L'entree en Iran des armees britannique et sovietique s'est produite en aout 1941. Elle ebranla du coup le regime de la dynastie pahlavi qui etait au pouvoir depuis 16 ans, et mena le pays vers l'instabilite politique et le chaos social. La defaite de l'arme gouvernementale, qui etait le pivot du regime de Reza Shah, reduisit considerablement le controle du gouvernement central dans le pays. Cette situation politico-sociale confuse permit le developpement de differents mouvements politiques en Iran. C'est ainsi que le 16 aout 1942 le parti clandestin Komeley Jiyanewey Kurdistan (J-K) est ne a Mehabad, une ville au nord-ouest de l' Iran. Des sa formation, ce parti a su etendre sa sphere d'activite et, en une courte periode de temps, a fini par mettre sous son influence la ville et ses alentours. A la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en ete 1945, le J-K etait devenu une organisation representant le mouvement nationaliste kurde en Iran. C'est a ce moment-la qu'un autre parti politique, le Hizbi Dimokratiki Kurdistan (HDK), fonde par Qazi Mihemed a Mehabad aussi, devait remplacer le J-K. Des le janvier 1946, le HDK proclama l'instauration de la≪Republique de Kurdistan≫. Cependant, les troupes sovietiques qui avaient pris sous leur protection la Republique evacuerent les terres iraniennes, en mai 1946. Six mois plus tard, sous la pression militaire du gouvernement central iranien, la republique s'ecroula. Deux theories tentent d'expliquer le passage du J-K au HDK. William Eagleton Jr., par exemple, affirme dans The Kurdish Republic of 1946 que le HDK a ete cree sur le conseil des autorites sovietiques. L'ex-secretaire general du Parti Democratique du Kurdistan d'Iran, 'Ebd el-Rehman Qasimlu maintient par contre que Qazi Mihemed a etabli le nouveau parti de sa propre initiative, eu regard a la situation politique de cette epoque-la. Il considere que la passage du J-K au HDK comme etant l'evolution d'un parti nationaliste clandestin en un parti democratique. En analysant ces deux theories et en se basant sur les autobiographies des personages qui se sont engages dans cet evenement, cette etude tentera d'examiner le principe directeur et les activites du J-K et de mieux comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles le J-K devait etre remplace par le HDK. La conclusion generale portera sur les differents objectifs politiques du J-K et du HDK. Le J-K visait l'elevation du niveau culturel du peuple tout en luttant contre le tribalisme, qui etait, selon lui, le probleme majeur de≪la nation kurde≫, et cela en ecartant toute idee de revolte militaire. Le J-K a aussi exclu de son cadre les elites sociales telles que les leaders des tribus et dirigeants religieux de peur qu'ils n'excercent une influence sur les membres du parti. L'automne de 1944 fut le debut d'une nouvelle ere pour le mouvement kurde. Alors que l'espoir de l'autodetermination augmentait parmi le peuple a mesure que s'approchait la fin de la guerre, la necessite de la force militaire a commence a se faire sentir dans le J-K. C'est pour cela que s'est produite au sein du parti une tendance a compter sur l'aide militaire des sovietiques et a recourir au leadership de Qazi Mihemed, qui avait une certaine influence meme sur les leaders tribaux. Mais cette tendance etait essentiellement incompatible avec la ligne fondamentale du J-K et, graduellement, a prive ce parti de sa raison d'etre. Ainsi, le HDK se substitua au J-K en tant que≪parti democratique≫visant a rallier d'abord les elites sociales sous sa banniere, en s'appuyant sur l'autorite personnelle de Qazi Mihemed.

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The association between apolipoprotein (Apo-) polymorphism and the response of plasma cholesterol to dietary therapy (cholesterol intake of less than 300mg/day) was investigated for about 8 weeks in 208 nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia patients (/ 161, / 47). The baseline lipoprotein concentration and the intake of energy and lipids were not significantly different between subjects with / and those with / phenotypes. After the dietary therapy plasma total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly decreased in both phenotype groups (p<0.05). The patients with / had significantly smaller reductions of LDL-C than the patients with /. The changes of LDL-C showed a significant difference between the patients with / and / by the Kruskal Wallis test (p=0.041). The presence of / predicted the degree of cholesterol reduction following dietary therapy.

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[Purpose] This study investigated the therapeutic effects of augmented reality (AR)-based EMG-triggered functional electric stimulation (FES) on stroke patients receiving rehabilitation. [Methods] Ten subjects who were in the chronic phase following stroke were divided into two groups for: ankle dorsiflexion with AR-based EMG-triggered FES (Experimental group, n=5), and EMG-triggered FES alone (Control group, n=5). Experimental subjects received ankle dorsiflexion with AR-based EMG-triggered FES for 20 minutes per day, 5 times per week over a week period. Muscle activation, ankle range of motion and muscle strength were measured to identify the effect of the AR training environment with EMG-triggered FES. [Results] The muscle activation of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius (GCM), as measured by EMG, the improvement was increased significantly after the intervention compared to before within the experimental groups of the tibialis anterior(TA), and the improvement was significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group. Muscle strength of the tibialis anterior (TA) and GCM in dorsiflexion and plantarflexion were significantly greater post-intervention in the experimental group. [Conclusion] The results of this study provide evidence in support of incorporating an AR environment into ankle dorsiflexion training with FES for the improvement of muscle activity, and strength of chronic phase stroke patients.

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1. The chromosome numbers of 64 species have been studied on which 56 are investigated for the first time.
. Morphological, anatomical and cytological findings on the Musaceae in the broad sense are considered from a phylogenetical standpoint and three distinct groups:
a) Musa-Ensete, b) Ravenala-Strelitzia-Phenakospermum and c) Holiconia are recognised as suggested by some authors. For these groups sub-familial status is proposed.
. Lowiaceae have been studied for the first time cytologically and their chromosome morphology, distinct from that of any other group of Zingiberales, confirms their claim to familial status.
. Consideration of the conflicting theories proposed to account for the higher chromosome number in genera like Globba, Alpinia, and Phaemeria, etc. leads to rejection of Chakravorti's hypothesis of wholesale fragmentation of chromosomes and the acceptance of the opposed view of Raghavan and Venkatasubban and others.
5. Holttum's transference of the genus Zingiber to the tribe Hedychieae has been given cytological support on the following points:
a) the basic number in the genus Zingiber correlates with that of Kaempferia.
b) the new tribe Alpinieae (which is infact Zingibereae without Zingiber) have consistently 48 chromosomes in their somatic complements.
6. It is suggested that the African representatives of Kaempferia should be given the status of genus; Cienkowskya on the following points:
a) the difference in floral morphology
b) geographical separateness and
c) the difference in the number and morphology of the chromosomes. By comparing the present and past findings, various lines of evolution of the chromosome complements within each group are discussed.
7. The basic number 11 is considered to be probably the original one for the Zingiberales as a whole, being present in Ravenala which is the most primitive member in the order. From this secondary basic numbers have arisen through evolution.

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The nucleus ¹²C was bombarded by .1–MeV

3He

particles to study elastic and inelastic scattering and the (

3He

, α) reaction. Angular distributions were measured for the elastic scattering, for the inelastic scattering to levels at

4

.

4

, 7.6 and 9.6 MeV in ¹²C, and for the (

3He

, α) reaction to levels at 0.0,

2

.0,

4

.

3

(

4

.7) and 6.

4

MeV in ¹¹C. The optical potential parameters were searched for to fit the

3He

elastic scattering angular distribution. The deformation parameters

β₂

and

β₃

for ¹²C were determined from DWBA analysis. The angular distributions of α particles were compared with DWBA calculations and calculations including the two-step process via inelastic channel.

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Laboratory model test results for the ultimate bearing capacity of two closely-spaced strip foundations on sand have been presented. The model test results have been compared with the theoretical study given by Stuart (1962). The nature of variation of the experimental efficiency factors, α_q and α_r, associated with the bearing capacity factors, N_q and N_r, are similar to those predicted by the theory; however, their magnitudes are substantially lower for S/B<about . The foundation settlement at ultimate failure load increases for S/B<.5 when compared with that of an isolated foundation.

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The applicability of a method for predicting 'bearing capacity increase'in reinforced sandy ground was examined using tests performed under various test conditions. It was found that the present method predicted, with reasonable accuracy, the bearing capacity increase in sandy ground, reinforced with stiff reinforcement. This method may not be applicable for sandy ground reinforced with extensible reinforcement due to the unsuccessful formation of a semirigid zone under the footing. An investigation into the settlement of a footing on reinforced sandy ground, at ultimate footing load condition, suggested that the settlement of footing for reaching peak footing load may be correlated to the 'deep-footing'and the 'wide-slab'mechanisms. That is, the ultimate settlement ratio between reinforced and unreinforced model sandy ground, SR_f, may be linearly correlated to 'BCR_D'and 'BCR_s', which represent 'deep-footing' and 'wide-slab'effects, respectively, on the ultimate bearing capacity increase in reinforced sandy ground.

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The leaning tower of Pisa is a famous historical structure, especially in the field of soil mechanics. In this paper, the historical development of the inclination is reconstructed considering that a ground failure took place after each of the three construction phases. Model tests (scale 1 : 130) were carried out in order to predict that the tower will fail definitely, i.. without any further disturbances, at an angle of inclination of 5.7°, which is dramatically close to the actual value of 5.5°. The estimated probability of failure rises very quickly with an increase in the angle of inclination. Conservation of the tower should be done therefore with utmost caution.

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The performance of single pitch and multi pitch screw anchors during the application of installation torque is presented. An experimental testing program was conducted using five models of screw anchors with different geometry. The effect of the shape of the screw element, sand properties, and installation depth on the required installation torque value was examined. A theoretical model was developed from which the required installation torque value can be calculated in terms of the influencing factors. The required installation torque can be determined in terms of the ultimate uplift resistance calculated from any of the available theories. Based on the actual installation torque value measured in the field, the anticipated pullout capacity can be back calculated from the present theory. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results showed good agreement. Also, good agreement was observed when the present theoretical results were compared with the available field results reported in the literature.

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長期的に見ると、景気のトレンドが低下し、在庫投資や設備投資の変動が小さくなっている。その背景には、経済のサービス化、グローバル化、DX、研究開発投資の拡大などの経済構造の変化がある。こうした中で、第 16 循環の山（2018 年 10 月）付近においては、景気動向指数（一致指数）と実質GDPの動きに乖離が見られたが、その要因としては、外需の減少ペースが景気を一気に冷え込ませるような急激なものではなかったことが大きい。加えて、労働市場では、人口減少下で女性や高齢者を中心に労働市場に参入する人が増え、雇用所得環境を下支えしていた。コロナショック後は、賃上げのモメンタムが強まっている。今後、労働市場の構造変化がどのように進むのか、それが景気循環にどのような影響を与えるのか、注視していく必要がある。 こうした景気循環の特徴の変化やその背景にある経済構造の変化を踏まえると、景気循環を適切に捉えるためには、第一に、景気循環の転換点を敏感に捉える必要があることに変わりはないが、一方で、第二に、生産に過度に重点を置かず、より幅広い指標を観察すること、第三に、経済の全体的な動向を捉えるという観点から、実質GDPの動向にも留意すること、が必要となろう。

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The filtration compatibility of soil-geotextile systems has been assessed experimentally in the laboratory with the gradient-ratio test. A nonwoven geotextile was used against a variety of model soils that were prepared from glass beads. They exhibited a range of fines content, in both gap-graded and broadly-graded size distributions. Filter blinding and clogging, if it happens, occurs within hours of initiating unidirectional flow. The zone of soil above the geotextile that is influenced is relatively thin. In gap-graded soils, the movement of fine particles appears to occur at a conditioh of D₈₅/D₁₅>8. A new dimensionless index is proposed to quantify the internal stability of gap-graded soils.

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Results of model loading tests on dense sand were reviewed to assess the variation in bearing capacity factors N_γ and N_q relative to the width of the foundation base. Consequently, it is confirmed that N_γ decreases non-linearly with increase in the width of foundation base and that N_q decreases more sharply than N_γ does as the width increase. It is also found that N_q decreases as the ratio of burried depth to the width increase. The cause of decrease in N_γ or N_q with increase in the width is regarded to be the rise of stress level which induces lowering of the angle of internal friction φ and volume reduction in the bearing sand by compression.

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