The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–

,500 μm tall). On 2% modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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-(2-Aminophenylthio)-, 6-dichloropyridazine (I) on treating with dil. Hydrochloric acid or acetic acid gave -chloro-H-benzo[]pyridazino[, -][, ]thiazine (, -diazapheno-thiazine type) through rearrangement and cyclization. -Chloro-10H-benzo[]pyridazino-[, -][, ]thiazine (, 2-diazaphenothiazine type) was obtained by either heating of I at 150°or treating of I with conc. hydrochloric acid through direct cyclization. The mechanism of the aforesaid reactions was discussed using a molecular orbital method. Several , 2-and , -diazaphenothiazine derivatives were synthesized.

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in (.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), bla_CMY-2 (

22

), blaCTX-M-

3

(16), blaCTX-M-

1

(15), blaOXA-

1

(9) and bla_SHV-12 (

3

) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group

A₁

(35.

8

%), followed by group D₂ (

22

.

1

%),

B

1

(15.

8

%),

D₁

(9.

5

%), A₀ (7.

4

%),

B2₂

(

5

.

3

%) and

B2₃

(

4

.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(6’)-Ib-cr,

qnrS1

and qnrB10 were detected in 25.

3

, 10.

5

and

1

.

1

% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.0% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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The possibility of attenuation of microseismic waves due to the presence of an upward folding of the ocean bottom into the liquid is discussed in this paper. The upward folding of the ocean bottom has been idealized by means of an irregularity in the form of a rectangle intruding into the liquid and the evaluation of the displacement component at any point of the solid medium has been carried out in two stages. First, the change in the incident mode of the surface wave due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity has been determined, and second, the subsequent change of the resulting displacement components due to the termination of the liquid layer and the step change in elevation of the solid medium at the continental margin has been discovered. Finally, numerical calculation has been made to determine the attenuation of the microseismic waves of different periods due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity at the ocean bottom.

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2-Benzyl--chloro--mercapto- (2H)-pyridazinone () was heated in ethanol under reflux for 10 hours to form concurrently 2, 7-dibenzyldipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin-, 6 (2H, 7H)-dione (Ia) (57% in yield) and 2, -dibenzyldipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin-, 9 (2H, H)-dione (IIa) (14% in yield). Assignment of the two products to the corresponding structures is established by their physico-chemical constants and chemical behaviors. The concurrent formation of the dipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin-, 6 (2H, 7H)-dione and the -, 9 (2H, H)-dione were observed in, not only heating -chloro--mercapto- (2H)-pyridazinones (-) in polar solvent, but warming -mercapto--chloro- (2H)-pyridazinones (-6) in the presence of potassium carbonate in DMF. For the interpretation of the reaction, keto-thioketo carbenes as active intermediate species and a reversible interconversion among them are suggested on the basis of the fact that there was nonexistence of an equilibrium between the two compounds, such as Ia and IIa, under the reaction condition and a trapping keto-thioketo carbene species as 2-phenylimino--benzylpyridazo [, -d]-, -dithiol- (H)-one (IVa) (14% in yield) along with the major products, (Ia) and (IIa), was furnished by warming with phenylisothiocyanate in the presence of triethylamine in dry benzene. On the contrary, participation of a reversible interconversion between Ia and IIa, to a considerable extent, with the concurrent formation of them in the case of benzylation of either Ib or IIb, by warming with benzylchloride in the presence of potassium carbonate in DMF at 80°, might not be neglected, because an attempted approach to an equilibrium between Ia and IIa in a similar reaction condition except the use of benzylchloride realized, whereas non-existence of an equilibrium between Ib and IIb in the similar reaction condition was observed.

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The performance of single pitch and multi pitch screw anchors during the application of installation torque is presented. An experimental testing program was conducted using five models of screw anchors with different geometry. The effect of the shape of the screw element, sand properties, and installation depth on the required installation torque value was examined. A theoretical model was developed from which the required installation torque value can be calculated in terms of the influencing factors. The required installation torque can be determined in terms of the ultimate uplift resistance calculated from any of the available theories. Based on the actual installation torque value measured in the field, the anticipated pullout capacity can be back calculated from the present theory. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results showed good agreement. Also, good agreement was observed when the present theoretical results were compared with the available field results reported in the literature.

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-Chloro--mercapto--ethoxypyridazine () was heated under reflux in abs. ethanol for three hours to form concurrently four products with novel rings in the dipyridazo-, -dithiin system, , 9-diethoxydipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin (pale yellow needles, mp 211°, 13% in yield) (Ia), , 6-diethoxydipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin (colorless needles, mp 260°, 12% in yield) (IIa), dipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin-, 9 (H, 6H)-dione (colorless solid, mp>300°, 24% in yield) (Ib), and dipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin-, 6 (H, 9H)-dione (colorless solid, mp>300°, 16% in yield) (IIb). Structural assignment of the compounds, Ia, IIa, Ib and IIb, was confirmed by their physico-chemical constants and chemical experimental evidences. Similar concurrent formations of an isomeric pair of , 9-disubstituted dipyridazo-[, - : ', '-]-, -dithiins (I series isomers) and , 6-disubstituted dipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiins (II series ones) were also observed in those cases in which heating , -dichloro--mercaptopyridazine (), -chloro--mercapto--benzylthiopyridazine () and -chloro--mercapto--morpholinopyridazine () in similar reaction conditions (heating in proper polar solvents for proportionatd periods) formed a pair of the , 9-dichloro- (colorless needles, mp 275°, only trace in yield) (Ic) and , 6-dichloro derivative (pale yellow needles, mp 307°(decomp.), only trace in yield) (IIc), , 9-dibenzylthio- (yellow crystals, mp 230°, 29% in yield) (Id) and , 6-dibenzyl derivative (red crystals, mp 252°, 23% in yield) (IId), and , 9-dimorpholino- (colorless crystals, mp 268°, 38% in yield) (Ie) and , 6-dimorpholino derivative (colorless needles, mp 291°, 25% in yield) (IIe), respectively. A rather complex cyclization furnishing the concurrent formation of two pairs of the dipyridazo-, -dithiin derivatives was found in the reaction of heating -chloro-, -dimercaptopyridazine (6) in a similar reaction condition, followed by benzylation, in which a pair of the derivatives with another novel ring, dipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin, the , 9-dibenzylthio- (colorless plates, mp 168°, % in yield) (VI) and , 6-di-benzylthio derivative (yellow needles, mp 210°, 11% in yield) (VII) and another pair of derivatives with a known ring, dipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin, the , 6-dibenzylthio-(yellow needles, mp 178°, 19% in yield) (IV) and the , 9-dibenzylthio derivative (colorless needles, mp 170°, 9% in yield) (V) and none of Id and IId or , 6-dichlorodipyridazo-[, - : ', '-]-, -dithiin (If) and , 9-dichloro derivative (IIf) was detected. NMR spectra of some dibenzylthiodipyridazo-, -dithiin derivatives were compared. A discussion of the cyclization mechanism involved in these reactions is also proposed.

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A novel ring contraction for the conversion of 2, 7-disubstituted 10H-dipyridazino [, - : ', '-] [, ] thiazine-, 6-(2H, 7H)-diones ('a-c) into the corresponding 2, 6-disubstituted 9H-dipyridazino [, - : ', '-d] pyrrole-, (2H, 6H)-diones (7'a-c), through a base-induced extrusion of sulfur, is described. Heating of 'a-c in dimethylformamide in the presence of potassium carbonate smoothly afforded 7'a-c, respectively, in good yields, although neither 2, -dimethyl-10H-dipyridazino [, - : ', '-] [, ] thiazine-, 9 (2H, H)-dione ('a), nor , 7-dimethyl-10H-dipyridazino [, - : ', '-] [, ] thiazine-, 6 (H, 7H)-dione (6'a) was susceptible to similar reaction conditions. The mechanism of the ring contraction, which may involve an intermediate (anion, C^-) containing a thiirane ring, is also discussed.

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　コンクリート舗装はアスファルト舗装よりもわだち掘れやひび割れに対する耐久性が高く，舗装の長寿命化が期待される．しかしながら，寒冷地では凍上対策を確実に実施されない場合，早期に破損が生じることが知られている．本研究では，既設アスファルト舗装をコンクリート舗装へ打ち換える場合の凍上対策として，XPS（押出法ポリスチレンフォーム断熱材）を用いた断熱工法の適用性を試験施工により検討した．断熱材の保護および路盤の品質確保のため必要となる路盤厚さの検討，断熱材の耐力照査，および熱伝導解析による断熱効果のシュミレーション結果に基づいて試験施工を実施した結果，良好な施工が可能であること，路床の支持力低下が懸念される融解期においても通常期と同等の支持力が得られること，期待される断熱効果が得られることが明らかとなった．

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　ある道路トンネル内に使われているプレストレストコンクリート舗装（以下，PC舗装）において，縦断方向及び横断方向のひび割れが確認された．現地調査の結果，大きなひび割れが発生している箇所では，PC鋼材の破断や，たわみが大きな箇所では，PC舗装版と路盤の間に空洞の確認もされた．

　そこで，それら2つの要因が，PC舗装のたわみにどのように影響を及ぼしているかを把握するために

次元非線形FEMによる解析的検証を実施した．解析の結果，空洞の大きさの方が，プレストレス減少よりも，たわみに与える影響が大きいことが分かった．加えて，空洞が生じると，PC舗装のみで荷重に抵抗する梁形式に近い耐荷機構に変化すること，さらに，舗装表面に負曲げが生じる可能性があることが分かった．

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　近年，空港，高速道路ならびに国道の開削調査等により，舗装の損傷における水の影響が明らかになってきた．舗装の長寿命化を実現するには，水が介在することで生じる損傷の過程を正しく理解することが大きな意味を持つ．そのためには，室内評価において，供用中の道路で実際に観測されるような損傷を再現でき，加えて耐水性能の異なるアスファルト混合物に対して，その性能差を有意に比較検討できる評価方法を獲得することが重要と考える．本検討では，既往研究で究明したアスファルトの骨材からの剥離メカニズムを踏まえ，国内・海外の試験法を参考に新たに開発した，改質アスファルト混合物の新たな耐水性評価法を提案し，さらに試験精度を高める手法も検討した．

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　供用中のアスファルトコンクリート（アスコン）層は，酸化や紫外線等により劣化している．このようなアスコンの疲労ダメージ状態を評価するには，実舗装から採取した切取コアの供試体を用いた疲労試験を行う必要がある．本研究では，実舗装から採取した切取コア供試体と室内で作製した熱劣化アスコン供試体に対して繰返し圧縮引張試験を行い，結果として得られる各種の粘弾性パラメータと疲労破壊回数の関係について検討した．その結果，アスコンの疲労ダメージの蓄積状態は繰返し載荷過程における位相角の変化と密接な関係があり，粘弾性パラメータとして単位位相角変化量を導入することで，疲労ダメージの蓄積のし易さを評価できることがわかった．

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　アスファルトコンクリート再生骨材は，場所や地域によっては複数回利用されており，その品質の低下が懸念されている．筆者らは，室内で劣化と再生を繰り返した再生アスファルト混合物や，アスファルト混合所で使用されている再生骨材を用いた再生アスファルト混合物の性状評価を室内試験により行ってきた．その結果，再生用添加剤の成分差異や，再生骨材配合率，旧アスファルト針入度が，再生アスファルト混合物のひび割れ抵抗性に及ぼす影響について知見を得ている．本研究では，実大試験工区を構築し，荷重車による促進載荷試験を行いひび割れ抵抗性の検証を行った．その結果，再生混合物のひび割れ抵抗性は，室内試験と同様に，添加剤の成分や再生骨材配合率に影響を受け，高温カンタブロ損失率等により評価可能であることを確認した．

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　我が国におけるアスファルト再生骨材のアスファルト混合物への利用は1980年代から本格的に行われており，改質アスファルト混合物へのアスファルト再生骨材の利用についても検討および適用が進められてきている．しかしながら，積雪寒冷地における再生改質アスファルト混合物の長期的な供用性状の検証はなされていないのが実態である．本研究では，2001年度に国道上で再生改質アスファルト混合物の試験施工を実施し，舗設時から供用20年後まで供用性状を調査した．またコア採取を行い，ひび割れの進行方向について検討した．この結果，再生骨材の配合率が高いほど，供用により冬期の摩耗等や路面側からのひび割れが生じやすい傾向にあることが明らかとなった．

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　ILブロック舗装の敷砂に天然砂（良質な砂），目地砂に珪砂等が用いられる．良質な天然砂等は高価であることから，同等の性能を有した天然砂に代わる材料を用いることでコスト削減に寄与できると考えられる．そこで，天然砂の代わりに家庭ごみを焼却して生成される溶融スラグに着目し，室内試験による材料特性の把握，実施工による現場試験の結果から適用性について検討を行った．その結果，敷砂では天然砂と同等の細粒化に対する抵抗性，目地砂としては珪砂以上のかみ合わせ効果が得られた．また，実施工した試験舗装に対する

年間の路面性状および支持力特性の調査結果から，溶融スラグを敷砂，目地砂に用いた場合でも天然砂と同等以上の性能を発揮できる可能性が示された．

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　阪神高速道路は路線全体の

割が高架橋であり，特に湾岸線では鋼床版構造が多く採用されている．鋼床版上舗装の基層には，たわみ追従性が高く，かつ流し込み施工が可能で，床版上の凹凸部へ容易に充填できるグースアスファルト混合物が従来から使用されてきた．近年，道路舗装各社において，従来のグースアスファルト混合物と比較して高耐久で低臭気なグースアスファルト混合物が開発され，実用化に向けた取り組みがなされている．本稿では，阪神高速における鋼床版上舗装の長寿命化を目指し，高耐久グースアスファルト混合物の性能規定化を目的として，鋼床版上舗装の基層に求める性能を評価する各種試験を実施したので報告する．

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