous leur protection la Republique evacuerent les terres iraniennes, en mai 1946. Six mois plus tard, sous la pression militaire du gouvernement central iranien, la republique s'ecroula. Deux theories tentent d'expliquer le passage du J-K au HDK. William Eagleton Jr., par exemple, affirme dans The Kurdish Republic of 1946 que le HDK a ete cree sur le conseil des autorites sovietiques. L'ex-secretaire general du Parti Democratique du Kurdistan d'Iran, 'Ebd el-Rehman Qasimlu maintient par contre que Qazi Mihemed a etabli le nouveau parti de sa propre initiative, eu regard a la situation politique de cette epoque-la. Il considere que la passage du J-K au HDK comme etant l'evolution d'un parti nationaliste clandestin en un parti democratique. En analysant ces deux theories et en se basant sur les autobiographies des personages qui se sont engages dans cet evenement, cette etude tentera d'examiner le principe directeur et les activites du J-K et de mieux comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles le J-K devait etre remplace par le HDK. La conclusion generale portera sur les differents objectifs politiques du J-K et du HDK. Le J-K visait l'elevation du niveau culturel du peuple tout en luttant contre le tribalisme, qui etait, selon lui, le probleme majeur de≪la nation kurde≫, et cela en ecartant toute idee de revolte militaire. Le J-K a aussi exclu de son cadre les elites sociales telles que les leaders des tribus et dirigeants religieux de peur qu'ils n'excercent une influence sur les membres du parti. L'automne de 1944 fut le debut d'une nouvelle ere pour le mouvement kurde. Alors que l'espoir de l'autodetermination augmentait parmi le peuple a mesure que s'approchait la fin de la guerre, la necessite de la force militaire a commence a se faire sentir dans le J-K. C'est pour cela que s'est produite au sein du parti une tendance a compter sur l'aide militaire des sovietiques et a recourir au leadership de Qazi Mihemed, qui avait une certaine influence meme sur les leaders tribaux. Mais cette tendance etait essentiellement incompatible avec la ligne fondamentale du J-K et, graduellement, a prive ce parti de sa raison d'etre. Ainsi, le HDK se substitua au J-K en tant que≪parti democratique≫visant a rallier d'abord les elites sociales sous sa banniere, en s'appuyant sur l'autorite personnelle de Qazi Mihemed.

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The travel behavior is a result of complex decision making process affected by individual's socioeconomic, mode and trip characteristic as well as unobserved variables. The focus of this research was to identify the unobserved factors influencing travel behavior. Six latent variables named as travel factors were identified through factor analysis. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to identify casual relationship between observed variables and travel factors. It was noted that SEM cannot predict the travel demand but it has ability to express relationships between unobserved and observed variables. Then, travel factors were employed in discrete choice model to consider individual preferences on unobserved variables. It was found that the model with travel factors perform superior than model without travel factors. Conclusively, the further application of these factors in its different forms can effectively measure their effect in the travel demand model.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the results of open Bankart repair (OB group), arthroscopic Bankart repair using single suture technique (S group), arthroscopic Bankart repair using double suture technique (D group), and open Bankart-Bristow modified procedure ( group), in high-demand collision and contact athletes with traumatic anterior shoulder instability. collision and contact athletes (OB group:18, S group:23, D group:30, group:21 cases) ranging from 15 to 29 years of age (average, 20 years) were studied. The mean follow-up was 28.7 months (range 24-65 months) after surgery. The rate of return to preoperative sports activities and the rate of recurrence after surgery were evaluated. The clinical outcome measures included the JSS Shoulder Instability Score (JSS-SIS) and Rowe score. All of the cases (100%) returned to their preoperative sports from to 12 months after surgery (average OB group:7.6, S group:5.9, D group:6., group:4.5 months). Sixteen cases (4 cases of OB group, 6 cases of S group, 6 cases of D group, no cases of group) experienced re-dislocation. At the time of the last investigation, the average JSS-SIS and Rowe score were 83.7 and 80.4 in OB group, .4 and 71. in S group, 91.6 and 85.7 in D group, and 97.4 and 97.6 in group respectively. In this study, the best selection for operation for high-demand collision and contact athletes with traumatic anterior shoulder instability was open Bankart-Bristow procedure because it had early return to collision and contact sports, and no recurrence.

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We compared three groups of pregnant women: placebo with normotensive women, group A which included preeclamptics, and group B which comprised preeclamptics who were supplemented their diets with vitamins C and . MDA increased from 6. ± 2.8 (placebo) to 8.48 ± 1.2 (A) and 8.02 ± 1.8 nmol/gHb (B). NO concentrations were enhanced from 19. ± 4.2 (P) to 23.8 ± 6.4 (A) and 24.1 ± 5.4 μmol/L (B). GSH contents were decreased from 10.42 ± 2. (P) to 8.02 ± 2. (A) and 9.39 ± 1.02 μmol/g Hb (B), whereas GSSG concentrations increased from 0.98 ± 0.28 (P) to 1.24 ± 0.29 (A) and 1.08 ± 0.12 μmol/g Hb (B). SOD activity decreased 23% in A and 14% in B; GRx decreased 27% in A and 5.5% in B; GPx decreased 12% in A and 9.6% in B. Catalase activity, however, increased 27% in A and 29% in B as compared to control. Thus, we conclude that the use of vitamins C and should be considered for the control of certain important biochemical indices during the development of preeclampsia; however, further studies are needed to develop methods for the prevention of preeclampsia in women at high risk.

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切除不能膵癌10例に対し, 開腹下に超選択的に脾動脈あるいは胃十二指腸動脈に挿管し, 血管作動性薬剤であるAngiotensin-IIを併用した抗癌剤注入による動注化学療法を行った.また, methotrexate使用例には十二指腸などに対するrescueの投与時に, Prostaglandin を併用した.この際の, 膵における血流動態を水素ガスクリアランス法やradioisotope (

81mKr

) を用いて測定した.膵癌の組織血流は

22

.9±17.4mlで非癌部膵の1/

3

と低値であったが, Angiotensin-IIにより (腫瘍/非腫瘍部膵) の比 (T/C) は0.48から1.2と増加し, 腫瘍部全体の血流も, 2.1倍に増加し, 腫瘍への薬剤の選択性, 到達性が高められた.逆に, Prostaglandin

E₁

併用では, T/Cが0.33から0.21へと減少し, 腫瘍への選択性が低下した.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MCT-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MCT-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-7,-diene-,5α,6β-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MCT-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MCT-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (), cholesta-,5α,6β-triol (4), 7-dehydrocholesterol (5) and cholecalciferol (6) were tested. The enzyme activities of MCT-1 cells were increased .0-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, 2, , 5 and 6 did not induce MCT-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C-5 and/or C-6 of 1 and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MCT-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MCT-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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正常な一般家庭犬頭の血清中のcreatine kinase (以下S-CK) 活性値を測定したところ, その平均値は27.31U/l, 正常範囲は8.0～72.0で, 正常ビーグル犬62頭では, 平均26.11U/l, 正常範囲は13.0～41.0であり, 一般に幼若犬で高い傾向が認められた. S-CKにはつのisoenzyme (以下IE) が認められ, 各IEの百分率の平均および正常範囲は, 一般家庭犬ではCK-MMが46.%(9.6～83.0%), CK-MBが8.2%(.5～16.7%), CK-が38.5%(.8～73.%) であった. ビーグル犬ではCK-MMが45.%(20.0～70.%), CK-MBが10.1%(4.6～14.7%), CK-が30.5%(14.7～46.4%) であった. なお, これら143頭中61頭でCK-MMの陰極または陽極側にサブバンドが認められた.
また, creatine kinase (以下CK) 活性は, 調べたすべての臓器中に存在し, CK-MMは骨格筋や心筋に, CK-MBは平滑筋組織や心筋に, CK-は大脳や平滑筋組織に多い傾向が認められた.
循環血液からのCKの各IEの半減期は, CK-MMが122.0分 (SD=23.9), CK-MBが125.7分 (SD=.7), CK-が49.7分 (SD=11.0) であった.
これらのことより, S-CKの測定は骨格筋や心筋, 平滑筋などの疾患の診断に有用であろうと考えられた.

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Enterococcus faecalis is a frequent cause of hospital-acquired infection. Two hundred fifty one

E

. faecalis isolates from patients with urinary tract infection at Okayama University Hospital over an 8-year period from 1991 through 1998 were collected. The presence of the asaI, cylA, aac (6')-aph (2''), and aph (

3

')-III genes was analyzed by PCR methods. Of the 251 isolates, 205 (.7%) were positive for asaI. The .5% (167/205) of asaI-positive isolates also possessed either cylA or aminoglycoside resistance genes, compared to only 15.2% of (7/46) asaI-negative isolates (p<0.0001). The incidence of asaI gradually increased from 69.2% in 1991 to 90.7% in 1998. The number of isolates that contain asaI, cylA and aminoglycoside resistance gene (s) also increased. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses of 28 asaI-positive and hemolysin-producing isolates revealed different banding patterns, including 6 pairs with similar patterns. The plasmid analyses of these isolates showed different patterns except for 1 pair with similar PFGE pattern. These results suggest that

E

. faecalis possessing the asaI gene may play an important role in the exchange of genetic information among enterococci in the urinary tract.

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