ラットに

3H

-CU-

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(S)を25μg/kgで静脈内あるいは経口投与し，血液中濃度および尿糞中排泄を検討した．
静脈内投与後の血液中濃度推移は投与後5分より上昇し，投与後45分に25.74ng eq./mlのC_maxを示し，それ以後t_1/2

3

.05時間とt_1/2 33.09時間の二相で減少した．投与後72時間までのAUCは135.42ng eq.·hr/mlであった．
経口投与では，投与後

3

時間でC_max 4.10ng eq./mlに達し，以後t_1/2α 4.46時間とt_1/2β 26.

83

時間の二相で減少した．投与後72時間までのAUCは48.62ng eq.·hr/mlであった．
静脈内投与と経口投与のいずれの場合も，尿および糞中への放射能の排泄は，投与後48時間でほぼ終了した．静脈内投与では，投与後72時間までに投与量の30.52%が尿中に，60.42%が糞中に排泄された．経口投与では，同じく72時間までに40.34%が尿中に，69.24%が糞中に排泄された．

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A structure analysis of has been carried out to determine the deuterium trap sites by neutron powder diffraction with the Rietveld profile analysis. It is revealed that the deuterium atoms are located at octahedral () sites surrounded by six Ti atoms in the crystal structure of , space group P6₃/mcm. Local vibration spectra of hydrogen in measured by neutron inelastic scattering support this result; the energy eigenvalue of the primary vibration mode is found at 7.53 kJ/mol (78 meV). The hole radius and the spring constant of the Ti-H() bond are discussed.

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The acetone extracts from three samples of the hepatopancreas of the poisonous scallops obtained on the Okhotsk Coast of Hokkaido Island were fractionated into two parts, hexane soluble fraction (fraction H) and 85% aqueous ethanol soluble fraction (fraction ) by partition to two layers. The majortoxic components in the mouse assay of “diarrheic shellfish toxin” by intra-peritoneal injection were found to be free unsaturated fatty acids showed the following toxicity in MU per g, 18:1 n- 35, 18:2 n-6 , 18: n- 167, 18:4 n- , 20:5 n- 167, and :6 n- , respectively. Toxicity of the fraction Hin MUper g was much lower than that of the fraction . However, the toxicity of the fraction H per 1 g of the hepatopancreas was about twice that of the fraction , since the fraction Hwas much more abundant than the fraction in the hepatopancreas. The method for the assay of the diarrhetic shellfish toxin must be reexamined by considering the toxic effect of the free unsaturated fatty acids.

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1. The chromosome numbers of 64 species have been studied on which 56 are investigated for the first time.
2. Morphological, anatomical and cytological findings on the Musaceae in the broad sense are considered from a phylogenetical standpoint and three distinct groups:
a) Musa-Ensete, ) Ravenala-Strelitzia-Phenakospermum and ) Holiconia are recognised as suggested by some authors. For these groups sub-familial status is proposed.
. Lowiaceae have been studied for the first time cytologically and their chromosome morphology, distinct from that of any other group of Zingiberales, confirms their claim to familial status.
4. Consideration of the conflicting theories proposed to account for the higher chromosome number in genera like Globba, Alpinia, and Phaemeria, etc. leads to rejection of Chakravorti's hypothesis of wholesale fragmentation of chromosomes and the acceptance of the opposed view of Raghavan and Venkatasubban and others.
5. Holttum's transference of the genus Zingiber to the tribe Hedychieae has been given cytological support on the following points:
a) the basic number in the genus Zingiber correlates with that of Kaempferia.
) the new tribe Alpinieae (which is infact Zingibereae without Zingiber) have consistently 48 chromosomes in their somatic complements.
6. It is suggested that the African representatives of Kaempferia should be given the status of genus; Cienkowskya on the following points:
a) the difference in floral morphology
) geographical separateness and
) the difference in the number and morphology of the chromosomes. By comparing the present and past findings, various lines of evolution of the chromosome complements within each group are discussed.
7. The basic number 11 is considered to be probably the original one for the Zingiberales as a whole, being present in Ravenala which is the most primitive member in the order. From this secondary basic numbers have arisen through evolution.

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Virus-like particles (VLPs) were collected from geothermal vent water samples in the drift-way at Toyoha Mine, Hokkaido, Japan (−500 m level, 63.5°) whose VLP and bacterial abundance was (No/ml±SD, n: 500), VLP: .60±0.29×10⁸ and bacteria: .61±0.14×10⁶. VLPs ranged in diameter from 30 to 320 nm, and the major size distribution (ca 62%) was .33. nm (n: 843). Ultrafiltration followed by CsCl density equilibrium ultracentrifugation gave purified TY-VLPs: 6.64×10¹³. Regardless of UV treatment, TY-VLP reduced the efficiency of plating to 68.6-.4% at a multiplicity of infection of ca 0. on Escherichia coli 1157. Generalised transduction was observed on

E

. coli 1157 with a frequency between 10^-4 and 10^-5 cells/particle using TY-VLPs without UV-treatment. The growth of generated

E

. coli transductants (TY--trans) was compared to that of an

E

. coli transductant (ST--trans) generated by Aquificales originating VLP (Chiura, 2002). The extent of the maximum growth of both transductants was ca 40% of the parental

E

. coli used as a recipient. TY--trans acquired "budding-like" particle productivity, which has been demonstrated for ST--trans. ST--trans produced five different size particles, whose DNA content ranged between 291.6 and 382.0 kb, and TY--trans produced ten different size particles between 68.5 and 190.2 kb, respectively.

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L'entree en Iran des armees britannique et sovietique s'est produite en aout 1941. Elle ebranla du coup le regime de la dynastie pahlavi qui etait au pouvoir depuis 16 ans, et mena le pays vers l'instabilite politique et le chaos social. La defaite de l'arme gouvernementale, qui etait le pivot du regime de Reza Shah, reduisit considerablement le controle du gouvernement central dans le pays. Cette situation politico-sociale confuse permit le developpement de differents mouvements politiques en Iran. ainsi que le 16 aout 1942 le parti clandestin Komeley Jiyanewey Kurdistan (J-K) est ne a Mehabad, une ville au nord-ouest de l' Iran. Des sa formation, ce parti a su etendre sa sphere et, en une courte periode de temps, a fini par mettre sous son influence la ville et ses alentours. A la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en ete 1945, le J-K etait devenu une organisation representant le mouvement nationaliste kurde en Iran. a ce moment-la qu'un autre parti politique, le Hizbi Dimokratiki Kurdistan (HDK), fonde par Qazi Mihemed a Mehabad aussi, devait remplacer le J-K. Des le janvier 1946, le HDK proclama l'instauration de la≪Republique de Kurdistan≫. Cependant, les troupes sovietiques qui avaient pris sous leur protection la Republique evacuerent les terres iraniennes, en mai 1946. Six mois plus tard, sous la pression militaire du gouvernement central iranien, la republique s'ecroula. Deux theories tentent le passage du J-K au HDK. William Eagleton Jr., par exemple, affirme dans The Kurdish Republic of 1946 que le HDK a ete cree sur le conseil des autorites sovietiques. L'ex-secretaire general du Parti Democratique du Kurdistan , 'Ebd el-Rehman Qasimlu maintient par contre que Qazi Mihemed a etabli le nouveau parti de sa propre initiative, eu regard a la situation politique de cette epoque-la. Il considere que la passage du J-K au HDK comme etant l'evolution parti nationaliste clandestin en un parti democratique. En analysant ces deux theories et en se basant sur les autobiographies des personages qui se sont engages dans cet evenement, cette etude tentera le principe directeur et les activites du J-K et de mieux comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles le J-K devait etre remplace par le HDK. La conclusion generale portera sur les differents objectifs politiques du J-K et du HDK. Le J-K visait l'elevation du niveau culturel du peuple tout en luttant contre le tribalisme, qui etait, selon lui, le probleme majeur de≪la nation kurde≫, et cela en ecartant toute idee de revolte militaire. Le J-K a aussi exclu de son cadre les elites sociales telles que les leaders des tribus et dirigeants religieux de peur qu'ils n'excercent une influence sur les membres du parti. L'automne de 1944 fut le debut nouvelle ere pour le mouvement kurde. Alors que l'espoir de l'autodetermination augmentait parmi le peuple a mesure que s'approchait la fin de la guerre, la necessite de la force militaire a commence a se faire sentir dans le J-K. pour cela que s'est produite au sein du parti une tendance a compter sur l'aide militaire des sovietiques et a recourir au leadership de Qazi Mihemed, qui avait une certaine influence meme sur les leaders tribaux. Mais cette tendance etait essentiellement incompatible avec la ligne fondamentale du J-K et, graduellement, a prive ce parti de sa raison . Ainsi, le HDK se substitua au J-K en tant que≪parti democratique≫visant a rallier les elites sociales sous sa banniere, en s'appuyant sur l'autorite personnelle de Qazi Mihemed.

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The EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) has been used to obtain ion velocities in the lower thermosphere. By using beam swinging and assuming homogeneity and stationarity of the plasma, first approximations to the electric field have been deduced, and thus the thermospheric neutral wind has been estimated. From these derived parameters, we have estimated the gradient Richardson Number. Although many assumptions must be made, there is an indication that electrodynamics is able to contribute to enhancement or even production of neutral-air turbulence in the lower thermosphere. Finally, we outline a proposal for an analogy to the Reynolds Number, but reflecting the relative importance's of the contribution of ion-drag to the neutral dynamics and the kinematic viscosity.

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The numerical values of the intervals betrween optieal levels are competed for the configurations *⁹4s, 5s, 6s and 7s of Cu⁺, according to the general expression of energy-levels derived in the previous paper The self-consistent field radial functions computed by Hartree adn Hartree are used for1s, 2s, 2p, s, p and . Those of 4s, 5s, .s and are ealenlated from Hartree Hartree's core-functions by the numerical integrations. The calculated results are shown in Table I.The agreement with experiment is satisfactory

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A structure analysis of has been carried out to determine the deuterium trap sites by neutron powder diffraction with the Rietveld profile analysis. It is revealed that the deuterium atoms are located at octahedral (2) sites surrounded by six Ti atoms in the crystal structure of , space group P6₃/mcm. Local vibration spectrum of hydrogen in measured by neutron inelastic scattering supports this result; the energy eigenvalue of the primary vibration mode is found at 7.53 kJ/mol (78 meV). The hole radius and the spring constant of the Ti–H() bond are discussed.

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1991年～2005年の福井県など4県における散発下痢症患者由来の大腸菌0153107株について, 市販の薬剤感受性ディスクを用いたKB (Kirby-Bauer) 法で12剤の薬剤感受性を調べた. 薬剤別耐性菌出現率はampicillinが72.%, streptomycinが48.6%, tetracyclinおよびsulfisoxazoleが46.7%, nalidixic acid (NA) が29.%およびciprofloxacin (CPFX) が24.%などであった. 7～10剤に耐性を示す18株中16株など計26株が, NAおよびCPFXに耐性を示した. NAおよびCPFXに耐性を示した24株とNAに耐性を示した1株について, gyrAおよびparC遺伝子の解析を行った結果, 次の4typesに分けられた. type1 (1株) GyrA (SL) ・ParC (S80I), type2 (12株) GyrA (SL & 87N) ・ParC (S80I), type (8株) GyrA (SL & 87N) ・ParC (S80I & 84G) または (S80R & 84V), type4 (4株) GyrA (SL & 87N) ・ParC (S80I & A108T). アミノ酸変異とfluoroquinolone (FQ) 系薬剤の最小発育阻止濃度 (MIC) との関連をみると, CPFX, ofioxacinおよびnorfloxacinのMICはtype1では, それぞれ1μg/mL, 2μg/mLおよび8μg/mL, type2では8～32μg/mL, 8～32μg/mLおよび16～256μg/mL, type, 4では32～256μg/mL, 32～128μg/mLおよび128～>512μg/mLであった. 患者由来のFQ系剤耐性大腸菌O153が多剤耐性傾向を示すとともに, gyrAおよびparCで各々1～2カ所の変異がみられた.

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Background: Exenatide (EXE), a prototypical GLP-1R agonist, has been reported as beneficial to the balance of bone turnover in hyperlipidic and hyperglucidic diet-induced obesity in rats (DIO). Objective: To identify the mediation by GLP-1R of insulin (INS), leptin (LEP), osteocalcin (OCN), calcitonin (CT), carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-1), procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and bone mineral density of femur (BMDF) in DIO. Methods: 72-75-day-old male rats had access only to (i) hyperlipidic food (5.2 kcal/g) and 30% sucrose solution for drinking (1.2 kcal/mL), or (ii) received normocaloric diet (

kcal/g) and were allowed to feed and to drink water

ad

libitum. 122-125-day-old rats with 20% overweight were selected from i as obese and those with normal weight were selected from ii as control () animals. Thus, obese animals remained untreated (DIO) or were treated sc with 100μg of the competitive antagonist of GLP-1R, exendin (-39) () per kg (DIO-) daily, for 20 days. Plasma INS, LEP, OCN, CTX-1 (ng/mL), CT and P1NP (pg/mL) were measured by ELISA. BMDF (g/) was measured by X-rays. Results: DIO exhibited similar INS (12.90±1., n=4) and CT (2.80±1.05, n=4), higher LEP (0.33±0.04, n=5) and lower CTX-1 (0.48±0., n=) than . The treatment of DIO with decreased CTX-1 (4.44±0.63, n=) and increased P1NP (163.40±39.80, n=). DIO- decreased INS (5.75±1.50, n=) in relation to DIO, at the same level than (10.58±1.49, n=4). LEP level in DIO- (0.23±0.02, n=) was intermediate in relation to DIO and (0.16±0.05, n=5). OCN, CT and BMDF were similar among , DIO and DIO-. Conclusions: Decreased CTX-1 and normal OCN, P1NP and BMDF reflect a relative normal balance in bone turnover in DIO. Since decreases CTX-1, a known effect of EXE in DIO, this alteration on CTX-1 extrapolates the GLP-1R binding and/or EXE and act as selective modulators with different actions in different targets. Furthermore, increases P1NP (not affected by EXE) and does not affect CT (increased by EXE). effects in DIO imply in increased osteoblastic and decreased osteoclastic activities, which promote an imbalance of bone turnover.

Supported by FAPESP, CNPq and CAPES

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The title compound, methyl 2-cyano-,11-dioxo-urs-1,12-dien-24-oate (), crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2₁2₁2₁ with the following unit-cell parameters: a = 7.8862(2), = 17.6554(), = 20.0326(5)Å, Z = 4. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods, and refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures to a final R-value of 0.0365 for 4164 observed reflections. The dihedral angle between the ester moiety and ring A is .(1)°. Rings , and exist in chair conformations, while rings A and adopt sofa conformations. The ring junctions A/ and / are trans fused, while ring junctions / and / are quasi-trans and cis, respectively. The methyl carbons located at various positions are significantly deviated above and below the plane of the molecule. The crystal structure is stabilized by intra and intermolecular -H…O hydrogen bonds.

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Mace- extract obtained from seed covering of nutmeg is expected to show an antiarteriosclerotic effect due to its potentiation with unsaturated fatty acid, various vitamins, etc. In this study an effect of Mace- was examined from serum lipid and six constituents of thoracic aorta.
A total of 16 male rabbits of 38 months, including 8 with the Mcce- (M group), 4 with cholesterol ( group) and 4 with Mace- plus cholesterol (MC group) were used. to produce arterosclerosis cholesterol was orally given at 1g to the and MC group. To the M and MC groups Mace- was given at 500mg/day. Sixteen weeks later referring to all the rabbits, total cholesterol (T. CHO), triglyceride (TRIG), β-lipoprotein (β-LIPO), HDL-cholesterol (HDL), 4 in total of serum lipids, were measured. Furthermore, all the rabbits were killed and constituents media of thoracic aorta were stained and observed histochemically, i. ., SMC with Azocarmine G stain, EL with Weigert's stain, CL with Van Gieson's stain, AMPS with Alcian blue stain and GP with PAS stain. T. CHO was 90.5mg/dl in M group, 369.8mg/dl in group and 81.mg/dl in MC group respectively. The MC group showed no difference with M group but the significantly lower value than that of group (p<0.01). TRIG was 108.5mg/dl in M group, .mg/dl in group and 94.4mg/dl in MC group respectively. No significant difference was observed among these groups. Beta-LIPO was 184.mg/dl in M group, 995.mg/dl in group and 151.5mg/dl in MC group respectively. Compared with group, M and MC groups showed significantly low value (p<0.001-p<0.01). HDL was 18.mg/dl in M group, .mg/dl in group and 26.5mg/dl in MC group respectively. There was no significant difference among those group, although it was highest in MC group. When histochemically observed, group was strongly disturbed, while MC group showed slight swelling of SMC and cell nucleus that was not remarkable though, and damage of EL and CL was minimal. AMPS and GP remained unchanged. From changes of serum lipid and observation of arterial tissue, it was suggested that Mace- has an antisclerotic effect.

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