Approximately 99% of the fat in huma milk is secreted into the alveoli by the mammary secretory epithelial cell (lactocyte) in membrane bound milk fat globules (MFG). The MFG, unlike small molecules such as lactose, have little effect on the osmotic balance between milk and blood and therefore they can be stored in large amounts in the alveolar lumen.Approximately % of the fat in the MFG are tri-acylglycerols (TAG). Importantly, different species, . g. women, rabbits, cows and elephants, have distinctive combinations of fatty acids esterified as TAG in their milk.We have measured 24-h milk production, fat content and fatty acid composition at 1, 2, , 6, , and 12 months of lactation in women.Mean (±SD) milk production (375.-1: 153.mL/24-h/breast) differed between breasts, between women and with stage of lactation (p<0.05). Whereas the fat content (35.±7.g/L) and the percentage composition of 18: 1n (32.24±3.3), 18: 2n6 (.18±2.66), 18: 3n3 (0.76±0.21), 20: n6 (0.37±0.07), : n3 (0.17±0.04), and : 6n3 (0.2±0.07) differed only between women and with stage of lactation (p<0.05).In contrast, the amount delivered to the infant differed (p<0.05) between women only for 18: 3n3, : n3 and : 6n3 and no differences in amounts delivered were observed for any of these fatty acids from 1 to 12 months of lactation.Each child received a mean (±SD) of 8.27-2.84 g 18: 1n; 2.38±0.g 18: 2n6;194±73mg 18: 3n3;92±31mg 20: n6;43±14 mg : n3 and 49±21 mg : 6n3 every 24-h from breastmilk over the first year of life.These results indicate that variation in percentage composition of individual fatty acids (.g.18: 2n6) does not always translate to variation in the amount delivered to the infant.
Milk fat not only accounts for approximately 50% of the infant's energy intake, but also is responsible for the supply of the essential and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are required for the optimal development of the infant.For example, arachidonic acid (20: n6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20: n3) are essential precursors for the synthesis of prostaglandins and immunomodulatory eicosanoids.On the other hand, docosahexaenoic acid (: 6n3, DHA) is a major polyunsaturated fatty acid in the membranes of the cerebral cortex and retina and higher intakes of DHA have been associated with higher ratings in intelligence tests particularly in children born prematurely. Fatty acids and mono-acylglycerols released by hydrolysis of TAG in the infant's digestive tract have a detergent like lytic action and inactivate enveloped viruses, gram positive and gram negative bacteria, fungi and protozoa.The membrane surrounding the human MFG contains mucin filaments that may act as a decoy to pathogenic micro-organisms ( coli).Micro-organisms recognise mucin filaments as membrane docking sites from which to launch an invasive infection and are thereby lured away from the membrane docking sites on the epithelial cells lining the infant's digestive tract.
Despite the importance of milk fat to the infant, it is the most variable component of human milk.It varies, over the course of a feed, over the course of the day, with stage of lactation, from one lactation to the next, between breasts, and between women. The major predictors of the fat content of milk over the course of a day have been shown to be the length of the interval between breastfeeds, the fat content at the end of the previous breastfeed, the amount of milk removed at the previous breastfeed and the amount of milk removed at the current feed.However, we have found that the fat content of milk is determined primarily by the amount of milk (degree of fullness) in the breast.For example, if the baby sleeps overnight, the mother's breasts will be full of milk in the morning and the fat content of fore-milk (milk obtained before a breastfeed) will be very low.

抄録全体を表示

A monoclonal antibody, 6 established from mice injected with dolphin peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) was characterized. In addition to its reactivity against .% of dolphin PBLs, 6 reacted with 33.1% of bovine PBLs of which % were CD ⁺, 11.1% were -. 6 recognized a 34 kD protein on the surface of dolphin and bovine PBLs. Analysis of the protein's N-terminal amino acid sequence indicated that 6 recognizes bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens. These results suggested that 6 recognized MHC class II antigens on bovine PBLs. As we have already produced an anti-dolphin MHC class I monoclonal antibody, analysis of immune system using these monoclonal antibodies will advance our understanding of the evolution of the mammalian immune system.

抄録全体を表示

Callipeltin A (1) is a cyclodepsipeptide from water sponge collected at New Caledonia. This compound shows anti-HIV and cytotoxic activities against KB and P388 cells and contains three new amino acid residues. β-methoxytyrosine (β-MeOTyr) (), (2R,3R,S)--amino-7-guanidino-2,-3-dihydroxyheptanoic acid (AGDHE) (), (3S,R)-3,-dimethyl-L-glutamine (diMeGln) (6). In addition, two new truncated open-chain derivatives of Callipeltin A (1), named Callipeltin (2) and (3) were isolated. The unique structure and intriguing biological activities of this compound led us to explore total synthesis of Callipeltin A (1) and to elucidate stereochemistry of β-MeOTyr (). We started to synthesize Callipeltin (3) which contains β-MeOTyr (). In order to synthesize four stereoisomer of β-MeOTyr (), we attempted Evans anti or syn-Aldol reaction as a key step. Evans direct anti-aldol reaction with chiral benzyloxazolidinones (8) and p-hydroxy benzaldehyde () promoted by catalytic amounts of MgCl_2 in the presence of triethylamine and chlorotrimethylsilane. This proceder provide 3:1 diastereoselelctivity and 70% yield of isolated anti-aldol product (10). And Enolizalion of isocyanate oxazolidinone (13) with di-n-butylboryl trifrate and diisopropylethylamine followed by treatment with aldehyde 8 afford syn-aldol product 14 affording 88% yield and 1: anti: sin diastereomeric ratio. On the other hand, we tried Sharpless Asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD) and Aminohydroxylation () to give all four stereoisomers of β-MeOTyr. Treatment of olefin (18) with AD-mix α provided diol (19) and the α position alcohol of 19 was converted to sulfone regioselectively followed by azidation and treatment of 20 with PPh_3 to afford aziridine (21). Addition of aziridine (21) and _3・Et_2O in methanol produced α-amino β-methoxy adduct (). reaction protocol with t-butylcarbamate was successfully applied to afford desired in single step. Now we construct Callipeltin to determine absolute stereochemistry of β-MeOTyr (). In addition, we report the synthesis of diMeGln (6) and (2R,3R,S)-3-hydroxy-2--6-trimethyl hepanoic acid (7).

抄録全体を表示

Paramagnetic resonance of Cr³⁺ spins in TiO₂ single crystals were investigated in detail and two sets of weak absorption signals were observed in addition to usual Cr³⁺ resonance lines. By analysing both the directions of the local symmetry axes and the magnitude of spin Hamiltonian parameters and of these two groups I and II, it is concluded that these resonances come from substitutional Cr³⁺ spins coupled with the second and the third neighbor oxygen vacancies respectively. Spin Hamiltonian parameters determined for each group are given by
Group I, g=1.±0.005, =.10±0.10 GHz, =−1.41±0.05 GHz
Group II, g=1.±0.005, =−16.±1.0 GHz, =−3.±0. GHz.

抄録全体を表示

Direct enantiomeric resolution of the germacrene- derivative, (, 7S^*, *)--hydroxy-7-isopropyl-, 10-bis(methylene)--cyclodecen-1-one, was carried out by HPLC with a chiral stationary phase. This method showed that germacrene- contained in ylang ylang oil was % ., whereas germacrene- extracted from Solidago altissima L. was almost racemic.

抄録全体を表示

This paper outlines a mathematical description of the stress dilatancy behaviour of granular materials which accounts for stress level and void ratio dependencies. The consideration of these aspects has important implications in the modelling of granular material behaviour. In fact, granular material mechanical response is largely dominated by the evolution of dilatancy, fabric and void ratio histories. The starting point in this study is the well established Rowe's theory which is revisited and ultimately modified by introducing a factor linked to governing state parameters in order to describe the complete behaviour of granular materials during deformation. Numerical simulations of triaxial tests on granular materials at different void ratios and stress levels are herein presented to illustrate the model.

抄録全体を表示

The performance of single pitch and multi pitch screw anchors during the application of installation torque is presented. An experimental testing program was conducted using five models of screw anchors with different geometry. The effect of the shape of the screw element, sand properties, and installation depth on the required installation torque value was examined. A theoretical model was developed from which the required installation torque value can be calculated in terms of the influencing factors. The required installation torque can be determined in terms of the ultimate uplift resistance calculated from any of the available theories. Based on the actual installation torque value measured in the field, the anticipated pullout capacity can be back calculated from the present theory. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results showed good agreement. Also, good agreement was observed when the present theoretical results were compared with the available field results reported in the literature.

抄録全体を表示

[1] The purpose of this reserch is to make clear what type of design can give good effects to win the high readership score. At the begining I had to know what factors decide the readership score, and how to change the quality of the desing into numerical value. I have used the method of multi-dimentional analysis with the help of a computer, and got the estimation formula, with 7 kinds of factors, as follows ; A^^〜=B+C++K+aE++cG. A^^〜=estimated values of the readership score. 1) B, C, , K : these four factors are given as category values (so we call them); each factor is classified into several categories. B=week day, classified into 7 categories. C=pages of a newspaper, which are characterized by the kinds of articles, news, and the other reading matters, classified into categories. =kinds of goods and trades of the advertizement, classified into 14 catedories. K=constants, given to each 13 surveys. 2) , F, G : these factors are given as numerical values. G=area of advertizement, measured by the unit of column in the whole page length, being classified into 6 kinds of area (2., 3., , 7, 10, 15) and 15 column means a whole page, about 2,000cm^2. , F are the marks obtained in the design of advertizements. =sum of the marks obtained in each design element on the advertizement. F=the marks obtained on the whole effect of the design. 3) a, b, c : coefficients Using the above formula with the category values and the coefficients, we can obtain the naked design effect from the actual value A of readership score: aE+=A-(B+C++K+cG). In this research, I used 1,829 data of readership score from 1960 to 1968, being obtained by 13 survevs, spring and autumn twice a year. The sample of size each survey was 3,541, 2,251, or 200 in the other 11 surveys. Multiple correlation coefficient between the estimated value A^^〜 and the actual value A is 0.951. The table 2^* shows the contribution indexes of each factor by 3 kinds of expression-(1) Range : the absolute difference between the maximum and the minimum category values, (2) Standard deviations of the category values, (3) Partial correlation coefficient : the relationship between the actual values A and each factors. *see the table 2 in the thesis in Japanese. [2] The important point was in the determination of the values of , F. is the sum of the marks obtained in each design element, classified into four kinds : =_1+_2+_3+_. design elements [table] _1, _2, _3, _, these values have the grades, as 0, 1, 2, 3, and 0 is given to the design that has no attractive effect or no applicable element. And obtain the marks of 0 to grades as the sum of them. The values of F have also grades, 0 to . The principles to determine the values of , F are as follows : a) The marks obtained of , F must be the relative values among the each survey, and at the same time, they must have constancy within the same survey-the same elements of design must win the same marks obtained. b) They must be determined as to win the highest multiple correlation coefficient, when they are put into the estimation formula. c) They must be reasonable. In order to justify them, we must carry many researches on the actual condition. The frequency of accurence of each grade of , F values, as the table -, and - in the thesis in Japanese.

抄録全体を表示

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) had acidic pH (pH

.) and high C/N ratio that was suitable for fungal treatment. Treatment of POME (15 − 51 g/L) by Humicola insolens 2, Thermomyces lanuginosus , and Rhizopus oryzae ST29 for days indicated the optimum concentration of . g/L soluble COD. R. oryzae ST 29 was most efficient in removal of COD (60.0%), oil & grease (.6%), and total solids (52.%). The strain grew well (16. g-biomass/L) and also produced the highest biopolymer (26. mg/g biomass) with the simultaneous removal of solids from POME. The maximum treatment efficiency and enzyme production (814 U/mL CMCase and 1,550 U/mL xylanase) were achieved after days cultivation. R. oryzae ST 29 was selected for optimization studies which revealed the supplementation of 0.025% fertilizer (46% urea) and the initial pH of .. Under the optimum condition, the treatment increased to 80% COD removal with simultaneous increase of biopolymer by about 2 folds (52.2 mg/g biomass). Therefore, bioaugmentation of R. oryzae ST 29 in POME not only enhanced the treatment efficiency but also generated biomass, enzymes, and biopolymer (MW 17,700 Daltons) as bioproducts.

抄録全体を表示

We developed a real-time PCR procedure followed by melting curve analysis using the green fluorescence dye SYBR Green I for rapid detection and differentiation of hemplasmas in cattle. Analysis of the melting temperature (Tm) of the PCR products allowed for differentiation of the 2 bovine hemoplasmas, Mycoplasma wenyonii and a provisional species, `Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' (a synonym of `Candidatus M. haemobovis'). The Tm (mean ± S..) of the PCR products from the bovine hemoplasmas were . ± 0.12°C for M. wenyonii and 82.04 ± 0.27°C for `Candidatus M. haemobos' in the melting experiments. The protocol described in the present study can decrease the time to results by simultaneous detection and differentiation of the two hemoplasmas in cattle. By using this protocol, we examined hemoplasma prevalence in 109 cattle in Miyagi Prefecture and found that 67 (61.%) were infected with M. wenyonii, 25 (.%) were infected with `Candidatus M. haemobos' and 14 (12.8%) were infected with both.

抄録全体を表示

A new analytical method is proposed for determining the inextensible grid reinforcement pullout resistance and pullout force/pullout displacement curve by using basic backfill soil and grid reinforcement properties. The pullout skin friction resistance/pullout displacement relationship is simulated by linear elastic-perfectly plastic model. A hyperbolic model has been proposed to represent the pullout bearing resistance/pullout displacement relationship in which the maximum bearing resistance of a single bearing member is determined using a new bearing capacity equation proposed in this paper. The influences of the grid bearing member spacing ratio, S/, the bearing member deflection rigidity, and the pullout softening behavior on the mobilization of pullout bearing resistance are explicitly included in the proposed model. Good agreement has been obtained between calculated values and laboratory test results.

抄録全体を表示