Transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (tcPCO2) were continuously measured during open heart surgery for fifteen patients aging from to 58.
The Hagihara transcutaneous CO2 electrode was used. This modified Severinghaus blood gas electrode consists of a PH-sensitive glass electrode and a silver-silver chloride reference electrode covered by a hydrophobic CO2 permeable membrane from which they are separated by a sodium bicarbonate electrolyte solution. The heating unit is also contained in this sensor-unit to dilate skin capillaries. Sensor temperature was maintained at 44° throughout the study.
This sensor was attached at the thigh of the patient. During open heart surgeries, 117 arterial blood samples were taken for the determination of PaCO2. The regression curve between tcPCO2 and PaCO2 was
tcPCO2=1.11×PaCO2+..
Using this formula, corrected tcPCO2 was calculated. During operation, at every thirty minutes the tcPCO2 and PaCO2 was determined and during . . ., at every fifteen minutes, the determination was made.
The mean value of corrected tcPCO2 showed no statistical difference from that of PaCO2 throughout the study. Before . . ., the corrected tcPCO2 ranged between 26. and 34. and the PaCO2 between 27. and 34.2 During . . ., the corrected tcPCO2 ranged between 18.6 and ., PaCO2 between 17.6 and 21.. After . . ., the corrected tcPCO2 ranged between .2 and 37., PaCO2 between 24. and 33.mmHg respectively.
This value of tcPCO2 with this machine proved to have a good coefficient with that of PaCO2 (r=0.).
In conclusion, this transcutaneous CO2 electrode is very useful for the monitoring of PaCO2 during open heart surgery.

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Circuit techniques to enhance the linearity of input-voltage-to-current (V/I) conversion and to increase the output impedance of a current source by compensating for the low intrinsic gain of a transistor were introduced to realize a high-frequency operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) for a low supply voltage using sub-100-nm CMOS processes. Applying these techniques, a MOS 7th-order Gm- linear-phase low-pass filter (LPF) was realized using a 65nm CMOS process. A simplified biquad LPF that can serve as a component of a 7th-order LPF was newly developed by replacing OTAs with resistors. As a result, the -3dB frequency bandwidth, group delay ripple, 3rd-order distortion, and 3rd-order input intercept point (IIP3) were 200MHz, 2.2%, ≤ -55dB with a 100MHz input, and +10.3dBm, respectively, all with a ±0.1Vp-p input signal at each input terminal in the pseudodifferential configuration. The LPF including an output buffer dissipated 60mW in the case of a 1.2V supply. Wide spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) characteristics were confirmed up to high frequencies.

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The activities of tobramycin derivatives acetylated and ethylated on the 6'-N, 2'-N and 3-N positions were examined. The MICs of these derivatives against tobramycin sensitive strains indicated that 2'-N-ethylated and 6'-N-ethylated derivatives have a fairly good activity, and confirmed that the 3-N position is the most important one for antibiotic activity since 3-N derivatives were less active. The MICs of these derivatives against tobramycin resistant strains, and their inactivation by tobramycin modifying enzymes were examined. These results showed that 2'-N or 6'-N ethylation protects the drug against inactivation by AAC(2') or AAC(6'), respectively, and 2'-N-ethyltobramycin and 6'-N-ethyltobramycin were active against strains containing these modifying enzymes. On the other hand, 3-N ethylation protects the drug against inactivation by AAC(3) but 3-N-ethyl tobramycin does not inhibit strains containing this enzyme.

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(³H) Tobramycin was used as a probe to determine the relationship between the structure of aminoglycoside antibiotics and their ability to remove this drug from its higher affinity binding site on the ribosome. The dissacharide moieties (neamine, tobramine, gentamine) appeared to have a common binding site, whereas the kanosamine, garosamine and ribose moieties determined the specificity of this binding. Amikacin and butikacin behaved in an anomalous manner in spite of their close structural relationship to tobramycin.

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Leakage of water due to internal erosion through a dam body or foundation is a major problem with fill-type dams. Recent case histories and research suggest that most cases of internal erosion are possibly triggered by hydraulic fracturing. However, the quantitative mechanism of hydraulic fracturing still remains to be solved. Therefore in-situ hydraulic fracture tests were carried out with a cheap, concise apparatus using boreholes dug in the soft clayey volcanic soil foundation of a low earth dam (Oyachi Dam) in Niigata Prefecture. Water was injected into the foundation through a perforated pipe by two methods : one was under a controlled injection pressure and the other was a controlled injection flow rate. In the former method, the relationship between flow rate and injection pressure was observed and it was found that a yield pressure or fracture pressure existed in all the tests. By repeating the injection test it was confirmed that once a crack is developed, it is very easily reopened by a water pressure a little higher than the earth pressure exerted on the crack. In the latter method, the relationship between injection pressure and time was observed and it was found that fracture pressure varied with flow rate. The boreholes were excavated to observe the development of fracture cracks and it was also found that the cracks had developed perpendicular to the borehole periphery, which means that fracture cracks were induced by tensile stress and denies the explanation that fractures are caused by shear failure.

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A methanol extract of the flowers of Mammea siamensis (Calophyllaceae) was found to inhibit enzymatic activity against aromatase (IC₅₀=16. µg/mL). From the extract, two new geranylated coumarins, mammeasins (1) and D (2), were isolated together with seven coumarins: -hydroxy--methyl-7-(3,7-dimethyl-octa-2,6-dienyl)--(2-methyl-1-oxobutyl)-,-dihydropyrano[,3,2-de]chromen-2-one (), -hydroxy--methyl-7-(3,7-dimethyl-octa-2,6-dienyl)--(3-methyl-1-oxobutyl)-,-dihydropyrano[,3,2-de]chromen-2-one (10), mammeas A/ (14), A/AB (15), A/ cyclo D (18), /BA (23), and / cyclo D (25). The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. Among the isolates including 17 previously reported coumarins, 1 (IC₅₀=2.7 µM), 2 (3.6 µM), and mammea B/AB cyclo D (21, 3.1 µM) showed relatively strong inhibitory activities comparable to the activity of the synthetic nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor aminoglutethimide (2.0 µM).

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Glucosylceramide (G1cβ1-1Cer) was isolated from the spermatozoa of the starfish, Asterias amurensis. The long-chain bases of the glycolipid consisted of dihydroxy (d18:2, d18:3, d19:3, and d:2), and trihydroxy (t:1) types. Long-chain aldehydes derived from them were analyzed mainly by proton nuclear-magnetic resonance to determine the detailed structures. Two of the tri-unsaturated bases were identified as (, , )-2-amino-, , 10-octadecatriene-1, 3-diol (d18:3) and (, , )-2-amino--methyl-, , 10-octa-decatriene-1, 3-diol (d19:3), which is a novel base. Both d:2 and t:1 had a cis double bond at the or 13 position. All fatty acids were 2-hydroxylated (-):Most of themwere saturated and unbranched. About 10% was mono-unsaturated and unbranched (-), while saturated but branched (iso- and anteiso-types) - acids were found as mi-nor components. The main fatty acids, which summed up to more than % of the fatty acids in the glucosylceramide, were n-14h: 0, n-15h:0, n-16h : 0, n-17h : 0, n-18h : 0, and n-24h:1.

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Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were tested for cytotoxicity against autologous tumor cells in a study utilizing a chemically induced cancer ofthe bladder (transitional cell carcinoma), -47, in inbred ACI/N rats. From tumors grown after subcutaneous implantation of -47 in the rats TIL were separated by density gradient centrifugation and incubated in plastic dishes for separation of non-adherent from adherent cells. The non-adherent cells were further fractionated into T and B cells by the panning method using anti-rat F(ab')₂ antibody. The cell fractions were each added to -47 in culture to be assessed for antitumor effect by the crystal violet dye exclusion method and 3H-thymidine incorporation inhibition assay. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were also tested as described above. TIL expressed significantly higher cytotoxicity against -47 with the mean % cytotoxicity of 56.6±.6% and 87.±7.1% at /T ratios of 10:1 and 20:1, respectively, as compared to PBMC(.±.0% at /T 10:1) (P<0.001). The adherent cells, B and T cell fractions showed respective % cytotoxicity of .±2.%, 57.±10.6% and .±7.% at an /T ratio of 10:1. TIL pretreated with IFN or rIL-2 for 24or 48 hours did not exhibit any noticeably enhanced antitumor activity at an /T ratio of :1. Prevention of direct contact of -47 cells and TIL by an interposed Millipore membrane (0.45μm) resulted in an unequivocal reduction of antitumor effect. This finding clearly indicates that the direct contact with -47cells and TIL is necessary for TIL to manifest their cytotoxicity against the autologous tumor cells, suggesting that TIL exhibit autologous tumor killing activity through cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

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We compared three groups of pregnant women: placebo with normotensive women, group A which included preeclamptics, and group B which comprised preeclamptics who were supplemented their diets with vitamins and . MDA increased from 6. ± 2. (placebo) to .48 ± 1.2 (A) and .02 ± 1. nmol/gHb (B). NO concentrations were enhanced from 19.3 ± .2 (P) to 23. ± 6. (A) and 24.1 ± . μmol/L (B). GSH contents were decreased from 10.42 ± 2.81 (P) to .02 ± 2. (A) and .39 ± 1.02 μmol/g Hb (B), whereas GSSG concentrations increased from 0.98 ± 0.28 (P) to 1.24 ± 0.29 (A) and 1.08 ± 0.12 μmol/g Hb (B). SOD activity decreased 23% in A and 14% in B; GRx decreased 27% in A and .% in B; GPx decreased 12% in A and .6% in B. Catalase activity, however, increased 27% in A and 29% in B as compared to control. Thus, we conclude that the use of vitamins and should be considered for the control of certain important biochemical indices during the development of preeclampsia; however, further studies are needed to develop methods for the prevention of preeclampsia in women at high risk.

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A comparative study of the static and dynamic response of a slope is carried out, using the large deformation theory of the updated Lagrangian formulation and the conventional infinitesimal theory. In the static analysis, a strength reduction method proposed by one of the authors is used to evaluate the safety factor of the slope. It is found that by the large deformation theory, the safety factor is larger than that calculated by the infinitesimal theory, and this difference becomes large along with the reduction of elastic modulus. In the dynamic analysis, it is observed that the large deformation theory gives smaller sliding displacement and larger response acceleration than the infinitesimal approach. It is concluded that in many cases the large deformation approach gives more adequate solutions.

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The performance of single pitch and multi pitch screw anchors during the application of installation torque is presented. An experimental testing program was conducted using five models of screw anchors with different geometry. The effect of the shape of the screw element, sand properties, and installation depth on the required installation torque value was examined. A theoretical model was developed from which the required installation torque value can be calculated in terms of the influencing factors. The required installation torque can be determined in terms of the ultimate uplift resistance calculated from any of the available theories. Based on the actual installation torque value measured in the field, the anticipated pullout capacity can be back calculated from the present theory. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results showed good agreement. Also, good agreement was observed when the present theoretical results were compared with the available field results reported in the literature.

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