A sample of [

3H

] tobrarnycin (

5

, 000 Ci/Mole) has been synthetized and incubated with
the bacterial ribosome and its subunits. The results obtained show that this antibiotic has
two types of binding sites. The primary one is probably responsible for the inhibition of
protein synthesis whereas the secondary one is probably related to the misreading and reading
tiirough of the messenger RNA.

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(

3H

) Tobramycin was used as a probe to determine the relationship between the structure of aminoglycoside antibiotics and their ability to remove this drug from its higher affinity binding site on the ribosome. The dissacharide moieties (neamine, tobramine, gentamine) appeared to have a common binding site, whereas the kanosamine, garosamine and ribose moieties determined the specificity of this binding. Amikacin and butikacin behaved in an anomalous manner in spite of their close structural relationship to tobramycin.

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The activities of tobramycin derivatives acetylated and ethylated on the '-N, 2'-N and -N positions were examined. The MICs of these derivatives against tobramycin sensitive strains indicated that 2'-N-ethylated and '-N-ethylated derivatives have a fairly good activity, and confirmed that the -N position is the most important one for antibiotic activity since -N derivatives were less active. The MICs of these derivatives against tobramycin resistant strains, and their inactivation by tobramycin modifying enzymes were examined. These results showed that 2'-N or '-N ethylation protects the drug against inactivation by AAC(2') or AAC('), respectively, and 2'-N-ethyltobramycin and '-N-ethyltobramycin were active against strains containing these modifying enzymes. On the other hand, -N ethylation protects the drug against inactivation by AAC() but -N-ethyl tobramycin does not inhibit strains containing this enzyme.

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The Beckmann rearrangement of aliphatic ketone oximes, R(CHs)=NOH (R=Et (1); n-Pr (2); iso-Pr (); iso-Bu (4)), with polyphosphoric acid (PPA), polyphosphate ester (PPE), and ester of phosphoric acid (2 P- R) was carried out and migratory ratios ((a)/() in eq. (1)) were determined, The results are shown in Fig.1, 2, and , respectively.
In Fig.1 and 2, the migratory ratios decrease with reaction time and nearly approach to the ratios of anti-alkyl form/syn-alkylform in benzene(A1) or DMSO(A2)except for () (See Table 1). From this fact, it has been found that PPA and PPE are inactive for isomerization of the oximes andanti-alkyl oximes rearrange faster than syn-alkyl ones. ln the case of (), migratery ratios are smaller than Ai or A2. As acetonitrile is detected by GLC, it is presumed that fission has been occurred simultaneously with rearrangement in anti-alkyl oxime (eq. ()). In the case of 2 P- R, all modes of the reaction arethe same as in above, except that the rate of fission is tnuch faster than that in PPA and PPE.
The reaction of anti-alkyl ketone oximes having a bulky grouphas been greatly influenced by the use of sterically demanding catalysts such asPPA, PPE, and 2 P- R.

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Low molecular weight glutenin subunits are important components of wheat storage proteins, which play an important role in determining end-use quality of common wheat. A newly established matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) procedure was used to analyze 478 landraces of bread wheat collected from the Yangtze-River region in China. Results indicated that 17 alleles at three loci: Glu-

, Glu- and Glu- were identified, resulting in different allele combinations. Of the 17 alleles detected at all the Glu- loci, five belonged to Glu-, seven to Glu- and five to Glu- locus. MALDI-TOF-MS indicated Glu-A

3

a/ was present in 72.%, Glu- in .4%, Glu- in .4%, Glu- in .2% and Glu- in .% lines. Seven types of alleles were identified at the Glu- locus: Glu-

B

3

d/i (25.%), Glu- (21.%), Glu- (16.9%), Glu- (13.%), Glu- (.4%), Glu- (.2%), and Glu- (.2%). Five types of Glu- alleles were detected: Glu- (58.4%), Glu- (.%), Glu- (15.%), Glu- (.%) and Glu- (0.2%). Four new alleles that showed abnormal MALDI-TOF spectrum patterns were identified at the Glu- and Glu- loci. A detailed study is needed to further characterize these alleles and their potential usage for wheat improvement.

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Six new cembranoids sarcophytol P (), R (4), S (), K (), (11), and T (13) were isolated from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum. Sarcophytol P () was shown to be the 20-hydroxy derivative of the major component sarcophytol A (1), and afforded the cyclization product in CHCl_ at room temperature, in a same way as in 1. Sarcophytols R (4) and S () were correlated to 1, by conversion of its 7R,R and 7S,S epoxide derivatives. Sarcophytol K() was a 13, 14-dihydroxycembranoid having a 1,Z-diene moiety. The absolute configuration of and its 1Z,- and 1Z,Z-isomers sarcophytol (2) and J (10) were determined by circular dichroism study of their bis-p-dimethylaminobenzoate derivatives. Sarcophytols (11) and T (13) were 1- and 1,Z-isomers of 1. Compound 11 showed characteristic broadening of the ^1H-NMR chemical shifts, due to the restricted conformational interconversion. Using the three cembranoids sarcophytols (11, 1,), N (15, 1Z,Z) and T (13,1,Z), spontaneous autoxidation-cyclization, in CHCl_,was examined, in order to compare the stereochemical course of the reaction with that of 1 (1Z,), which affords trans-fused bicyclo[9..0]tetradecene systems. The 1,Z-isomer 13 gave the same cyclization product 18, as in the reaction of 1, even though it is isomeric at -1,. The 1Z,Z isomer 15 gave 19, in consequence of the reversed geometry at - of 15. The 1,-isomer (11) gave the bicyclic product , having an antipodal fusion as compared with 19. This was confirmed by PCC oxidation of 19 and , giving enantiomeric ketones 23 and 24 respectively. The 1(14)-epoxide 26 was shown to be the immediate precursor of , and acounted for the inversion of the geometry at -1 of the cyclization product. Compound 26 is isomeric with the epoxide 17 derived from 1. The epoxide 17 is the postulated precursor in the conversion of 13 to 18. It is noteworthy that the mode of antipodal fusion of the cyclopentane rings, in 18 and , was controlled by the chirality of the epoxy rings. The -14 hydroxyl group participates in the transannular cyclization, but was found not to be the requisite functional group for the reaction. Similar treatment of cembrene (30), the parent hydrocarbon of 1, also reacted in CHCl_ giving the bicyclic product 32.

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in (.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), bla_CMY-2 (

22

), blaCTX-M-

3

(16), bla_CTX-M-1 (15), bla_OXA-1 (9) and bla_SHV-12 (

3

) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group A₁ (35.

8

%), followed by group D₂ (

22

.1%),

B

1 (15.

8

%), D₁ (9.

5

%), A₀ (7.4%),

B2₂

(

5

.

3

%) and

B2₃

(4.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(

6

’)-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qnrB10 were detected in 25.

3

, 10.

5

and 1.1% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.0% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE,

f17a

-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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Leakage of water due to internal erosion through a dam body or foundation is a major problem with fill-type dams. Recent case histories and research suggest that most cases of internal erosion are possibly triggered by hydraulic fracturing. However, the quantitative mechanism of hydraulic fracturing still remains to be solved. Therefore in-situ hydraulic fracture tests were carried out with a cheap, concise apparatus using boreholes dug in the soft clayey volcanic soil foundation of a low earth dam (Oyachi Dam) in Niigata Prefecture. Water was injected into the foundation through a perforated pipe by two methods : one was under a controlled injection pressure and the other was a controlled injection flow rate. In the former method, the relationship between flow rate and injection pressure was observed and it was found that a yield pressure or fracture pressure existed in all the tests. By repeating the injection test it was confirmed that once a crack is developed, it is very easily reopened by a water pressure a little higher than the earth pressure exerted on the crack. In the latter method, the relationship between injection pressure and time was observed and it was found that fracture pressure varied with flow rate. The boreholes were excavated to observe the development of fracture cracks and it was also found that the cracks had developed perpendicular to the borehole periphery, which means that fracture cracks were induced by tensile stress and denies the explanation that fractures are caused by shear failure.

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　Conçue comme une négativité infinie et absolue, l’ironie déclenche une déstructuration sémantique et diégétique. Dans En attendant Godot de Beckett， la fonction de chaque discours et de chaque action est systématiquement réduite à une méta-action négative, par quoi on peut définir la notion d’attente. Cette perturbation qui détraque les discours et les actions opère à tous les niveaux de la pièce．

’est la méthode de（dé）construction fondamentale chez Beckett，qui consiste à injecter en permanence de l’ironie pour subvertir l’ordre des choses． La même démarche ironique avait été adoptée par les préromantiques pour surmonter une difficulté soulevée par la philosophie idéaliste，à savoir la division entre les phénomènes et les choses en soi．Marqué par l’influence profonde de la pensée de Schopenhauer，Beckett se place dans le sillage idéaliste des préromantiques，et leur emprunte leur méthode d’évocation de l’inexprimable par le recours à l’ironie．

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The objective of this article is to propose and evaluate a sliding-block model to deal with very large displacements of slopes when a horizontal earthquake is applied. The slip surface consists of two inclinations on which full shear resistance is mobilized. Internal shearing exists along a sub-plane that intersects the angle between the two sub-planes that form the external slip surface. The ratio of the distance moved along the two external sub-planes depends on the inclination of the internal sub-plane. If there is a water table line, undrained conditions are assumed during motion and total stress analysis is performed. The governing equations of motion are formulated, analytical solutions are obtained for some cases, and back-analysis of four well-documented slides is performed.

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This paper is concerned with an extension of a rotational limit equilibrium method for determining the permanent displacements of slopes under seismic excitation. In the proposed procedure, the sliding mass is treated as a rigid rotating body defined by a log spiral trace. Permanent displacements are obtained by double-integration of the equation of motion in a manner similar to Newmark's translational sliding block method. The seismic slope stability analysis is based on the rotational (variational) limit equilibrium approach. This stability analysis was verified with dynamic experimental results obtained from centrifuge model testing. A series of parametric studies was conducted on"unstable"slopes, investigating the effects of soil properties and characteristics of excitation on the magnitude of permanent displacements. The higher the frictional angle, the smaller the permanent displacement of the slope is. Low excitation frequency yields larger slope displacement if the excitation is extended for the same time period of time. The effect of frequency becomes less distinct when a larger value of yield seismic coefficient is used. The proposed procedures produce a rational criterion to evaluate the seismic performance of simple slopes. This criterion is based on permanent displacement limit rather than factor of safety alone.

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Background : Usefulness of endoscopic microwave coagulation therapy (-MCT) was examined in 27 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Material and Methods : HCC was found in patients with type liver cirrhosis (LC), 16 patients with type LC, and patients with non non LC. Median tumor size was 23 mm (solitary lesion , multiple ). Laparoscopic MCT was performed for S2-

6

lesion and thoracoscopic MCT for

S₈

lesion under general anesthesia. Linear type ultrasonography was used in every case for monitoring lesion ant therapeutic effect.
Results : Complete tumor necrosis was obtained in 24 cases (

81

%) and local recurrence was found in

5

cases after the observation period of maximum 34 months. Pleural abscess, hemorrhage and hepatic infarction were found in

3

cases without serious outcome.
Conclusions : We conclude that

E

-MCT is quite promising therapy for surface type HCC in term of minimally invasive and curative procedure a time. It is important that sufficient marginal coagulation should be obtained.

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Thirty-six patients (19 males, 17 females: atypical schizophrenia; , typical schizophrenia; 9, depression; 11, neurosis and other psychiatric disorders; ) were operated on according to orbitoventromedial undercutting by Hirose. In all cases, the Rorschach test was carried out and daily behaviors were studied. Thirty-one scales of the test were subjected to multivariate analysis whereas the behaviors were evaluated according to the following criteria, i.., A: recovered or symptom free, : markedly improved, : moderately improved, D: slightly improved and : not improved. The following results were obtained.
1) The evaluation of behaviors is as follows. A: 12 cases, : 9, : 9, D: , : none.
2) It was found that scores of +106% and R+106% scales were significantly higher after the operation than before; that correlation coefficients between the scores before and after the operation were considerably high.
) Factor analysis followed by varimax rotation was carried out. Six factors were extracted, i.., (1) sensitivity to emotional stimuli, (2) ego-strength, () obsessional rigidity, (4) reaction time, () anxiety and tension and () empathy. It was revealed that 2 was high in atypical schizophrenia, depression and neurosis, and that 2 and were significantly different in terms of the factor scores among the four groups A, , and D; 2 was highest in A, and lowest in D regardless of whether it was before or after the operation. showed high scores in both A and , and low in D.
4) Multiple discriminant analysis was applied to the data of the Rorschach test before the operation, by classifying 36 subjects into the four groups A, , and D. As a result, high rates of correct diagnosis were obtained, i.., 100% for A, 78% for , 56% for and 100% for D. When the groups and D were combined into one group (+D) the highest percentage (100%) was seen in A, followed by (89%) and +D group (%). When the groups A and were combined into one group (A+), the percentages of correct diagnosis were % for A+, and 93% for +D.
In conclusion, it can be said that scales of the Rorschach test have been proved to be valid for predicting mental and physical states after the orbito-ventromedial undercutting.

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We compared three groups of pregnant women: placebo with normotensive women, group A which included preeclamptics, and group which comprised preeclamptics who were supplemented their diets with vitamins and . MDA increased from . ± 2. (placebo) to .48 ± 1.2 (A) and .02 ± 1. nmol/gHb (). NO concentrations were enhanced from 19. ± 4.2 (P) to 23. ± .4 (A) and 24.1 ± .4 μmol/L (). GSH contents were decreased from 10.42 ± 2. (P) to .02 ± 2.92 (A) and 9.39 ± 1.02 μmol/g Hb (), whereas GSSG concentrations increased from 0.98 ± 0.28 (P) to 1.24 ± 0.29 (A) and 1.08 ± 0.12 μmol/g Hb (). SOD activity decreased 23% in A and 14% in ; GRx decreased 27% in A and .% in ; GPx decreased 12% in A and 9.% in . Catalase activity, however, increased 27% in A and 29% in as compared to control. Thus, we conclude that the use of vitamins and should be considered for the control of certain important biochemical indices during the development of preeclampsia; however, further studies are needed to develop methods for the prevention of preeclampsia in women at high risk.

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This paper is concerned with dynamics of the standard penetration test (SPT). The usefulness of mounting strain gages at two different stations along a driven rod is described, together with a workable procedure of analysis. The analysis procedure makes use of the traveling time between the two gage points and enables one to identify the particle velocity, the displacement and the stress at any station of the rod, as well as the energy actually transmitted from a hammer to the rod. Particular attention is called for the consequence of inevitable, small errors in strain data upon such identifications. A pertinent procedure of error-correction is proposed and its validity is substantiated against the performance of well instrumented SPTs performed by the authors.

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