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  • 小田切 孝人, 田代 眞人
    ウイルス
    2013年 63 巻 2 号 233-240
    発行日: 2013/12/25
    公開日: 2014/10/31
    ジャーナル フリー
  • Grover Loening
    日本航空学会誌
    1963年 11 巻 119 号 373-380
    発行日: 1963年
    公開日: 2009/05/25
    ジャーナル フリー
  • George W. Lee
    燃料協会誌
    1973年 52 巻 3 号 171-177
    発行日: 1973/03/20
    公開日: 2010/06/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • Özkan ASLANTAŞ, Ebru Şebnem YILMAZ
    Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
    2017年 79 巻 6 号 1024-1030
    発行日: 2017年
    公開日: 2017/06/16
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2017/04/27
    ジャーナル フリー

    This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

    E
    . coli isolates were detected in 95 (
    22
    .2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: blaCTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-
    1b
    (42), blaCMY-2 (
    22
    ), blaCTX-M-3 (16), blaCTX-M-1 (15), blaOXA-1 (
    9
    ) and blaSHV-12 (3) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group A1 (35.
    8
    %), followed by group D2 (
    22
    .1%),
    B
    1 (15.
    8
    %), D1 (
    9
    .
    5
    %),
    A0
    (7.4%),
    B22
    (
    5
    .3%) and
    B23
    (4.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(
    6
    ’)-Ib-cr, qnr
    S1 and qnrB10 were detected in 25.3, 10.
    5
    and 1.1% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.
    0
    % for tobramycin to 56.
    8
    % for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE,
    f17a
    -A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing
    E
    . coli
    clone O25
    b
    :ST131/
    B
    2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing
    E
    . coli
    isolates among dogs in Turkey.

  • I.
    F
    . Davies
    Journal of Light & Visual Environment
    1984年 8 巻 1 号 1_9-1_20
    発行日: 1984年
    公開日: 2011/05/20
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 香山 滉一郎, 森下 政夫, 張 国鋒
    粉体および粉末冶金
    2006年 53 巻 5 号 419-429
    発行日: 2006年
    公開日: 2006/12/19
    ジャーナル オープンアクセス
    The phase diagrams of the Ni-Mo-
    B
    and Ni-W-
    B
    ternary systems in the region of less than 50mol%
    B
    were constructed by thermodynamic calculation, based on the data obtained by thermodynamic measurement of the related materials. We found three ternary eutectic points and three or two ternary peritecto-eutectic points as follows:
    E1
    :L (1365K, 71.
    5
    mol%Ni-
    6
    .
    0
    mol%Mo-
    22
    .
    5
    mol%
    B
    )=(Ni)+
    Ni3B
    +
    NiMo2B2

    E2
    :L (1355K, 62.
    5
    mol%Ni-2.
    5
    mol%Mo-30.
    5
    mol%
    B
    )=
    Ni3B
    +
    Ni2B
    +
    NiMo2B2

    E3
    :L (1445K, 42.
    0
    mol%Ni-30.
    6
    mol%Mo-10.3mol%
    B
    )=(Ni)+NiMo+
    NiMo2B2

    P1:L (1812K, 34.
    9
    mol%Ni-42.3mol%Mo-
    22
    .
    8
    mol%
    B
    )+MoB=
    Mo2B
    +
    NiMo2B2

    P2:L (1633K, 42.3mol%Ni-40.4mol%Mo-17.3mol%
    B
    )+Mo=
    Mo2B
    +
    NiMo2B2

    P3:L (1812K, 53.
    5
    mol%Ni-33.7mol%Mo-12.
    8
    mol%
    B
    )+Mo=NiMo+
    NiMo2B2

    E1
    :L (1622K, 51.
    0
    mol%Ni-31.
    6
    mol%W-17.4mol%
    B
    )=(Ni)+W+
    NiW2B2

    E2
    :L (1260K, 71.
    0
    mol%Ni-7.
    0
    mol%W-
    22
    .
    0
    mol%
    B
    )=(Ni)+
    Ni3B
    +
    NiW2B2

    E3
    :L (1291K, 65.4mol%Ni-4.
    8
    mol%W-29.
    8
    mol%
    B
    )=
    Ni2B
    +
    Ni3B
    +
    NiW2B2

    P1:L (2115K, 23.
    8
    mol%Ni-43.1mol%W-33.1mol%
    B
    )+WB=
    W2B
    +
    NiW2B2

    P2:L (1657K, 48.
    9
    mol%Ni-33.1mol%W-18.
    0
    mol%
    B
    )+
    W2B
    =W+
    NiW2B2

    The calculated phase diagrams are expected to be useful for the development of new Ni-based heat-, corrosion- or wear-resistance alloys.
  • Yukichi Yamaguchi, Jian-zhi Runan(Gen), Teruaki Nagahara
    Journal of the Physical Society of Japan
    1975年 38 巻 4 号 911-916
    発行日: 1975/04/15
    公開日: 2007/06/01
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the 116mIn activity. Directional correlations are also measured for 818–1293 and 1097–1293 keV cascades. The M1-
    E
    2 mixing ratio δ, and the
    E
    0
    -
    E
    2 mixing ratio μk are obtained for 818.7 keV
    22
    +→21+ transition to be δ=1.52
    0.22
    +
    0.26
    , and μk
    6
    .1×10−4 respectively. The
    E
    2 branching ratio
    B
    (
    E
    2;
    22
    +→
    0g
    +):
    B
    (
    E
    2;
    22
    +→21+):
    B
    (
    E
    2;
    22
    +→01+) is determined to be
    0
    .0158:1.
    0
    :
    5
    .86.
  • M. L. GHOSH
    Journal of Physics of the Earth
    1972年 20 巻 2 号 165-186
    発行日: 1972年
    公開日: 2009/04/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The possibility of attenuation of microseismic waves due to the presence of an upward folding of the ocean bottom into the liquid is discussed in this paper. The upward folding of the ocean bottom has been idealized by means of an irregularity in the form of a rectangle intruding into the liquid and the evaluation of the displacement component at any point of the solid medium has been carried out in two stages. First, the change in the incident mode of the surface wave due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity has been determined, and second, the subsequent change of the resulting displacement components due to the termination of the liquid layer and the step change in elevation of the solid medium at the continental margin has been discovered. Finally, numerical calculation has been made to determine the attenuation of the microseismic waves of different periods due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity at the ocean bottom.
  • Yanchun Peng, Zitong Yu, Shahidul Islam, Yujuan Zhang, Xiaolong Wang, Zhensheng Lei, Kan Yu, Dongfa Sun, Wujun Ma
    Breeding Science
    2016年 66 巻 4 号 646-652
    発行日: 2016年
    公開日: 2016/09/30
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2016/08/11
    ジャーナル フリー HTML
    電子付録

    Low molecular weight glutenin subunits are important components of wheat storage proteins, which play an important role in determining end-use quality of common wheat. A newly established matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) procedure was used to analyze 478 landraces of bread wheat collected from the Yangtze-River region in China. Results indicated that 17 alleles at three loci: Glu-A3, Glu-

    B3
    and Glu-D3 were identified, resulting in 87 different allele combinations. Of the 17 alleles detected at all the Glu-3 loci, five belonged to Glu-A3, seven to Glu-
    B3
    and five to Glu-D3 locus. MALDI-TOF-MS indicated Glu-A3a/c was present in 72.
    8
    %, Glu-
    A3b
    in
    8
    .4%, Glu-A3d in
    8
    .4%, Glu-
    A3f
    in
    5
    .2% and Glu-
    A3e
    in 3.
    6
    % lines. Seven types of alleles were identified at the Glu-
    B3
    locus: Glu-
    B
    3d/i
    (25.
    5
    %), Glu-
    B3b
    (21.3%), Glu-
    B3c
    (16.
    9
    %), Glu-
    B3h
    (13.
    8
    %), Glu-
    B3f
    (
    8
    .4%), Glu-
    B3a
    (
    8
    .2%), and Glu-
    B3g
    (
    5
    .2%). Five types of Glu-D3 alleles were detected: Glu-D3a (58.4%), Glu-D3c (
    22
    .
    6
    %), Glu-D3d (15.
    5
    %), Glu-
    D3b
    (3.3%) and Glu-
    D3f
    (
    0
    .2%). Four new alleles that showed abnormal MALDI-TOF spectrum patterns were identified at the Glu-A3 and Glu-
    B3
    loci. A detailed study is needed to further characterize these alleles and their potential usage for wheat improvement.

  • Nicholas ISYUMOV, Eric HO, Peter KING, David SURRY, Barry VICKERY
    日本風工学会誌
    2010年 35 巻 4 号 265-271
    発行日: 2010/10/31
    公開日: 2011/04/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • Yasuyuki Gono, Manabu Fujioka, Tamotsu Toriyama
    Journal of the Physical Society of Japan
    1970年 29 巻 2 号 255-258
    発行日: 1970/08/05
    公開日: 2007/06/01
    ジャーナル 認証あり
    The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the Tb152 activity. The L-subshell electron lines of the 586.7 keV
    22
    +→21+ transition are separated by the ion-free beta-ray spectrometer. The M1-
    E
    2 mixing ratio, δ2, and the dimensionless ratio X of
    E
    0
    -
    E
    2 mixing of the 586.7 keV transition are obtained to be δ2
    0
    .16 and
    0
    .034≤X
    0
    .038, respectively. The
    E
    2 branching ratio
    B
    (
    E
    2;
    22
    +→
    0g
    +):
    B
    (
    E
    2;
    22
    +→21+):
    B
    (
    E
    2;
    22
    +→01+) is determined to be
    0
    .023 : 1.
    0
    :
    5
    .
    6
    .
  • Mohd Suhail, Mohd Faizul Suhail, Hina Khan
    Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition
    2008年 43 巻 3 号 210-220
    発行日: 2008年
    公開日: 2008/10/31
    ジャーナル フリー
    We compared three groups of pregnant women: placebo with normotensive women, group A which included preeclamptics, and group
    B
    which comprised preeclamptics who were supplemented their diets with vitamins C and
    E
    . MDA increased from
    6
    .
    22
     ± 2.
    8
    (placebo) to
    8
    .48 ± 1.2 (A) and
    8
    .02 ± 1.
    8
     nmol/gHb (
    B
    ). NO concentrations were enhanced from 19.3 ± 4.2 (P) to 23.
    8
     ± 
    6
    .4 (A) and 24.1 ± 
    5
    .4 μmol/L (
    B
    ). GSH contents were decreased from 10.42 ± 2.81 (P) to
    8
    .02 ± 2.92 (A) and
    9
    .39 ± 1.02 μmol/g Hb (
    B
    ), whereas GSSG concentrations increased from
    0
    .98 ± 
    0
    .28 (P) to 1.24 ± 
    0
    .29 (A) and 1.08 ± 
    0
    .12 μmol/g Hb (
    B
    ). SOD activity decreased 23% in A and 14% in
    B
    ; GRx decreased 27% in A and
    5
    .
    5
    % in
    B
    ; GPx decreased 12% in A and
    9
    .
    6
    % in
    B
    . Catalase activity, however, increased 27% in A and 29% in
    B
    as compared to control. Thus, we conclude that the use of vitamins C and
    E
    should be considered for the control of certain important biochemical indices during the development of preeclampsia; however, further studies are needed to develop methods for the prevention of preeclampsia in women at high risk.
  • 小林 優, 神田 扶由子, S. M. D. Kumar, Ch. V. Lakshmana Rao, D. Srinivasa Rao, D. Venkata Rao, C. Bheemasankara Rao
    天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集
    1990年 32 巻 20
    発行日: 1990/09/25
    公開日: 2017/08/18
    会議録・要旨集 フリー
    Melithasterols A-D (1-4), isolated from a gorgoinan coral Melithaea ocracea of Okinawa, were shown to be cholestane-, 24-methyl-
    22
    -dehydrocholestane-,
    22
    -dehydrocholestane-, and 24-methylenecholestane-derivatives. respectively, having a common 3β, 7α -dihydroxy-
    5
    α,
    6
    α-epoxy-Δ^
    8
    steroid nucleus. This was confirmed by direct comparison with the authentic sample prepared by lead tetra-acetate oxydation of cholest-
    6
    -ene- 3β,
    5
    α,
    8
    α-triol 3-monoacetate. Twelve new polyhydroxysterols were isolated from an Alcyonium sp. (7,
    8
    ,
    9
    ), and Sclerophytum sp. (14,16,19
    b
    ,20,21,
    22
    a,23,26,28) soft corals collected off the coasts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. All the Sclerophytum sp. soft corals contained 17a or its 25-deacetyl derivative. Compounds 7 to
    9
    were identified as 24-methylenecholest-
    5
    -ene- 3β, 16β-diol-3-
    0
    -α-L fucoside (7) and its 7β-(
    8
    ) and 7α-hydroxy (
    9
    ) derivatives. Compound 14 was shown to be 24S-24-methylcholest-
    5
    -ene-3β,25ξ,26-triol and was correlated to the known compound 15 by
    5
    α,
    6
    β-glycolation. Compound 16 was shown to be
    5
    β,
    6
    α-isomer of 17
    b
    , correlating to 17
    b
    by PCC oxidation followed by dehydration. Compound 19
    b
    was identified with 25-deacetyl derivative of the known compound lobosterol (19a) by hydrolysis of authentic lobosterol. Compounds 20 and 21 were shown to be 7-dehydro-(20) and
    22
    E
    -dehydro-(21) derivative of 17a and 17
    b
    , respectively, by comparisons of their spectral data with reference compounds. Compounds
    22
    a and 23 were 24S-methylcholestane-3β,
    5
    α 25-triol-
    6
    -one 25-monoacetate (
    22
    a) and its 25-deacetoxyl derivative (23). Partial PCC oxidation of 17a afforded
    22
    a. Compounds 26 (andamansterol) and 28 (nicobarsterol) were shown to be gorgost-
    5
    -ene-3β,
    9
    α. 11α, 21-tetrol and novel secosteroid, 11,21-cyclo-
    B
    -homo-11-oxa-
    9
    , 11-secoergostane-3β,
    6
    α, 12ξ-triol-
    9
    -one, respectively, by spectral analyses (H-HCOSY, HMQC, HMBC).
  • 増大する資源
    E
    .
    F
    . Boswell
    紙パ技協誌
    1998年 52 巻 7 号 885-889
    発行日: 1998/07/01
    公開日: 2009/11/19
    ジャーナル フリー
    The world is in the midst of a huge fundamental shift in fibre supply, demand balances, and policy changes. Governments around the world are introducing policy changes which influence the supply demand balance as the politicians' thoughts are uttered. Government agencies and their bureaucrats are imposing changes on industry even before the legislation is passed by the government in question.
    This ad hoc change process will continue for a time to come until the countries in question show a tough-mindedness with regard to their land use policies. Policies affecting forest areas such as protection areas, Native land claims, the protection of biodiversity and a true goal of sustainable development ; which addresses the combined issues of cultural, environmental, social and economic matters.
    Eventually all of these difficult issues will reach essential closure. Then there will be great new opportunities for investment to meet the growing demand for forest products ; leading to a strengthening competitive position in the more traditional producing areas such as Canada.
  • 小林 優, 家坂 貴子, 中野 江身子, 平山 耕一郎
    天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集
    1989年 31 巻 71/P2-1
    発行日: 1989/09/17
    公開日: 2017/08/18
    会議録・要旨集 フリー
    Six new cembranoids sarcophytol P (3), R (4), S (
    5
    ), K (
    8
    ),
    F
    (11), and T (13) were isolated from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum. Sarcophytol P (3) was shown to be the 20-hydroxy derivative of the major component sarcophytol A (1), and afforded the cyclization product
    6
    in CHCl_3 at room temperature, in a same way as in 1. Sarcophytols R (4) and S (
    5
    ) were correlated to 1, by conversion of its 7R,
    8
    R and 7S,
    8
    S epoxide derivatives. Sarcophytol K(
    8
    ) was a 13, 14-dihydroxycembranoid having a 1
    E
    ,3Z-diene moiety. The absolute configuration of
    8
    and its 1Z,3
    E
    - and 1Z,3Z-isomers sarcophytol
    B
    (2) and J (10) were determined by circular dichroism study of their bis-p-dimethylaminobenzoate derivatives. Sarcophytols
    F
    (11) and T (13) were 1
    E
    - and 1
    E
    ,3Z-isomers of 1. Compound 11 showed characteristic broadening of the ^1H-NMR chemical shifts, due to the restricted conformational interconversion. Using the three cembranoids sarcophytols
    F
    (11, 1
    E
    ,3
    E
    ), N (15, 1Z,3Z) and T (13,1
    E
    ,3Z), spontaneous autoxidation-cyclization, in CHCl_3,was examined, in order to compare the stereochemical course of the reaction with that of 1 (1Z,3
    E
    ), which affords trans-fused bicyclo[
    9
    .3.
    0
    ]tetradecene systems. The 1
    E
    ,3Z-isomer 13 gave the same cyclization product 18, as in the reaction of 1, even though it is isomeric at C-1,3. The 1Z,3Z isomer 15 gave 19, in consequence of the reversed geometry at C-3 of 15. The 1
    E
    ,3
    E
    -isomer (11) gave the bicyclic product
    22
    , having an antipodal fusion as compared with 19. This was confirmed by PCC oxidation of 19 and
    22
    , giving enantiomeric ketones 23 and 24 respectively. The 1(14)-epoxide 26 was shown to be the immediate precursor of
    22
    , and acounted for the inversion of the geometry at C-1 of the cyclization product. Compound 26 is isomeric with the epoxide 17 derived from 1. The epoxide 17 is the postulated precursor in the conversion of 13 to 18. It is noteworthy that the mode of antipodal fusion of the cyclopentane rings, in 18 and
    22
    , was controlled by the chirality of the epoxy rings. The C-14 hydroxyl group participates in the transannular cyclization, but was found not to be the requisite functional group for the reaction. Similar treatment of cembrene C (30), the parent hydrocarbon of 1, also reacted in CHCl_3 giving the bicyclic product 32.
  • Suguru TAKATSUTO, Kiyomi KOBAYASHI, Tsuyoshi WATANABE, Hiroki KURIYAMA, Tokuo FURUSE
    Agricultural and Biological Chemistry
    1988年 52 巻 12 号 3217-3218
    発行日: 1988年
    公開日: 2006/04/05
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 佐藤 敬之輔
    デザイン学研究
    1970年 1970 巻 11 号 45-55
    発行日: 1970/03/30
    公開日: 2017/07/25
    ジャーナル フリー
    [1] The purpose of this reserch is to make clear what type of design can give good effects to win the high readership score. At the begining I had to know what factors decide the readership score, and how to change the quality of the desing into numerical value. I have used the method of multi-dimentional analysis with the help of a computer, and got the estimation formula, with 7 kinds of factors, as follows ; A^^〜=
    B
    +C+D+K+aE+bF+cG. A^^〜=estimated values of the readership score. 1)
    B
    , C, D, K : these four factors are given as category values (so we call them); each factor is classified into several categories.
    B
    =week day, classified into 7 categories. C=pages of a newspaper, which are characterized by the kinds of articles, news, and the other reading matters, classified into
    22
    categories. D=kinds of goods and trades of the advertizement, classified into 14 catedories. K=constants, given to each 13 surveys. 2)
    E
    ,
    F
    , G : these factors are given as numerical values. G=area of advertizement, measured by the unit of column in the whole page length, being classified into
    6
    kinds of area (2.
    5
    , 3.
    5
    ,
    5
    , 7, 10, 15) and 15 column means a whole page, about 2,000cm^2.
    E
    ,
    F
    are the marks obtained in the design of advertizements.
    E
    =sum of the marks obtained in each design element on the advertizement.
    F
    =the marks obtained on the whole effect of the design. 3) a,
    b
    , c : coefficients Using the above formula with the category values and the coefficients, we can obtain the naked design effect from the actual value A of readership score: aE+bF=A-(
    B
    +C+D+K+cG). In this research, I used 1,829 data of readership score from 1960 to 1968, being obtained by 13 survevs, spring and autumn twice a year. The sample of size each survey was 3,541, 2,251, or 200 in the other 11 surveys. Multiple correlation coefficient between the estimated value A^^〜 and the actual value A is
    0
    .951. The table 2^* shows the contribution indexes of each factor by 3 kinds of expression-(1) Range : the absolute difference between the maximum and the minimum category values, (2) Standard deviations of the category values, (3) Partial correlation coefficient : the relationship between the actual values A and each factors. *see the table 2 in the thesis in Japanese. [2] The important point was in the determination of the values of
    E
    ,
    F
    .
    E
    is the sum of the marks obtained in each design element, classified into four kinds :
    E
    =
    E
    _1+
    E
    _2+
    E
    _3+
    E
    _4. design elements [table]
    E
    _1,
    E
    _2,
    E
    _3,
    E
    _4, these values have the
    5
    grades, as
    0
    , 1, 2, 3, 4 and
    0
    is given to the design that has no attractive effect or no applicable element. And
    E
    obtain the marks of
    0
    to
    9
    grades as the sum of them. The values of
    F
    have also
    5
    grades,
    0
    to 4. The principles to determine the values of
    E
    ,
    F
    are as follows : a) The marks obtained of
    E
    ,
    F
    must be the relative values among the each survey, and at the same time, they must have constancy within the same survey-the same elements of design must win the same marks obtained.
    b
    ) They must be determined as to win the highest multiple correlation coefficient, when they are put into the estimation formula. c) They must be reasonable. In order to justify them, we must carry many researches on the actual condition. The frequency of accurence of each grade of
    E
    ,
    F
    values, as the table
    5
    -4, and
    5
    -
    5
    in the thesis in Japanese.
  • 黒川 美貴雄, 吉田 耕治, 永井 保嵩, 宇野 準
    Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
    1983年 31 巻 12 号 4312-4318
    発行日: 1983/12/25
    公開日: 2008/03/31
    ジャーナル フリー
    Two new partially saturated tricyclic ring systems,
    6
    ,
    6
    a, 7,
    8
    ,
    9
    , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenz [
    b
    ,
    e
    ] oxepins (3a and 3
    b
    ), and -thiepins (4a and 4
    b
    ) were synthesized. Compounds 4a and 4
    b
    were desulfurized to give a pair of isomeric 2-methylbenzoylcyclohexanes (10a and 10
    b
    ). Deuterated 4a and 4
    b
    (11a and 11
    b
    ) were prepared starting from butadiene-
    d6
    (12). The stereochemical features of 3a (trans), 3
    b
    (cis), 4a (trans) and 4
    b
    (cis) are compared with those of 10a, 10
    b
    , 11a and 11
    b
    on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance data.
  • 高津戸 秀, 池川 信夫
    Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
    1984年 32 巻 5 号 2001-2004
    発行日: 1984/05/25
    公開日: 2008/03/31
    ジャーナル フリー
    Brassinolide analogues, (
    22
    R, 23R, 24R)-2α, 3α,
    22
    , 23-tetrahydroxy-
    B
    -homo-7-oxa-
    -ergostan-
    6
    -one (24-epibrassinolide) (10) and (
    22
    S, 23S, 24R)-2α, 3α,
    22
    , 23-tetrahydroxy-
    B
    -homo-7-oxa-
    -ergostan-
    6
    -one (
    9
    ), were synthesized from brassicasterol (3a) in five steps and with ca. 20% overall yield. The key steps are the direct formation of (
    22
    E
    , 24R)-3α,
    5
    -cyclo-
    -ergost-
    22
    -en-
    6
    -one (4) from brassicasterol mesylate (3
    b
    ), the acid-catalyzed rearrangement of 4 to (
    22
    E
    , 24R)-
    -ergosta-2,
    22
    -dien-
    6
    -one (
    6
    ), and the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of the tetrahydroxy
    -ergostan-
    6
    -ones 7 and
    8
    .
  • Hin-chung Wong, Chia-Yun Ho, Li-Ping Kuo, Tien-Kuei Wang, Chi-Lung Lee, Daniel Yang-Chih Shih
    MICROBIOLOGY and IMMUNOLOGY
    1999年 43 巻 7 号 631-636
    発行日: 1999年
    公開日: 2008/03/17
    ジャーナル フリー
    Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a prevalent food-borne pathogen in Taiwan, Japan and other Asian countries. This work presents a novel ribotyping method for the molecular epidemiological examination of this pathogen. Genomic DNA was fragmented by HindIII digestion and hybridized with cDNA probe for Escherichia coli 16S and 23S RNA genes. A total of 121 isolates obtained from outbreaks during 1992 and 1994 in Taiwan were characterized by this ribotyping method. Four to seventeen restricted fragments were visualized in these isolates. After hierarchical cluster analysis, these isolates were grouped into thirty different ribotypes. In addition, A3, A7,
    E
    3 and
    F
    1 were the major ribotypes, consisting of
    22
    .3, 13.2,
    9
    .1, and
    8
    .3% of the isolates, respectively. A,
    E
    ,
    F
    , G and
    B
    were the major groups, consisting of 46.2, 14.
    0
    ,
    9
    .1,
    6
    .7, and
    6
    .7% of the isolates, respectively. The discriminatory ability of this ribotyping method, as determined by Simpson's index of diversity, was
    0
    .93, which closely resembled that of a previously reported pulsed-field gel electrophoresis method.
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