This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in 95 (.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), bla_CMY-2 (

22

), blaCTX-M-

3

(16), blaCTX-M-

1

(15), blaOXA-

1

(

9

) and bla_SHV-12 (

3

) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group

A₁

(35.

8

%), followed by group D₂ (

22

.

1

%),

B

1

(15.

8

%),

D₁

(

9

.

5

%), A₀ (7.4%),

B2₂

(

5

.

3

%) and

B2₃

(4.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(6’)-Ib-cr,

qnrS1

and qnrB10 were detected in 25.

3

, 10.

5

and

1

.

1

% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.0% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE,

f17a

-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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One method currently being considered for the disposal of high level radio-active waste is burial in the seabed. When a hot object is buried in soil, the temperature of the soil adjacent to the object is raised and there is transient heat flow away from the object. The rise in the temperature of the soil causes excess pore pressures to be generated and transient pore water diffusion also takes place. A finite element formulation of the coupled heat flow and consolidation problem is presented. The computer implementation of this formulation is found to compare favourably with analytical solutions based on the same physical principles.

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The phase diagrams of the Ni-Mo- and Ni-W- ternary systems in the region of less than 50mol% were constructed by thermodynamic calculation, based on the data obtained by thermodynamic measurement of the related materials. We found three ternary eutectic points and three or two ternary peritecto-eutectic points as follows:
:L (1365K, 71.mol%Ni-6.0mol%Mo-.mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1355K, 62.mol%Ni-2.mol%Mo-30.mol%)=++
:L (1445K, 42.0mol%Ni-30.6mol%Mo-10.mol%)=(Ni)+NiMo+
:L (1812K, 34.mol%Ni-42.mol%Mo-.mol%)+MoB=+
P₂:L (1633K, 42.mol%Ni-40.4mol%Mo-17.mol%)+Mo=+
:L (1812K, 53.mol%Ni-33.7mol%Mo-12.mol%)+Mo=NiMo+
:L (1622K, 51.0mol%Ni-31.6mol%W-17.4mol%)=(Ni)+W+
:L (1260K, 71.0mol%Ni-7.0mol%W-.0mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1291K, 65.4mol%Ni-4.mol%W-29.mol%)=++
:L (2115K, 23.mol%Ni-43.mol%W-33.mol%)+WB=+
P₂:L (1657K, 48.mol%Ni-33.mol%W-18.0mol%)+=W+
The calculated phase diagrams are expected to be useful for the development of new Ni-based heat-, corrosion- or wear-resistance alloys.

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Reactions of nor-diterpenoid dilactones isolated from Podocarpus plants have been investigated. The 7: ,: 11-dienolide type [C] dilactones, the least available but biologically the most active members, are mainly derived from naturally abundant dilactone components of α-pyrone type [A] and 7: -epoxy-: 11-enolide type [] for total-synthetic and biological purposes. From nagilactone (), for example, a combined sequence of hydrogenolysis of 7: -epoxide group and dehydration gives nagilactone (7), β-hydroxynagilactone () and 2: -dehydronagilactone (19), which have been found from natural sources. From nagilactone A (), photo-hydration and concomitant double bond migration of its acetate results in a lactol (), which is reduced to β-hydroxynagilactone (), another natural type [C] dilactone. Derivation of the type [A] or [] from others is not successful. Some attempts for conversion of the ring A functional groups have also been studied.

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The possibility of attenuation of microseismic waves due to the presence of an upward folding of the ocean bottom into the liquid is discussed in this paper. The upward folding of the ocean bottom has been idealized by means of an irregularity in the form of a rectangle intruding into the liquid and the evaluation of the displacement component at any point of the solid medium has been carried out in two stages. First, the change in the incident mode of the surface wave due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity has been determined, and second, the subsequent change of the resulting displacement components due to the termination of the liquid layer and the step change in elevation of the solid medium at the continental margin has been discovered. Finally, numerical calculation has been made to determine the attenuation of the microseismic waves of different periods due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity at the ocean bottom.

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Two new partially saturated tricyclic ring systems, 6, 6a, 7, , , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenz [, ] oxepins (a and ), and -thiepins (4a and 4) were synthesized. Compounds 4a and 4 were desulfurized to give a pair of isomeric 2-methylbenzoylcyclohexanes (10a and 10). Deuterated 4a and 4 (11a and 11) were prepared starting from butadiene-d₆ (12). The stereochemical features of a (trans), (cis), 4a (trans) and 4 (cis) are compared with those of 10a, 10, 11a and 11 on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance data.

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Dialkyl 4-aryl-2, 6-dimethyl-, 4-dihydropyridine-, -dicarboxylates (I) were subjected to the Mannich reaction with excess paraformaldehyde and primary amine in ethanolic solution. Novel ring-system compounds, dialkyl t-6-aryl-H, 6H-2, , 6a, 7, , -hexahydro-2, a, -triazaphenalene-, γ-6a-dicarboxylate derivatives (III), and some intermediary products were obtained stereoselectively. The reaction pathway and the stereochemistry of these products are discussed.

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Repetitive liquefactions in angular and subangular gravels from an alluvial fan, in the case of two earthquakes with accelerations lower than that of a former which had caused liquefaction some months before, are described. The liquefaction took place from the surface, down to a depth of approximately 10 m. Water laden with sediments spouted out for some tens of minutes after the strong motion ceased. Knowledge of the grain size distribution of the sediments inside the body of the alluvial fan roughly defines the areas of the fan prone to future liquefaction. Non-repetitive liquefaction in overconsolidated fine fluvio-lacustrine sand of glacial origin at the unusual depth of 14 m to 16 m is also described. From the observation of sand lifted up for 10 m inside a large diameter well, and of that which spouted out from several microvents, it was estimated that extra-pore pressure was close to lithostatic conditions. Nevertheless, modeling of intrinsic pore pressure buildup on the DESRA2 programme gives lower values than the experimental one. Geotechnical characteristics of the 12 m-thick sandy stratum indicate that the upper part is unusually soft, either due to water circulation or past repetitive liquefactions which prevented reconsolidation. It is suggested that excess pore pressure generated by the earthquake was also due to redistribution of pressure from adjacent sediments.

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 The stability of

‒tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (‒THC‒OAc) and ‒tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (‒THC‒OAc) in -liquid during storage was investigated. ‒THC‒OAc liquids in cartridges were stored at ℃ or 30℃ for 28 days. The relative concentrations of cannabinoids in the liquids were measured by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. ‒THC‒OAc decreased during storage at either temperature. ‒THC, a minor impurity, also decreased. ‒THC‒OAc liquid in a cartridge was stored at ℃ for 57 days. The concentration of ‒THC‒OAc and ‒THC, a minor impurity, did not change during that time. Cannabinol acetate increased in all liquids, and unknown products were also detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The ‒THC‒OAc and ‒THC‒OAc liquids were subjected to GC/MS to detect representative diluents, glycerol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol 400, but none of these were detected.

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Six new cembranoids sarcophytol P (), R (4), S (), K (), (11), and T (13) were isolated from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum. Sarcophytol P () was shown to be the 20-hydroxy derivative of the major component sarcophytol A (), and afforded the cyclization product 6 in CHCl_ at room temperature, in a same way as in . Sarcophytols R (4) and S () were correlated to , by conversion of its 7R,R and 7S,S epoxide derivatives. Sarcophytol K() was a 13, 14-dihydroxycembranoid having a ,Z-diene moiety. The absolute configuration of and its Z,- and Z,Z-isomers sarcophytol (2) and J (10) were determined by circular dichroism study of their bis-p-dimethylaminobenzoate derivatives. Sarcophytols (11) and T (13) were - and ,Z-isomers of . Compound 11 showed characteristic broadening of the ^H-NMR chemical shifts, due to the restricted conformational interconversion. Using the three cembranoids sarcophytols (11, ,), N (15, Z,Z) and T (13,,Z), spontaneous autoxidation-cyclization, in CHCl_,was examined, in order to compare the stereochemical course of the reaction with that of (Z,), which affords trans-fused bicyclo[..0]tetradecene systems. The ,Z-isomer 13 gave the same cyclization product 18, as in the reaction of , even though it is isomeric at C-,. The Z,Z isomer 15 gave 19, in consequence of the reversed geometry at C- of 15. The ,-isomer (11) gave the bicyclic product , having an antipodal fusion as compared with 19. This was confirmed by PCC oxidation of 19 and , giving enantiomeric ketones 23 and 24 respectively. The (14)-epoxide 26 was shown to be the immediate precursor of , and acounted for the inversion of the geometry at C- of the cyclization product. Compound 26 is isomeric with the epoxide 17 derived from . The epoxide 17 is the postulated precursor in the conversion of 13 to 18. It is noteworthy that the mode of antipodal fusion of the cyclopentane rings, in 18 and , was controlled by the chirality of the epoxy rings. The C-14 hydroxyl group participates in the transannular cyclization, but was found not to be the requisite functional group for the reaction. Similar treatment of cembrene C (30), the parent hydrocarbon of , also reacted in CHCl_ giving the bicyclic product 32.

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As a fundamental study on dibenzothiepins, reaction of 11-phenyl-6, 11-dihydrodibenzo [, ] thiepin-11-ol (10) or 11-chloro-11-phenyl-6, 11-dihydrodibenzo [, ] thiepin (14) with triphenylmethyl cation or was examined under various conditions. 11-Phenyl-6, 11-dihydrodibenzo [, ] thiepin-11-ylium salt () was isolated as a black powder (perchlorate) and a green powder (hexachloroantimonate), but BF₄ salt was obtained only as a solution. Treatment of the hexachloroantimonate with excess of was found to result in a novel dehydrocyclization reaction to give selectively , 13-dihydrofluoreno [, a, -c, d] [2]-benzothiepin-13-ylium hexachloroantimonate (19). Some discussions were made on the mechanism of the formation of 19.

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To define the roles of α-catenin in cell-cell adhesion, the -cadherin, α-catenin, β-catenin, and/or plakoglobin genes were inactivated in teratocarcinoma cells. An -cadherin-α-catenin fusion protein (Eα) restored full cell-adhesion function and organized the actin-based cytoskeleton and ZO-, an actin filament binding protein, in cells lacking all endogenous cadherin-catenin complex components. There were two types of cadherin-based cell-adhesion junctions in parental cells, those with ZO- and those without ZO-, and only junctions with ZO- were associated with thick actin bundles. Additionally, ZO- localized to most Eα-based cell-adhesion junctions. These data demonstrated that Eα supported cadherin-based cell adhesion and recruited actin bundles and ZO- to cell-cell contact sites in the absence of cytoplasmic α-catenin. Moreover, the C-terminal half of α-catenin was involved in the formation of cell-adhesion junctions with ZO-.

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