This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in 95 (.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), bla_CMY-2 (

22

), bla_CTX-M-3 (16), bla_CTX-M-1 (15), bla_OXA-1 (

9

) and bla_SHV-12 (3) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group A₁ (35.

8

%), followed by group

D₂

(

22

.1%),

B

1 (15.

8

%),

D₁

(

9

.

5

%), A₀ (

7

.

4

%),

B2₂

(

5

.3%) and

B2₃

(

4

.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(6’)-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qnrB10 were detected in 25.3, 10.

5

and 1.1% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.0% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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One method currently being considered for the disposal of high level radio-active waste is burial in the seabed. When a hot object is buried in soil, the temperature of the soil adjacent to the object is raised and there is transient heat flow away from the object. The rise in the temperature of the soil causes excess pore pressures to be generated and transient pore water diffusion also takes place. A finite element formulation of the coupled heat flow and consolidation problem is presented. The computer implementation of this formulation is found to compare favourably with analytical solutions based on the same physical principles.

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Mycobacteriocin produced by human type tubercle bacilli could be demonstrated easily on eggmedium containing 0.05% tween by means of stab culture or streak plate methods, and elevenmycobacteriocin-types have been recognized on the basis of the inhibition pattern by using indicator strains of rapidly growing mycobacteria.
At present, types 1 (.%), 2 (13%), (38.%), (2%) and 11 (14.%) showed a stablemycobacteriocin pattern, but types 3 (.%) and (6.%) were apt to show type replacement totypes 2 and , respectively, and strains belonging to types , 6 and were few, less than 1.%to the total. In order to perform a reproducible mycobacteriocin typing, our previous typingscheme was revised to be consisted of five groups (A-). Among 438 strains, mycobacteriocingroup C containing types and was 46.1% of strains tested, group containing types 2, 3 and6 was .6%, group containing type 11 was 15.1%, group A containing types 1 and was.%, group containing types and 10 was .1%, and untypable strains were no more than 6.6% among all tested strains.
Human type tubercle bacilli classified as type , which consisted of more than 45% of strainstested, could be divided into three sub-types from sensitivity to M. gordonae 1324 and M. terrae 1450.
Mycobacteriocin producing strains belonging to type : showed an extremly wide antibacterialactivity to strains of more than 90% of rapidly growing mycobacteria (42 strains), to about 40% of slow growing mycobacteria (29 strains), and even to 10 strains of Staphylococcus aureus.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if the optical properties of zirconia and glass–ceramic (

.max) were affected by low-temperature degradation (aging).

Methods: Experiment samples were fabricated with seven zirconia brands (n=10): Zenostar, Zirlux, Katana, Bruxzir, DD-BioZX², DD-cubeX², NexxZr; and

.max were used as a control. This resulted in a total of samples in the experiment. The L*, a* and * were measured for each sample, and then the optical properties including translucency parameter (TP), contrast ratio (CR), and opalescence parameter (OP) were calculated. The samples were aged (20, 40, 60, , 100h), and the optical properties were calculated after each interval.

Results: Most zirconia brands had lower L*, higher a*, higher

* with increased aging, which visually corresponds to darker, redder, and more yellow. Aging also increased CR, lowered TP, and lowered OP. .max was also affected by aging but still had the highest TP (23.±2.), L* (.±3.), and lowest CR (0.41±0.05) compared to any zirconia. The Zenostar had the closest TP (24.1±0.), and L* (90.2±0.) values to .max before aging. However, after 100h of aging, the DD-cubeX² was least effected and had the highest TP (.2±0.6) and lowest CR (0.43±0.01) compared with other zirconia samples and highest OP (11.3±0.2) of all ceramic samples.

Conclusions: The optical properties of zirconia and

.max materials were affected by aging with the effects increasing with time. The magnitude of change was affected by seven brands of dental zirconia.

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In view of the significant role of the water film effect in flow failure for a liquefied sandy deposit, the mechanism of water film generation is numerically studied based on a 1-dimensional model test. The process of water film growth and decay can be simulated to a certain extent by a simple consolidation analysis, which indicates that only a small difference in permeability in layered sand is enough for a water film to develop. A 1 G shaking table test for a two-dimensional slope model with an arc of silt within a saturated sand is then addressed to discuss the dilatancy effect exerted in sheared sand during flow failure. It is possible that, once the water film is formed, the transmission of shear stress through it is interrupted, leaving the sand below free from the dilatancy ; this eventually allows the water film to stay without being absorbed during flow failure. The result of another shaking table test for a trapezoidal slope with horizontal silt seams indicate that water films beneath the seams enable the soil mass above them to laterally flow along water films very gently inclined even after shaking. If a silt seam breaks due to excessive pressure in the water film, it triggers re-liquefaction in the upper sand and leads to further instability.

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Nアルキル3,:,10-ペリレンテトラカルボン酸モノアンヒドリド=モノイミド[a～]と芳香族アミン(アニリン,p-トルイジン,p-アニシジン,3,-キシリジン,-アミノナゾベンゼン,およびo-フェニレンジアミン)を縮合して非対称型3,:,10-ペリレンビス(ジカルボキシミド)誘導体-N-アルキル-N'-アリール-3,:,10-ペリレンビス(ジカルボキシミド)(〔a～〕,〔6a～〕,〔a～〕,〔a～〕,〔a～〕,および〔10a～〕)を合成した. これらの各誘導体はすべて赤色系の色相を示し, 顔料試験の結果N-ブチル-N'-アリール-3,:,10-ペリレンビス(ジカルボキシミド)(たとえば〔〕や〔6〕)がとくにすぐれた耐光性を示した.

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Agaricus blazei is an important fungus for producing bioactive compounds. There are some reports of polysaccharides and steroid derivatives from the fruiting bodies of A. blazei. However, the chemical examination of the secondary metabolites of the cultured mycelia of this species has not been reported. Eight compounds, an unprecedented skeleton have been isolated from the cultured mycelia of A. blazei. The structures of the novel compounds each named blazeispirols A (1), (2), C (3), (), () X(6), Y () and Z () were confirmed by extensive 1 and 2 NMR spectral data and X-ray analysis. Blazeispirols A (1), (2), C (3), () and () were des-A-ergostane type compounds having spiroacetal structure as a side chain. Blazeispirols X (6) and Y () were determined to be (20S, S, 23R, 24S)-1 (10→6) abeo-14β, :, 25-diepoxyergosta-,,,11-tetraene-3α,23-diol and (20S, S, 23R, 24S)-14β,:,25-diepoxy-,23-dihydroxyergosta-,,11-triene-3,6-dione by comparison of extensive 1 and 2 NMR spectral data with that of blazeispirol A. The biosynthesis of blazeispirol A was investigated by feeding ^<13>C-labeled acetates and methionine to the growing cultures of A. blazei. The labeling patterns of 1 derived from singly and doubly ^<13>C-labeled acetates were consistent with that of ergosterol reported previously except for the A-ring and then ^<14>C-labeled ergosterol was incorporated into blazeispirol A. Taking the structures of blazeispirols Z and into consideration, it can be assumed that blazeispirol A is biosynthesized from ergosterol by the cleavage of C-, C- and C-1, C-10 bonds on retro aldol condensation and Michael reaction via such as intermediate A as shown in Fig. . A large number of ergostane-type steroids have been isolated from many fungi. However, blazeispirol A is the first example of a naturally occurring des-A-ergostane-type steroid including a spiroacetal structure moiety as a side chain.

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Background

The differences in conditions of enteric-coated acid-labile drug release and absorption between healthy subjects in bioequivalence studies and gastrointestinal patients in clinical practice can lead to significant differences in gastric stability of original PPIs and generics. Thus, pathologic duodenogastric reflux (PDGR) and the pH increasing within PPIs administration still remain unaccounted for.

Methods

Two-stage modified comparative dissolution testing of original omeprazole (OO) and four generics (G1;2;3;

) was performed. At first, we moved drugs from solution with pH 1.2 (1.2±0.05) to pH .0 (.0±0.05) and measure concentration of omeprazole in solution by high-performance liquid chromatography. According to our self-developed formula, pH exposure time of resistance to PDGR for omeprazole is minutes, i.. the active substance should not be released within minutes at pH . The exposure at the second stage was conducted with pH (.0±0.05), that imitated gastric pH after PPI administration. And then we also moved drugs to pH with the subsequent measurement of omeprazole concentration.

Results

Omeprazole concentrations after

, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 minutes in pH solution at the first stage were different for OO and generics. For OO, these values were ,±0,%; 41,±3,0%; 62,±,0%; 79,±2,%; ,±2,%; ,6±2,%; ,6±,%; for Generic1 - 0; 49,3±,%; 88, ±2,%; 90,±3,%; 88, 2±2,2%; 87,3±2,0%; 85,±1,1%; for Generic2 - 0; 30,6±6,3%; 66,±,2%; 76,±,%; 82,±,3%; 86,0±3,%; 84,6±3,3%: for Generic3 - ,±3,6%; ,±1,%; , ±3,2%; ,3±2,%; ,±2,1%; 82,1±2,0%; 82,0±2,%; for Generic - 82,±1,%; 84,±0,%; 84,2±1,2%; 82, ±0,%; 82,±0,%; 82,±0,%; 82,±1,1%, respectively.

An analysis of the omeprazole concentration in pH

solution at the second stage revealed the following parameters after the same time: for OO - ,±0,6%; 40, ±3,0%; 62,±2,0%; ,0±3,1%; 85,±2,%; 82,±3,%; ,±3,%; for Generic1 - 0; 67,0±,%; 89,±2,3%; 91, ±,3%; 89,1±1,6%; 88,3±1,%; 87,±1,2%; for Generic2 - 0; 42,2±,6%; 75,1±,3%; ,0±6,0%; 88,±3,2%; 88, 6±1,3%; 87,±1,0%; for Generic - 85,±0,%; 85,6±0,%; 84,±0,%; 82,±3,0%; 84,±0,3%; 84,±0,3%; 84,3±0,%, respectively. Generic3 release and degradation were completely realized at pH .

Conclusion

Decreased gastric stability of Generic3 and Generic

makes PDGR and inhibited gastric acid secretion due to PPIs administration the potential causes of decreased enteric-coated acid-labile drugs stability.

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Two new partially saturated tricyclic ring systems, 6, 6a, , , , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenz [, ] oxepins (3a and 3), and -thiepins (a and ) were synthesized. Compounds a and were desulfurized to give a pair of isomeric 2-methylbenzoylcyclohexanes (10a and 10). Deuterated a and (11a and 11) were prepared starting from butadiene- (12). The stereochemical features of 3a (trans), 3 (cis), a (trans) and (cis) are compared with those of 10a, 10, 11a and 11 on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance data.

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The phase diagrams of the Ni-Mo- and Ni-W- ternary systems in the region of less than 50mol% were constructed by thermodynamic calculation, based on the data obtained by thermodynamic measurement of the related materials. We found three ternary eutectic points and three or two ternary peritecto-eutectic points as follows:
:L (1365K, 71.mol%Ni-6.0mol%Mo-.mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1355K, 62.mol%Ni-2.mol%Mo-30.mol%)=++
:L (1445K, 42.0mol%Ni-30.6mol%Mo-10.3mol%)=(Ni)+NiMo+
P₁:L (1812K, 34.mol%Ni-42.3mol%Mo-.mol%)+MoB=+
P₂:L (1633K, 42.3mol%Ni-40.mol%Mo-17.3mol%)+Mo=+
P₃:L (1812K, 53.mol%Ni-33.mol%Mo-12.mol%)+Mo=NiMo+
:L (1622K, 51.0mol%Ni-31.6mol%W-17.mol%)=(Ni)+W+
:L (1260K, 71.0mol%Ni-.0mol%W-.0mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1291K, 65.mol%Ni-.mol%W-29.mol%)=++
P₁:L (2115K, 23.mol%Ni-43.1mol%W-33.1mol%)+WB=+
P₂:L (1657K, 48.mol%Ni-33.1mol%W-18.0mol%)+=W+
The calculated phase diagrams are expected to be useful for the development of new Ni-based heat-, corrosion- or wear-resistance alloys.

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Melithasterols A- (1-), isolated from a gorgoinan coral Melithaea ocracea of Okinawa, were shown to be cholestane-, 24-methyl--dehydrocholestane-, -dehydrocholestane-, and 24-methylenecholestane-derivatives. respectively, having a common 3β, α -dihydroxy-α, 6α-epoxy-Δ^ steroid nucleus. This was confirmed by direct comparison with the authentic sample prepared by lead tetra-acetate oxydation of cholest-6-ene- 3β, α, α-triol 3-monoacetate. Twelve new polyhydroxysterols were isolated from an Alcyonium sp. (,,), and Sclerophytum sp. (14,16,19,20,21,a,23,26,28) soft corals collected off the coasts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. All the Sclerophytum sp. soft corals contained 17a or its 25-deacetyl derivative. Compounds to were identified as 24-methylenecholest--ene- 3β, 16β-diol-3-0-α-L fucoside () and its β-() and α-hydroxy () derivatives. Compound 14 was shown to be 24S-24-methylcholest--ene-3β,25ξ,26-triol and was correlated to the known compound 15 by α, 6β-glycolation. Compound 16 was shown to be β, 6α-isomer of 17, correlating to 17 by PCC oxidation followed by dehydration. Compound 19 was identified with 25-deacetyl derivative of the known compound lobosterol (19a) by hydrolysis of authentic lobosterol. Compounds 20 and 21 were shown to be -dehydro-(20) and -dehydro-(21) derivative of 17a and 17, respectively, by comparisons of their spectral data with reference compounds. Compounds a and 23 were 24S-methylcholestane-3β, α 25-triol-6-one 25-monoacetate (a) and its 25-deacetoxyl derivative (23). Partial PCC oxidation of 17a afforded a. Compounds 26 (andamansterol) and 28 (nicobarsterol) were shown to be gorgost--ene-3β, α. 11α, 21-tetrol and novel secosteroid, 11,21-cyclo--homo-11-oxa-, 11-secoergostane-3β, 6α, 12ξ-triol--one, respectively, by spectral analyses (H-HCOSY, HMQC, HMBC).

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A full account is given of the chemical behavior observed for , -dialkyladeninium salts (16). On treatment with boiling 1N aqueous NaOH for 60min, 16a, , , (X=I), 16c (X=Br), and 16f (X=) rearranged to isomeric N⁶, -dialkyladenines (21a-f) in 50-91% yields. Treatment of the salts with 0.N aqueous Na₂CO₃ at room temperature for 30-90min or with Amberlite CG-400 (OH^-) in H₂O at room temperature gave the ring-opened derivatives a-f (in the trans-formamide form) in 56-% yields, and rate constants for the ring-opening reactions of 16a, , -g (X=) and 16c (X=Br) leading to a-g were determined in H₂O at pH .84 and ionic strength 0.50 at 25°C. Cyclization of a with NaH in AcNMe₂ at room temperature or with boiling 1N aqueous NaOH produced 21a in 84% or 72% yield, respectively.In solution, the trans-formamides seemed to transform slowly into the cis-formamides 23, attaining equilibria. The existence of such an equilibrium in or Me₂SO- at 25°C or in H₂O at pH .84 and ionic strength 0.50 at 25°C was kinetically confirmed in the case of a, and the mechanism of the rearrangement of 16 to 21 through is discussed on the basis of the above kinetic results and Deslongchamps' theory of stereoelectronic control. On treatment with in MeOH at room temperature, 16a (X=I) furnished the , -dihydro derivative 28 (84% yield), which slowly decomposed in H₂O at 60°C to give a in 49% yield.The , -dialkyladeninium salts (16) were found to be obtainable from N'-alkoxy-1-alkyl--formamidoimidazole--carboxamidines () through an alternative synthetic route : Alkylations of with alkyl halides in HCONMe₂ in the absence of base, followed by hydrogenolysis of the N'-alkoxy group and cyclizatio (or vice versa) produced 16 in acceptable yields. In order to interpret the proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of a, the 2-deuterated species 26 was also synthesized from 24 via 25 and 27.

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From the fronds of Polystichum tripteron (KUNZE) P_R. a new norcarotenoid glycoside was isolated and shown to be (6R, , R)--hydroxy-megastigma-, -dien-3-one--O-β--glucoside. The fronds of Dennstaedtia wilfordii (MOORE) CHRIST. contain the same glucoside.

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We compared three groups of pregnant women: placebo with normotensive women, group A which included preeclamptics, and group which comprised preeclamptics who were supplemented their diets with vitamins C and . MDA increased from 6. ± 2. (placebo) to .48 ± 1.2 (A) and .02 ± 1. nmol/gHb (). NO concentrations were enhanced from 19.3 ± .2 (P) to 23. ± 6. (A) and 24.1 ± . μmol/L (). GSH contents were decreased from 10.42 ± 2. (P) to .02 ± 2.92 (A) and .39 ± 1.02 μmol/g Hb (), whereas GSSG concentrations increased from 0.98 ± 0.28 (P) to 1.24 ± 0.29 (A) and 1.08 ± 0.12 μmol/g Hb (). SOD activity decreased 23% in A and 14% in ; GRx decreased 27% in A and .% in ; GPx decreased 12% in A and .6% in . Catalase activity, however, increased 27% in A and 29% in as compared to control. Thus, we conclude that the use of vitamins C and should be considered for the control of certain important biochemical indices during the development of preeclampsia; however, further studies are needed to develop methods for the prevention of preeclampsia in women at high risk.

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The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–1,500 μm tall). On 2% modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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Eight new sterols, , -epidioxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-6, -dien-3β-ol (1), 3β, , -trihydroxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-, -dien-6-one (2), 3β, , -trihydroxy-(24S)-ergost--en-6-one (3), 3β, , , 14α-tetrahydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -dien-6-one (), (, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-3β, , 6α, -tetrol (), , -epidioxy-3β-hydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -dien-6-one (6), , -epidioxy-3β-hydroxy-(24S)-ergost--en-6-one () and , 6α-epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-3β, , 14α-triol (), have been isolated from five edible mushrooms, Lentinus edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Hypsizigus marmoreus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pholiota nameko together with fifteen known ones (-23), of which two (16 and 17) are reported for the first time from a fungal source. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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A minute alga Tetraselmis tetrathele is one of the food organisms which have been intoroduced into Japan recently. T. tetrathele was well evaluated already as a substitute for Chlorella because of the high food value for a rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and its eurythermal characteristic beside the tolerance to high temperature. But, the dietary value of the rotifer cultured with T. tetrathele remains unknown.
Tje doetary value of rotifers cultured with T. Tetrathele (TR) or both T. tetrathele and Chlorella sp. (TCR) was compared with those cultured with Chlorella (CR) by feeding these various rotifers to larval red seabream for 17 days. The rotifers enriched by Chlorella (12-24 hours) after culturing with T. tetrathele (TR-C) was also given to the larvae. The survival rate and the total length of fish fed TR was better than those receiving CR (75.6 and .% vs. 65.1 and 75.6% in survival rate, . and .1 mm vs. 6. and 6. mm in average T. L.), although there were no significant dif-ferences in body weight. Furthermore, the survival rate and the growth of fish fed TCR or TR-C were superior to the former, i. ., 68.0-.1% and .-.mm in TCR, 74.-.1% and .-.1mm in TR-C. There were no differences in proximate composition of the rotifers with various feeds and treatment. The difference in survival rate and growth among the larvae with different feeds might be due to the difference in the conten of ω3 HUFA. Thepercentage of ω3 HUFA in the lipids of TR, TCR, TR-C, and CR were 12.%, 20.%, 20.-25.%, and 23.%, respectively. The amount of ω3 HUFA in the rotifers cultured with T. tetrathele was not enough, but might be the minimum (0.3% in rotifer). The influence of 18:3ω3 included in the rotifer at high per-centage (.%) should be studied in future works.

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厚生省の高齢者の聴力に関する研究班は65歳以上の高齢者の聴力を調査した. 測定周波数の平均聴力レベルはA群 (65～69歳) で35.0dB, 群 (70～74歳) で42.1dB, C群 (75～79歳) で46. 1dB, 群 (～84歳) で52. 1dB, 群 (85歳以上) で55.6dBであった. すべてのグループにおいて聴力の男女差はみられず, オージオグラムの型は大部分の例で高音漸傾型を示した. 平均語音弁別能はA群で75.%, 群で70%, C群で63.%, 群で59.%, 群で52.1%, また, SISI検査で70%以上を示した率はA群で45.2%, 群で49.3%, C群で47.%, 群で51.6%, 群で59.%であった.

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Six new sterols, , 6α;, -diepoxy-(, 24R)-ergost--ene-3β, -diol (1), , 6α;, -diepoxy-(, 24R)-ergost--ene-3β, -diol (2), , 6α-epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-3β, -diol (3), (, 24R)-23-methylergosta-, -diene-3β, , 6β-triol (), (, 24R)-23-methulergosta-, -diene-3β, , 6β, -tetrol () and (24S)-ergost--ene-3β, , 6β, -tetrol (6), have been isolated from seven mushrooms, Amanita pantherina, Amantia virgineoides, Lactarius piperatus, Lyophyllum shimeji, Tricholoma portentosum, Hypsizigus marmoreus and Lentinula edodes together with eighteen known ones (-24). The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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