A sample of [³H] tobrarnycin (, 000 Ci/Mole) has been synthetized and incubated with
the bacterial ribosome and its subunits. The results obtained show that this antibiotic has
two types of binding sites. The primary one is probably responsible for the inhibition of
protein synthesis whereas the secondary one is probably related to the misreading and reading
tiirough of the messenger RNA.

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(³H) Tobramycin was used as a probe to determine the relationship between the structure of aminoglycoside antibiotics and their ability to remove this drug from its higher affinity binding site on the ribosome. The dissacharide moieties (neamine, tobramine, gentamine) appeared to have a common binding site, whereas the kanosamine, garosamine and ribose moieties determined the specificity of this binding. Amikacin and butikacin behaved in an anomalous manner in spite of their close structural relationship to tobramycin.

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This study was performed to clarify which factors affected damage to tame-ike (small embankment dams for irrigation) in Hokudan Town as a result of the January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake. Factors were assumed to be : Location (.g., Distance to Epicenter, etc.), Structure (.g., Angle to Nearest Fault, Embankment Volume, etc.), Soil Properties of Embankment, Geology of Dam Site and History (Era of Construction, Repaired, etc.). Multivariate statistical analyses were performed for documentary data (damaged : 181, undamaged : 328). Ordinary statistical analyses were conducted for the data investigated in situ for soil properties of the embankment. The results show that the factors causing damage to dam are : (1) Nearest Fault (Nojima, Mizukoshi and D2), (2) Distance to Nearest Fault (less than 500 m), (3) Distance to Epicenter (approximately to 14 km, which almost agrees with the location of seismic intensity 7 JMA), () Elevation of Dam Site (higher than 100 m), () Embankment Volume (the greater the volume the more damage was caused), () Direction of Dam Axis (normal or diagonal to the epicenter or to nearest the fault), (7) Plan View of Dam Axis (3 or axes), () Surface Geology of Dam Site (non-cohesive soil type ground), () Era of Construction (prior to 1891) and (10) Soil Properties of Embankment (sand, not silty sand or gravel, penetration resistance that is 10% smaller than the undamaged dams).

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The activities of tobramycin derivatives acetylated and ethylated on the '-N, 2'-N and 3-N positions were examined. The MICs of these derivatives against tobramycin sensitive strains indicated that 2'-N-ethylated and '-N-ethylated derivatives have a fairly good activity, and confirmed that the 3-N position is the most important one for antibiotic activity since 3-N derivatives were less active. The MICs of these derivatives against tobramycin resistant strains, and their inactivation by tobramycin modifying enzymes were examined. These results showed that 2'-N or '-N ethylation protects the drug against inactivation by AAC(2') or AAC('), respectively, and 2'-N-ethyltobramycin and '-N-ethyltobramycin were active against strains containing these modifying enzymes. On the other hand, 3-N ethylation protects the drug against inactivation by AAC(3) but 3-N-ethyl tobramycin does not inhibit strains containing this enzyme.

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Two new polyacetylene compounds (, , 12)-1-acetoxy-3-isovaleryloxytetradeca-, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (), and (, , 12)-1-acetoxy-3-(2-methylbutyryloxy)tetradeca-, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol () have been isolated along with (, , 12)-1-acetoxy-3-senecioyloxytetradeca-, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (A) from Atractylodes Rhizome (Karabyakujutu). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of their spectral data.

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The Gujarat earthquake in India occurred in January, 2001, and caused significant damage in the province of Gujarat. The Japanese Geotechnical Society sent a small reconnaissance team to the damaged region after the quake. The present text presents the report from this activity. The major attention of the team was focused on geotechnical aspects of the damage which were related to earthfill dams and harbor land fills. It was found that a significant portion of damage was concentrated in fills resting on soft natural soils. Swedish weight soundings which were conducted at two places demonstrated the existence of such a soft subsoil. From this, it was concluded that amplification of earthquake shaking as well as the permanent deformation in the soft foundation soil induced such kinds of damage as subsidence, cracking, and lateral spreading in overlying artificial fills. For the better seismic resistance of those affected fills during future earthquakes, the improvement of soft subsoil seems essential.

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The boundary element method expanded in frequency domains is presented to analyze the dynamic interaction between an embedded flexible rectangular foundation and soil with consideration of the obliquely incident waves. Numerical results describing the influence of the flexibility of the foundation on the dynamic responses of the foundation due to obliquely incident waves indicate that the flexibility of actual foundations can diminish the reduction of translation responses and increase the rotational responses in the high frequency range. These phenomena are more conspicuous as the embedment ratio is larger and the value of the wave velocity ratio of the soil and the foundation approaches to unity. When the high frequency components of the input ground motion are important and the basement has higher flexibility (for example ₂v_s/₁v_s >0.), the analysis method which considers the basement as a rigid foundation may lead to unsafety estimations and the estimation of the flexibility of the foundation is necessary as analysing the effective input motion with consideration of the incident waves.

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Circuit techniques to enhance the linearity of input-voltage-to-current (V/I) conversion and to increase the output impedance of a current source by compensating for the low intrinsic gain of a transistor were introduced to realize a high-frequency operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) for a low supply voltage using sub-100-nm CMOS processes. Applying these techniques, a MOS 7th-order Gm- linear-phase low-pass filter (LPF) was realized using a 65nm CMOS process. A simplified biquad LPF that can serve as a component of a 7th-order LPF was newly developed by replacing OTAs with resistors. As a result, the -3dB frequency bandwidth, group delay ripple, 3rd-order distortion, and 3rd-order input intercept point (IIP3) were 200MHz, 2.2%, ≤ -55dB with a 100MHz input, and +10.3dBm, respectively, all with a ±0.1Vp-p input signal at each input terminal in the pseudodifferential configuration. The LPF including an output buffer dissipated 60mW in the case of a 1.2V supply. Wide spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) characteristics were confirmed up to high frequencies.

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In the seismic analysis of pile foundations the soil is often assumed to be an elastic material and the pressure at the soil pile interface is not limited during the analysis. This may result in a considerable error, as the computed pressure from an elastic analysis may go well beyond the ultimate lateral pressure of real soil. In fact, significant yielding at the soil-pile interface has been observed during real earthquakes, and also in laboratory tests. The yield zone is usually near the ground surface where the effect of inertial force due to the superstructure is higher. This yielding redefines the pile response, and in general cannot be ignored. In order to examine the effects of soil yielding on the internal pile response during earthquakes an approximate analysis is described in this paper which is an extension of a static method developed by the second author (1982) for the analysis of piles subjected to lateral soil movement. This method is then used to investigate the effects of soil yielding on the internal response of piles through a comparative study in which real earthquakes are used. It is shown that for strong earthquakes and heavily loaded piles the soil yielding may considerably increase the amount of maximum pile moment developed in the pile. A marked difference in the effects of yielding on the pile moment and shear is observed and discussed.

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The interaction between a penetrating shaft and the surrounding soil media under impact loading is a frequently encountered phenomenon in geotechnical engineering. Examples of such dynamic soil/shaft interaction would include dynamic pile driving, standard penetration testing (SPT), and dynamic driven rod test. Presented in this paper is a novel approach, based on the principle of dynamic system identification, which enables identification of dynamic soil-pile interaction model parameters. The analytical transfer function, relating the output stress wave forms to the input stress wave forms in the soil/shaft system, is derived using the Laplace and Fourier Transform techniques and the one-dimensional wave propagation theories. A numerical solution algorithm based on a variation of gradient method is coded into a micro-computer based program to solve the frequency-dependent soil-pile interaction parameters (Smith model) : soil damping and soil spring stiffness. To further reduce the amount of computational effort required in the solution of the frequency-dependent dynamic soil properties, it is suggested that the solution be obtained for the first-mode natural frequency of the measured stress waves. The results obtained from this simplified solution algorithm, when compared with both numerical simulations and controlled laboratory tests, are reasonably acceptable. The proposed parameter identification technique offers a viable alternative data interpretation procedure for deducing pertinent Smith model parameters used frequently in pile driving analysis.

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The syntheses of (S)-13-hydroxy-(2, , )-tetradecatrienoic acid (1) and (2, , Z-tetradecatrienoic acid (2) were carried out by using the Wittig reaction as the key step. The asymmetric center at -13 and the double bond between - and - for natural compound 1 were reconfirmed as being of (S) configuration and , respectively. The relationship between the structure of the unsaturated hydroxy fatty acids and their inhibitory effect on the growth of lettuce was investigated.

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The Beckmann rearrangement of aliphatic ketone oximes, R(CHs)=NOH (R=Et (1); n-Pr (2); iso-Pr (3); iso-Bu ()), with polyphosphoric acid (PPA), polyphosphate ester (PPE), and ester of phosphoric acid (2 P- R) was carried out and migratory ratios ((a)/() in eq. (1)) were determined, The results are shown in Fig.1, 2, and 3, respectively.
In Fig.1 and 2, the migratory ratios decrease with reaction time and nearly approach to the ratios of anti-alkyl form/syn-alkylform in benzene(A1) or DMSO(A2)except for (3) (See Table 1). From this fact, it has been found that PPA and PPE are inactive for isomerization of the oximes andanti-alkyl oximes rearrange faster than syn-alkyl ones. ln the case of (3), migratery ratios are smaller than Ai or A2. As acetonitrile is detected by GLC, it is presumed that fission has been occurred simultaneously with rearrangement in anti-alkyl oxime (eq. (3)). In the case of 2 P- R, all modes of the reaction arethe same as in above, except that the rate of fission is tnuch faster than that in PPA and PPE.
The reaction of anti-alkyl ketone oximes having a bulky grouphas been greatly influenced by the use of sterically demanding catalysts such asPPA, PPE, and 2 P- R.

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Repetitive liquefactions in angular and subangular gravels from an alluvial fan, in the case of two earthquakes with accelerations lower than that of a former which had caused liquefaction some months before, are described. The liquefaction took place from the surface, down to a depth of approximately 10 m. Water laden with sediments spouted out for some tens of minutes after the strong motion ceased. Knowledge of the grain size distribution of the sediments inside the body of the alluvial fan roughly defines the areas of the fan prone to future liquefaction. Non-repetitive liquefaction in overconsolidated fine fluvio-lacustrine sand of glacial origin at the unusual depth of 14 m to 16 m is also described. From the observation of sand lifted up for 10 m inside a large diameter well, and of that which spouted out from several microvents, it was estimated that extra-pore pressure was close to lithostatic conditions. Nevertheless, modeling of intrinsic pore pressure buildup on the DESRA2 programme gives lower values than the experimental one. Geotechnical characteristics of the 12 m-thick sandy stratum indicate that the upper part is unusually soft, either due to water circulation or past repetitive liquefactions which prevented reconsolidation. It is suggested that excess pore pressure generated by the earthquake was also due to redistribution of pressure from adjacent sediments.

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Stress wave theory is applied to open-ended pipe piles to clarify the effects of soil plug on the behaviour of piles during driving and static loading. Measured field data and various numerical models are reviewed ; methods are presented to calculate wave propagation in both the pile and the soil plug ; modelling is presented which takes into account the interaction between the soil plug and the pile ; also presented is simplified method to estimate the loadsettlement relation of the pipe pile in static loading. By correlating observed and calculated values in two analytical cases, the authors demonstrate that incorporation of the soil plug (modelled as a series of masses and springs) is required to correctly predict pile behaviour during driving and static loading.

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Six full-length cDNAs encoding pig cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, CYP1A1, CYP2A19, CYP2, CYP233v, CYP249, and CYP21, were isolated and sequenced. The cDNA sequences of pig CYP1A1, CYP2A19, CYP2, CYP249, and CYP21 showed high similarity to human CYP1A1 (.%), CYP2A13 (88.%), (81.1%), (.3%), and (82.%), respectively, and pig cDNA showed high similarity to rat (79.2%). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays revealed hepatic gene expression of all these pig CYP enzymes: the order of expression was and > > CYP1A1 and CYP2A19 > . In the kidney, the gene was expressed at the same level as in the liver, but the CYP1A1, CYP2A19, and genes were expressed at lower levels than in the liver. Little renal gene expression of CYP249 and CYP21 was observed. We revealed for the first time the full-length cDNA sequences encoding pig CYP1A1 and five CYP enzymes belonging to the CYP2 gene family, thus making it possible to examine the gene expression levels of these CYP enzymes in pig tissues by RT-PCR.

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