においに対するヒトの感覚強度は，加齢とともに変化することが確認されており，高齢者では徐々に感度が低下する．一方，においの質の違いを嗅ぎ分けるような識別力は，においの種類によって結果に違いが生じる．例えば，食品は身近で日常的に慣れ親しんでいるものであり，そのにおいとそうでないにおいとでは，馴染みのあるにおいのほうが識別率は高い．また，においに対する嗜好には，生活環境や習慣が関与する．ここでは，においに対する識別や嗜好の様子から，においがヒトの認知機能にどのような関わり方をしているのか考えてみたい．

抄録全体を表示

化粧に関する心理学的研究は，1980年代から盛んになってきた．化粧は慈しむ化粧（スキンケア）と飾る化粧（メーキャップ・フレグランス)に大別されるが，感情に及ぼす影響に関する研究は，そのいずれもが高揚と鎮静をめぐるものであった. 喩えるなら，メーキャップによって心を固く結んで「公」の顔をつくって社会に飛び出し，帰宅後にはメーキャップを落とし，スキンケアをすることで心の結び目を解いて「私」の顔に戻るのである．すなわち，化粧は日常生活に組み込まれた感情調節装置である．

抄録全体を表示

両性イオン型高分子をレーヨンに混合紡糸した臭気物質のための新規な繊維状吸着材を試作し，水溶性臭気物質に対する吸着・除去特性を調べた．アンモニアに対する吸着特性を調べたところ，本繊維状吸着材は，繊維母材であるレーヨンと比較して明らかに大きい吸着量と吸着速度を示した．また，消臭加工繊維製品認証試験に従った減少率評価試験を行ったところ，本繊維状吸着材は酸やアミンに対して高い減少率を示したが，アルデヒドや硫化水素に対しては低い値であった．これらの結果から，本繊維状吸着材の吸着機構は，吸着材表面に形成される水和層への分配と両性イオン型官能基への静電的相互作用であることが示唆された．さらに，本繊維状吸着材の再利用の可能性について調べたところ，酢酸に対しては水洗浄により再生可能であることが判った．本検討の結果，本繊維状吸着材は水溶性でかつイオン性を有する臭気物質の吸着・除去に適用可能であると考えられた．

抄録全体を表示

日本人は昔から毎日の入浴習慣があり， 体臭も比較的少なく，香りは控えめのものを好む傾向があった．しかし近年，香水や様々な海外製品に触れる機会が多くなったことや食べ物も欧米化したことなどから，香りの嗜好が多様化していることがうかがえる．香りを嗅いでリラックスやリフレッシュをしたい，香りで楽しく幸せな気分で家事をしたいなどのニーズがあらわれてきている．本稿では，重要な役割を占めるようになってきたトイレタリー製品の香り開発事例について報告する．

抄録全体を表示

本研究では，色と香りの印象的次元における調和性を検討した．まず，色や香りの印象的次元の抽出と調和関係を検討した．その結果，印象的次元としてMILD，CLEARの次元が得られ，これらを変数として調和予測式を構成した．次に，色と香りの調和，不調和ぺアを用いて組み合わせによる効果を検討した．そこから，調和ぺアでは，色，香りの本来の印象が強調されること，調和ぺアの方がストレス緩和効果が高いことが分かった．以上を踏まえ，調和予測式を可逆的に確かめた上で，色と香りの調和モデルを提案した．

抄録全体を表示

本論文では，形の印象に関する研究を概観し，つづいて形がにおいの印象に及ぼす影響を検討した実験を紹介した.「角がある」図形を伴ったにおいは強く感じられ，曲線性の低い図形が刺激的な感情を伝えた可能性が考えられた．この現象は，「角がある」印象を有するにおいで顕著であり，においと形の印象が合致すると刺激が強く感じられることが示唆された．オノマトぺを用いたにおいの印象評価においても，形の印象の影響を受けることが示され，その傾向は特に普段においに関心のない人で明確であった．しかしにおいの快不快には形の影響は見られなかった．

抄録全体を表示

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were tested for cytotoxicity against autologous tumor cells in a study utilizing a chemically induced cancer ofthe bladder (transitional cell carcinoma), -47, in inbred ACI/N rats. From tumors grown after subcutaneous implantation of -47 in the rats TIL were separated by density gradient centrifugation and incubated in plastic dishes for separation of non-adherent from adherent cells. The non-adherent cells were further fractionated into T and cells by the panning method using anti-rat F(')

2

antibody. The cell fractions were each added to

BC

-47 in culture to be assessed for antitumor effect by the crystal violet dye exclusion method and

3

H-thymidine incorporation inhibition assay. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were also tested as described above. TIL expressed significantly higher cytotoxicity against

BC

-47 with the mean % cytotoxicity of 56.

6

±

5

.

6

% and 87.

5

±7.1% at

E

/T ratios of 10:1 and 20:1, respectively, as compared to PBMC(

9

.

9

±

5

.0% at

E

/T 10:1) (P<0.001). The adherent cells,

B

and T cell fractions showed respective % cytotoxicity of 92.4±

2

.

8

%, 57.

9

±10.

6

% and

9

.

9

±7.

8

% at an

E

/T ratio of 10:1. TIL pretreated with IFN or rIL-

2

for 24or 48 hours did not exhibit any noticeably enhanced antitumor activity at an

E

/T ratio of

5

:1. Prevention of direct contact of

BC

-47 cells and TIL by an interposed Millipore membrane (0.45μm) resulted in an unequivocal reduction of antitumor effect. This finding clearly indicates that the direct contact with

BC

-47cells and TIL is necessary for TIL to manifest their cytotoxicity against the autologous tumor cells, suggesting that TIL exhibit autologous tumor killing activity through cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

抄録全体を表示

本研究では，都市ガスの臭質カテゴリーを用い，現行の付臭剤および付臭剤候補の臭気の反復提示が臭質カテゴリーへの適合度評定に用いられるテンプレートの様相に及ぼす影響について検討した．実験協力者は，異なる提示スケジュールで臭気の反復提示を経験した後に各臭気における「都市ガスのニオイ」という臭質カテゴリー名に対する違和感評定課題を実施するつの反復提示あり群，もしくは違和感評定課題のみに参加する反復提示なし群のいずれかに振り分けられた．違和感評定値に基づいて，群ごとに実験協力者を更に新規付臭剤敬遠群（以後，敬遠群）と新規付臭剤受容群（以後，受容群）に分割し， 群間で敬遠群と受容群の人数分布を比較したところ，臭気の反復提示により両群の人数分布は変化し，敬遠群が受容群に変容する可能性が示唆された．従って，臭気の反復提示後には臭質カテゴリーへの適合度評定に新たなテンプレートが用いられる可能性が示された．

抄録全体を表示

Some existing analytical methods which have been used in geotechnical engineering are modified to handle the shear strength reduction with time due to softening in fissured, over-consolidated clays and mudstones. These are limit equilibrium analysis of slope stability, calculation of earth pressure and calculation of stress and displacement around a tunnel. The softening effect is incorporated in these analyses using the failure criterion and the time-dependent strength parameters proposed previously by the authors. Examples are presented which emphasize the importance of appreciating the softening effect in analyses and further illustrate that the effect of shear strength reduction with time due to softening could easily be captured with existing analytical methods.

抄録全体を表示

It has been shown after mathematical and mechanical investigation that Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) can be considered as a method to obtain the necessary condition of Slip Line Method (SLM), and that the solution can be obtained under the condition that F_s=1 and ∂F_s/∂θ=O, where F_s is the safety factor and θ is the inclination of the plane on which the safety factor is defined. Next, the generalized LEM (GLEM) is proposed, dealing with the following points : (1) Triangular or quadrangular blocks can be treated; () Safety factors are defined also on interblock planes; and () All types of plastic problems, slope stability, bearing capacity, and earth pressure are identically formulated. Two situations regarding treatment of the moment equilibrium condition are discussed. GLEM is applied to well-known problems. The results agree well with those obtained by theoretical methods. GLEM can be used to obtain the distribution of earth pressure or bearing capacity. GLEM, Iike ordinary LEM, is very effective for the practical problems, but GLEM is more theoretical and it can result in more accurate solutions.

抄録全体を表示

Due to author’s request, words in this article are corrected

抄録全体を表示

The design implication of stress-confinement effect of nonwoven geotextile is addressed. The unconfined and confined strengths of a selected needle-punched nonwoven geotextile are used to conduct a comparative design of a granular soil retaining wall based on a limit equilibrium approach. A higher wall may be allowed when considering the confined strength as compared to the unconfined strength. For a selected wall height, confined strength allows for fewer geotextile layers when compared to that designed using unconfined strength. It is recommended that stress-confinement test procedure should be standardized so that confinement effect of some nonwoven geotextiles may be incorporated into an individual wall design procedure.

抄録全体を表示

The longitudinal dispersion coefficient of liquid, , , was measured in three-phase fluidized beds 12 and 19 cm in diameter. The data of , were correlated by expanding the equation for liquid dispersion in the bubble column, and the following equations were obtained.
U_g <cm•s^-1: U_gD_T/E_l = (1 + v_l/U_l)^0.40Bo0.225Pe()
U_g > 25 cm•s^-1: U_gD_T/E_l = Pe() In the range of U_g = -25 cm•s^-1, E_l was approximated by connecting the above equations. The notations are:
Pe()=(η_l/η_w)^0.07[13(U_g/√gD_T)/{1+.(U_g/√gD_T)

0.8

}]
Bo=

gd²_pp_l

/σ, D_T = diameter of bed, d_p = diameter of solid particles, g = acceleration due to gravity, U_g = superficial gas velocity, U_l = superficial liquid velocity, v_t = terminal velocity of solid particle, η_l = viscosity of liquid, η_w = viscosity of water, P_l = liquid density and σ = surface tension.

抄録全体を表示

A variation artery was observed in a Japanese cadaver. The celiac and superior mesenteric arteries arose from a common trunk (also referred to as the celiacomesenteric trunk), but not from the abdominal aorta, respectively. From the common trunk, the common hepatic artery was distributed in the right part of the liver, and the left hepatic artery arose from the left gastric artery, which also arose from the common trunk. The left inferior phrenic artery arose from the common trunk, but the right inferior phrenic artery arose from the right middle suprarenal artery. This information regarding the branch pattern in this variation artery is useful for clinical examination and treatment.

抄録全体を表示

The mammalian tongue has different functions for feeding. We investigated the morphological characteristics of the surface of the tongue of Egyptian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) using scanning electron microscopy. The lingual surface exhibited different degrees of specialization. The tongue can be divided into the apex, body, and root. The lingual prominence was observed on the posterior area of the lingual body. The lenticular, conical, and vallate papillae were observed on the caudal part of the tongue. The filiform papillae were lingual papillae covering the entire dorsal and ventral surface of the tongue at the lingual apex; they consisted of a main process that functions to transport food materials towards the pharynx. The fungiform papillae were dispersed between the filiform papillae. Large lenticular papillae were found at the lingual prominence. The highly keratinized lenticular papillae aid the physical mastication of plant materials. Twelve vallate papillae were arranged in V shape on the lingual root. These anatomical characteristics of the lingual surface of Egyptian buffalo may enhance understanding of its feeding behavior adaptations.

抄録全体を表示

Introduction: The human azygos vein (AV) generally runs on the right side of the vertebral column. However, a shift in its course to the middle/left side of the vertebral column, potentially as a result of aging, has been reported. The aim of this study was to understand the relationship between AV displacement and aging. Materials and Methods: Forty-seven adult cadavers were dissected. When an AV left shift was observed, long axis AV length was measured by calculating the number of vertebral bodies under the vein. We also investigated whether a crossover vein existed between AV and hemiazygos vein at the extreme left shifting point, and whether osteophytes existed along the vertebral column. Results: Forty-four cadavers (%) had left-shifted AVs. A weak positive correlation between age and the length of the left shift was observed (r = 0.3061, P = 0.0364). Thirty cadavers (64%) had crossover veins at the extreme left shifting point, and 24 cadavers (51%) had osteophytes along the vertebral column. There was no significant relationship between the length of left-shifted AVs and the existence of crossover veins or osteophytes. Conclusion: The possibility of AV displacement to the left as part of the aging process is suggested.

抄録全体を表示