Chemical synthesis of (, 24R)- and (, 24S)-1, 24-dihydroxy--vitamin has been achieved starting with the commercially available dinorcholenic acid acetate. Synthesis involved introduction of the 1-hydroxy group by a reduction of the 1, 2-epoxide generated by epoxidation of the 1, , 6-trien--one. The side chain on the steroid was then constructed by means of a Wittig reaction followed by introduction of the Δ⁷ bond by standard methods and its protection with 1-phenyl-1, 2, -triazoline-, 5-dione. Subsequent reduction of the hydroxy groups in the steroid side chain followed by reduction of the Diels-Alder addition products yielded the both 24-isomers. The 5, 7-dienes were irradiated and the corresponding vitamin compounds isolated. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to identify individual isomers. The (, 24S)-1, 24-hydroxyvitamin compound bound equally well to the chick intestinal cytosol receptor as 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin , while the 24R-isomer was approximately ten times less active. In vivo, both isomers were less active than 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin ; however, the 24S-isomer was considerably more active than the 24R-isomer approaching the activity of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin .

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Static characteristics of two different structured InAlGaAs/InAlAs superlattice avalanche photodiodes (SLAPDs) cooled by liquid nitrogen were evaluated at a wavelength of 1.5 μm. The dark current of the SLAPD having a thick superlattice layer of 0.504 μm was 5×10^-13 A. This was successively reduced by four orders of magnitude compared to that of the thin layer SLAPD of 0.231 μm at a breakdown voltage of around 20 V. The thickened layer was effective in suppressing tunneling dark current. An output current of 1.7×10^-12 A at a bias voltage of 15 V was measured for an optical input with a wavelength of 1.5 μm and a signal power of 1×10^-12 W. This showed a sharp distinction from the dark current.

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Two new vitamin analogues, 1α-hydroxy-24, 24-dimethyl--dehydrovitamin (13) and 1α, 25-dihydroxy-24, 24-dimethyl--dehydrovitamin (17), which are blocked for 24-hydroxylation by the methyl groups, were synthesized from 1α, -bismethoxymethoxypregn-5-ene-20Scarbaldehyde (6) by using the orthoester Claisen rearrangement for construction of the carbon skeleton of their side chains. These compounds (13 and 17) elicited a rise in serum calcium, but not in serum inorganic phosphorus in rats. In a bioassay for alkaline phosphatase, they were found to show much weaker activity than 1α-hydroxy vitamin (5).

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The association between apolipoprotein (Apo-) polymorphism and the response of plasma cholesterol to dietary therapy (cholesterol intake of less than 300mg/day) was investigated for about weeks in 208 nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia patients (/ 161, / 47). The baseline lipoprotein concentration and the intake of energy and lipids were not significantly different between subjects with / and those with / phenotypes. After the dietary therapy plasma total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly decreased in both phenotype groups (p<0.05). The patients with / had significantly smaller reductions of LDL-C than the patients with /. The changes of LDL-C showed a significant difference between the patients with / and / by the Kruskal Wallis test (p=0.041). The presence of / predicted the degree of cholesterol reduction following dietary therapy.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MCT-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MCT-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-7,-diene-,5α,6β-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MCT-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MCT-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (), cholesta-,5α,6β-triol (), 7-dehydrocholesterol (5) and cholecalciferol (6) were tested. The enzyme activities of MCT-1 cells were increased .0-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.-fold by 10 μM . However, 2, , 5 and 6 did not induce MCT-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C-5 and/or C-6 of 1 and played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MCT-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MCT-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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Two new polyacetylene compounds (, 6, 12)-1-acetoxy--isovaleryloxytetradeca-, 6, 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (B), and (, 6, 12)-1-acetoxy--(2-methylbutyryloxy)tetradeca-, 6, 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (C) have been isolated along with (, 6, 12)-1-acetoxy--senecioyloxytetradeca-, 6, 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (A) from Atractylodes Rhizome (Karabyakujutu). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of their spectral data.

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Background: The association between the T-peak to T-end interval (Tp-

) and ventricular arrhythmia (VA) events in cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Tp- was associated with VA events in CS patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) or cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillators (CRT-Ds).

Methods and Results: We retrospectively studied 50 patients (16 men; mean [±SD] age 56.

±10.5 years) with CS and ICD/CRT-. The maximum Tp- in the precordial leads recorded by a 12-lead electrocardiogram after ICD/CRT- implantation was evaluated. The clinical endpoint was defined as appropriate ICD therapy. During a median follow-up period of 85.0 months, patients underwent appropriate therapy and 10 patients died. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the probability of the clinical endpoint was 28.% at 2 years and 35.% at years. The optimal cut-off value of the Tp- for the prediction of the clinical endpoint was ms, with a sensitivity of 72.7% and a specificity of 87.0% (area under the curve=0.). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that Tp- ≥ ms (hazard ratio [HR] 5.10; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.99–13.1; P<0.001) and a histological diagnosis of CS (HR .84; 95% CI 1.28–11.5; P=0.016) were significantly associated with the clinical endpoint.

Conclusions: Tp-

≥ ms was a significant predictor of VA events in patients with CS and ICD/CRT-.

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L'entree en Iran des armees britannique et sovietique s'est produite en aout 1941. Elle ebranla du coup le regime de la dynastie pahlavi qui etait au pouvoir depuis 16 ans, et mena le pays vers l'instabilite politique et le chaos social. La defaite de l'arme gouvernementale, qui etait le pivot du regime de Reza Shah, reduisit considerablement le controle du gouvernement central dans le pays. Cette situation politico-sociale confuse permit le developpement de differents mouvements politiques en Iran. C'est ainsi que le 16 aout 1942 le parti clandestin Komeley Jiyanewey Kurdistan (J-K) est ne a Mehabad, une ville au nord-ouest de l' Iran. Des sa formation, ce parti a su etendre sa sphere et, en une courte periode de temps, a fini par mettre sous son influence la ville et ses alentours. A la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en ete 1945, le J-K etait devenu une organisation representant le mouvement nationaliste kurde en Iran. C'est a ce moment-la qu'un autre parti politique, le Hizbi Dimokratiki Kurdistan (HDK), fonde par Qazi Mihemed a Mehabad aussi, devait remplacer le J-K. Des le janvier 1946, le HDK proclama l'instauration de la≪Republique de Kurdistan≫. Cependant, les troupes sovietiques qui avaient pris sous leur protection la Republique evacuerent les terres iraniennes, en mai 1946. Six mois plus tard, sous la pression militaire du gouvernement central iranien, la republique s'ecroula. Deux theories tentent le passage du J-K au HDK. William Eagleton Jr., par exemple, affirme dans The Kurdish Republic of 1946 que le HDK a ete cree sur le conseil des autorites sovietiques. L'ex-secretaire general du Parti Democratique du Kurdistan , 'Ebd el-Rehman Qasimlu maintient par contre que Qazi Mihemed a etabli le nouveau parti de sa propre initiative, eu regard a la situation politique de cette epoque-la. Il considere que la passage du J-K au HDK comme etant l'evolution parti nationaliste clandestin en un parti democratique. En analysant ces deux theories et en se basant sur les autobiographies des personages qui se sont engages dans cet evenement, cette etude tentera le principe directeur et les activites du J-K et de mieux comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles le J-K devait etre remplace par le HDK. La conclusion generale portera sur les differents objectifs politiques du J-K et du HDK. Le J-K visait l'elevation du niveau culturel du peuple tout en luttant contre le tribalisme, qui etait, selon lui, le probleme majeur de≪la nation kurde≫, et cela en ecartant toute idee de revolte militaire. Le J-K a aussi exclu de son cadre les elites sociales telles que les leaders des tribus et dirigeants religieux de peur qu'ils n'excercent une influence sur les membres du parti. L'automne de 1944 fut le debut nouvelle ere pour le mouvement kurde. Alors que l'espoir de l'autodetermination augmentait parmi le peuple a mesure que s'approchait la fin de la guerre, la necessite de la force militaire a commence a se faire sentir dans le J-K. C'est pour cela que s'est produite au sein du parti une tendance a compter sur l'aide militaire des sovietiques et a recourir au leadership de Qazi Mihemed, qui avait une certaine influence meme sur les leaders tribaux. Mais cette tendance etait essentiellement incompatible avec la ligne fondamentale du J-K et, graduellement, a prive ce parti de sa raison . Ainsi, le HDK se substitua au J-K en tant que≪parti democratique≫visant a rallier les elites sociales sous sa banniere, en s'appuyant sur l'autorite personnelle de Qazi Mihemed.

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The fauna and distributions of blackflies in Ibaraki Prefecture were investigated by collecting larvae, pupae and adults at 74 sites in spring of 1985. A total of ,214 larvae (.0%), 594 pupae (12.1%) and adults (1.9%) belonging to two genera and eighteen species was collected at fifty-eight sites, of which Prosimulium (Prosimulium) yezoense, Simulium (Gomphostilbia) ogatai and S. (Boophthora) yonagoense were newly recorded from the Ibaraki Prefecture. Predominant species was S. (Eusimulium) uchidai (37.%), followed by S. (Odagmia) bidentatum (15.%), S. (Simulium) arakawae (13.0%), S. (O.) aokii (12.%) and S. (.) konoi (9.7%). The most widely distributed species was S. (.) uchidai (.0%), followed by S. (O.) aokii, S. (.) subcostatum, S. (S.) arakawae, S. (O.) bidentatum and S. (S.) japonicum.

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The leaning tower of Pisa is a famous historical structure, especially in the field of soil mechanics. In this paper, the historical development of the inclination is reconstructed considering that a ground failure took place after each of the three construction phases. Model tests (scale 1 : 130) were carried out in order to predict that the tower will fail definitely, i.. without any further disturbances, at an angle of inclination of 5.7°, which is dramatically close to the actual value of 5.5°. The estimated probability of failure rises very quickly with an increase in the angle of inclination. Conservation of the tower should be done therefore with utmost caution.

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The performance of single pitch and multi pitch screw anchors during the application of installation torque is presented. An experimental testing program was conducted using five models of screw anchors with different geometry. The effect of the shape of the screw element, sand properties, and installation depth on the required installation torque value was examined. A theoretical model was developed from which the required installation torque value can be calculated in terms of the influencing factors. The required installation torque can be determined in terms of the ultimate uplift resistance calculated from any of the available theories. Based on the actual installation torque value measured in the field, the anticipated pullout capacity can be back calculated from the present theory. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results showed good agreement. Also, good agreement was observed when the present theoretical results were compared with the available field results reported in the literature.

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Results of model loading tests on dense sand were reviewed to assess the variation in bearing capacity factors N_γ and N_q relative to the width of the foundation base. Consequently, it is confirmed that N_γ decreases non-linearly with increase in the width of foundation base and that N_q decreases more sharply than N_γ does as the width increase. It is also found that N_q decreases as the ratio of burried depth to the width increase. The cause of decrease in N_γ or N_q with increase in the width is regarded to be the rise of stress level which induces lowering of the angle of internal friction φ and volume reduction in the bearing sand by compression.

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1. The chromosome numbers of 64 species have been studied on which 56 are investigated for the first time.
2. Morphological, anatomical and cytological findings on the Musaceae in the broad sense are considered from a phylogenetical standpoint and three distinct groups:
a) Musa-Ensete, b) Ravenala-Strelitzia-Phenakospermum and c) Holiconia are recognised as suggested by some authors. For these groups sub-familial status is proposed.
. Lowiaceae have been studied for the first time cytologically and their chromosome morphology, distinct from that of any other group of Zingiberales, confirms their claim to familial status.
. Consideration of the conflicting theories proposed to account for the higher chromosome number in genera like Globba, Alpinia, and Phaemeria, etc. leads to rejection of Chakravorti's hypothesis of wholesale fragmentation of chromosomes and the acceptance of the opposed view of Raghavan and Venkatasubban and others.
5. Holttum's transference of the genus Zingiber to the tribe Hedychieae has been given cytological support on the following points:
a) the basic number in the genus Zingiber correlates with that of Kaempferia.
b) the new tribe Alpinieae (which is infact Zingibereae without Zingiber) have consistently 48 chromosomes in their somatic complements.
6. It is suggested that the African representatives of Kaempferia should be given the status of genus; Cienkowskya on the following points:
a) the difference in floral morphology
b) geographical separateness and
c) the difference in the number and morphology of the chromosomes. By comparing the present and past findings, various lines of evolution of the chromosome complements within each group are discussed.
7. The basic number 11 is considered to be probably the original one for the Zingiberales as a whole, being present in Ravenala which is the most primitive member in the order. From this secondary basic numbers have arisen through evolution.

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Six full-length cDNAs encoding pig cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, CYP1A1, CYP2A19, CYP2B, CYP2C33v, CYP2C49, and CYP21, were isolated and sequenced. The cDNA sequences of pig CYP1A1, CYP2A19, CYP2B, CYP2C49, and CYP21 showed high similarity to human CYP1A1 (85.%), CYP2A13 (88.6%), CYP2B6 (.1%), CYP2C18 (85.%), and (.5%), respectively, and pig cDNA showed high similarity to rat CYP2C23 (79.2%). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays revealed hepatic gene expression of all these pig CYP enzymes: the order of expression was and > CYP2C49 > CYP1A1 and CYP2A19 > . In the kidney, the gene was expressed at the same level as in the liver, but the CYP1A1, CYP2A19, and genes were expressed at lower levels than in the liver. Little renal gene expression of CYP2C49 and CYP21 was observed. We revealed for the first time the full-length cDNA sequences encoding pig CYP1A1 and five CYP enzymes belonging to the CYP2 gene family, thus making it possible to examine the gene expression levels of these CYP enzymes in pig tissues by RT-PCR.

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