We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MCT-. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MCT- cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-7,-diene-,,6β-triol (). induced ALP activities of MCT- cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MCT- cells by , ergosterol (), ergocalciferol (), cholesta-,,6β-triol (4), 7-dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol (6) were tested. The enzyme activities of MCT- cells were increased .0-fold by 10 μM and .4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, , , and 6 did not induce MCT- cell ALP activity at 0.—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C- and/or C-6 of and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MCT- cells. Furthermore, suppressed induction of MCT- cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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Chemical synthesis of (, 24R)- and (, 24S)-, 24-dihydroxy--vitamin has been achieved starting with the commercially available dinorcholenic acid acetate. Synthesis involved introduction of the -hydroxy group by a reduction of the , -epoxide generated by epoxidation of the , 4, 6-trien--one. The side chain on the steroid was then constructed by means of a Wittig reaction followed by introduction of the Δ⁷ bond by standard methods and its protection with -phenyl-, , 4-triazoline-, -dione. Subsequent reduction of the hydroxy groups in the steroid side chain followed by reduction of the Diels-Alder addition products yielded the both 24-isomers. The , 7-dienes were irradiated and the corresponding vitamin compounds isolated. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to identify individual isomers. The (, 24S)-, 24-hydroxyvitamin compound bound equally well to the chick intestinal cytosol receptor as , 25-dihydroxyvitamin , while the 24R-isomer was approximately ten times less active. In vivo, both isomers were less active than , 25-dihydroxyvitamin ; however, the 24S-isomer was considerably more active than the 24R-isomer approaching the activity of , 25-dihydroxyvitamin .

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Two new polyacetylene compounds (4, 6, 12)--acetoxy--isovaleryloxytetradeca-4, 6, 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (B), and (4, 6, 12)--acetoxy--(-methylbutyryloxy)tetradeca-4, 6, 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (C) have been isolated along with (4, 6, 12)--acetoxy--senecioyloxytetradeca-4, 6, 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (A) from Atractylodes Rhizome (Karabyakujutu). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of their spectral data.

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L'entree en Iran des armees britannique et sovietique s'est produite en aout 1941. Elle ebranla du coup le regime de la dynastie pahlavi qui etait au pouvoir depuis 16 ans, et mena le pays vers l'instabilite politique et le chaos social. La defaite de l'arme gouvernementale, qui etait le pivot du regime de Reza Shah, reduisit considerablement le controle du gouvernement central dans le pays. Cette situation politico-sociale confuse permit le developpement de differents mouvements politiques en Iran. C'est ainsi que le 16 aout 1942 le parti clandestin Komeley Jiyanewey Kurdistan (J-K) est ne a Mehabad, une ville au nord-ouest de l' Iran. Des sa formation, ce parti a su etendre sa sphere et, en une courte periode de temps, a fini par mettre sous son influence la ville et ses alentours. A la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en ete 1945, le J-K etait devenu une organisation representant le mouvement nationaliste kurde en Iran. C'est a ce moment-la qu'un autre parti politique, le Hizbi Dimokratiki Kurdistan (HDK), fonde par Qazi Mihemed a Mehabad aussi, devait remplacer le J-K. Des le janvier 1946, le HDK proclama l'instauration de la≪Republique de Kurdistan≫. Cependant, les troupes sovietiques qui avaient pris sous leur protection la Republique evacuerent les terres iraniennes, en mai 1946. Six mois plus tard, sous la pression militaire du gouvernement central iranien, la republique s'ecroula. Deux theories tentent le passage du J-K au HDK. William Eagleton Jr., par exemple, affirme dans The Kurdish Republic of 1946 que le HDK a ete cree sur le conseil des autorites sovietiques. L'ex-secretaire general du Parti Democratique du Kurdistan , 'Ebd el-Rehman Qasimlu maintient par contre que Qazi Mihemed a etabli le nouveau parti de sa propre initiative, eu regard a la situation politique de cette epoque-la. Il considere que la passage du J-K au HDK comme etant l'evolution parti nationaliste clandestin en un parti democratique. En analysant ces deux theories et en se basant sur les autobiographies des personages qui se sont engages dans cet evenement, cette etude tentera le principe directeur et les activites du J-K et de mieux comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles le J-K devait etre remplace par le HDK. La conclusion generale portera sur les differents objectifs politiques du J-K et du HDK. Le J-K visait l'elevation du niveau culturel du peuple tout en luttant contre le tribalisme, qui etait, selon lui, le probleme majeur de≪la nation kurde≫, et cela en ecartant toute idee de revolte militaire. Le J-K a aussi exclu de son cadre les elites sociales telles que les leaders des tribus et dirigeants religieux de peur qu'ils n'excercent une influence sur les membres du parti. L'automne de 1944 fut le debut nouvelle ere pour le mouvement kurde. Alors que l'espoir de l'autodetermination augmentait parmi le peuple a mesure que s'approchait la fin de la guerre, la necessite de la force militaire a commence a se faire sentir dans le J-K. C'est pour cela que s'est produite au sein du parti une tendance a compter sur l'aide militaire des sovietiques et a recourir au leadership de Qazi Mihemed, qui avait une certaine influence meme sur les leaders tribaux. Mais cette tendance etait essentiellement incompatible avec la ligne fondamentale du J-K et, graduellement, a prive ce parti de sa raison . Ainsi, le HDK se substitua au J-K en tant que≪parti democratique≫visant a rallier les elites sociales sous sa banniere, en s'appuyant sur l'autorite personnelle de Qazi Mihemed.

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The bearing capacity of plane strain model footings on sand is numerically investigated with a finite element method and a polar hypoplastic constitutive law. The constitutive law is obtained through an extension of a non-polar hypoplastic constitutive law by polar quantities : rotations, curvatures, couple stresses and a characteristic length. It can reproduce the salient features of granular bodies while taking into account shear localisation. The hypoplastic constants are calibrated with element test calculations on the basis of plane strain and triaxial compression tests. The FE-analyses are performed for both different mean grain diameters and initial densities of dry medium sand, and footing widths. The effect of material constants on the load-displacement curve is also investigated. The FE-results are compared with model tests. Advantages and limitations of a polar hypoplastic approach are outlined.

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Two new vitamin analogues, -hydroxy-24, 24-dimethyl--dehydrovitamin (13) and , 25-dihydroxy-24, 24-dimethyl--dehydrovitamin (17), which are blocked for 24-hydroxylation by the methyl groups, were synthesized from , -bismethoxymethoxypregn--ene-20Scarbaldehyde (6) by using the orthoester Claisen rearrangement for construction of the carbon skeleton of their side chains. These compounds (13 and 17) elicited a rise in serum calcium, but not in serum inorganic phosphorus in rats. In a bioassay for alkaline phosphatase, they were found to show much weaker activity than -hydroxy vitamin ().

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Laboratory model test results for the ultimate bearing capacity of two closely-spaced strip foundations on sand have been presented. The model test results have been compared with the theoretical study given by Stuart (1962). The nature of variation of the experimental efficiency factors, α_q and α_r, associated with the bearing capacity factors, N_q and N_r, are similar to those predicted by the theory; however, their magnitudes are substantially lower for S/B<about . The foundation settlement at ultimate failure load increases for S/B<4. when compared with that of an isolated foundation.

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Recently we saw two patients with acute hepatitis, infected with hepatitis virus (HEV) of a rare genotype . One patient (Tokyo/2012) had traveled Spain month before developing hepatitis, while the other patient (Saitama/2014) did not have history of traveling abroad. Nearly entire genomic sequence of HEV was recovered from both patients; 7,336 nucleotides (nt) from the Tokyo case in 2012 (isolate name=JAO-SpaTok12, accession=LC055972) and 7,306 nt from the Saitama case in 2014 (JMH-Sai14, LC055973). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that JMH-Sai14 from the Saitama patient, who denied having traveled abroad, could be classified into a subgroup of genotype , together with European isolates as well as an already reported Japanese isolate HE-JA12-0725 (850879) from a patient living in Gunma and having never traveled abroad when he/she developed hepatitis in 2012. On the other hand, the Tokyo patient's sequence segregated to a separate branch together with European isolates. Based on these findings it is possible that HEV genotype has already made inroad into Japan as in the case of .

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. The chromosome numbers of 64 species have been studied on which 56 are investigated for the first time.
. Morphological, anatomical and cytological findings on the Musaceae in the broad sense are considered from a phylogenetical standpoint and three distinct groups:
a) Musa-Ensete, b) Ravenala-Strelitzia-Phenakospermum and c) Holiconia are recognised as suggested by some authors. For these groups sub-familial status is proposed.
. Lowiaceae have been studied for the first time cytologically and their chromosome morphology, distinct from that of any other group of Zingiberales, confirms their claim to familial status.
4. Consideration of the conflicting theories proposed to account for the higher chromosome number in genera like Globba, Alpinia, and Phaemeria, etc. leads to rejection of Chakravorti's hypothesis of wholesale fragmentation of chromosomes and the acceptance of the opposed view of Raghavan and Venkatasubban and others.
. Holttum's transference of the genus Zingiber to the tribe Hedychieae has been given cytological support on the following points:
a) the basic number in the genus Zingiber correlates with that of Kaempferia.
b) the new tribe Alpinieae (which is infact Zingibereae without Zingiber) have consistently 48 chromosomes in their somatic complements.
6. It is suggested that the African representatives of Kaempferia should be given the status of genus; Cienkowskya on the following points:
a) the difference in floral morphology
b) geographical separateness and
c) the difference in the number and morphology of the chromosomes. By comparing the present and past findings, various lines of evolution of the chromosome complements within each group are discussed.
7. The basic number 11 is considered to be probably the original one for the Zingiberales as a whole, being present in Ravenala which is the most primitive member in the order. From this secondary basic numbers have arisen through evolution.

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The performance of single pitch and multi pitch screw anchors during the application of installation torque is presented. An experimental testing program was conducted using five models of screw anchors with different geometry. The effect of the shape of the screw element, sand properties, and installation depth on the required installation torque value was examined. A theoretical model was developed from which the required installation torque value can be calculated in terms of the influencing factors. The required installation torque can be determined in terms of the ultimate uplift resistance calculated from any of the available theories. Based on the actual installation torque value measured in the field, the anticipated pullout capacity can be back calculated from the present theory. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results showed good agreement. Also, good agreement was observed when the present theoretical results were compared with the available field results reported in the literature.

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  The distribution of sarcophytol-A in the Sarcophyton genus was investigated in seven samples belonging to S. glaucum ( samples), S. infundibulifurme ( samples), S. crassocaule ( sample) and S. trocheliophorum ( sample) that were collected on Ishigaki Island in Okinawa Prefecture. Sarcophytol-A was present in one sample each of S. glaucum and S. infundibulifurme. This study indicates that the composition of cembranoids in the Sarcophyton genus is not related with the respective species, but with the individual samples collected.

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