The design implication of stress-confinement effect of nonwoven geotextile is addressed. The unconfined and confined strengths of a selected needle-punched nonwoven geotextile are used to conduct a comparative design of a granular soil retaining wall based on a limit equilibrium approach. A higher wall may be allowed when considering the confined strength as compared to the unconfined strength. For a selected wall height, confined strength allows for fewer geotextile layers when compared to that designed using unconfined strength. It is recommended that stress-confinement test procedure should be standardized so that confinement effect of some nonwoven geotextiles may be incorporated into an individual wall design procedure.

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It has been shown after mathematical and mechanical investigation that Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) can be considered as a method to obtain the necessary condition of Slip Line Method (SLM), and that the solution can be obtained under the condition that F_s= and ∂F_s/∂θ=O, where F_s is the safety factor and θ is the inclination of the plane on which the safety factor is defined. Next, the generalized LEM (GLEM) is proposed, dealing with the following points : () Triangular or quadrangular blocks can be treated; (2) Safety factors are defined also on interblock planes; and (3) All types of plastic problems, slope stability, bearing capacity, and earth pressure are identically formulated. Two situations regarding treatment of the moment equilibrium condition are discussed. GLEM is applied to well-known problems. The results agree well with those obtained by theoretical methods. GLEM can be used to obtain the distribution of earth pressure or bearing capacity. GLEM, Iike ordinary LEM, is very effective for the practical problems, but GLEM is more theoretical and it can result in more accurate solutions.

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Some existing analytical methods which have been used in geotechnical engineering are modified to handle the shear strength reduction with time due to softening in fissured, over-consolidated clays and mudstones. These are limit equilibrium analysis of slope stability, calculation of earth pressure and calculation of stress and displacement around a tunnel. The softening effect is incorporated in these analyses using the failure criterion and the time-dependent strength parameters proposed previously by the authors. Examples are presented which emphasize the importance of appreciating the softening effect in analyses and further illustrate that the effect of shear strength reduction with time due to softening could easily be captured with existing analytical methods.

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Two new polyacetylene compounds (, , 12)--acetoxy-3-isovaleryloxytetradeca-, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (B), and (, , 12)--acetoxy-3-(2-methylbutyryloxy)tetradeca-, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (C) have been isolated along with (, , 12)--acetoxy-3-senecioyloxytetradeca-, , 12-trien-, 10-diyn-14-ol (A) from Atractylodes Rhizome (Karabyakujutu). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of their spectral data.

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By employing an undrained cyclic loading ring-shear apparatus, a series of tests to reproduce the dynamic behavior of the Nikawa landslide induced by the January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake, is conducted. The test sample is Osaka-group coarse sandy soil taken from the landslide. The initial stress condition acting on a soil element in the sliding surface is applied to the sample. Based on the seismic records monitored at the JR Takarazuka Station, the input seismic wave is synthesized to reproduce the seismic stress acting on the sliding surface. The test results show that the soil failed due to the dynamic loading of the earthquake. The most important results are the excess pore water pressure generation and the acceleration of shear displacement continuing after the main shock. Combined with the grain crushing at the shear zone and the volume reduction in the drained constant-speed ring-shear test, the mechanism of this landslide is interpreted as, shear displacement causing grain crushing in the shear zone and volume reduction, and then resulting in a localized liquefaction phenomenon, "sliding-surface liquefaction". This geotechnical simulation test provides a reasonable interpretation of this highly mobile landslide.

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This study was performed to clarify which factors affected damage to tame-ike (small embankment dams for irrigation) in Hokudan Town as a result of the January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake. Factors were assumed to be : Location (.g., Distance to Epicenter, etc.), Structure (.g., Angle to Nearest Fault, Embankment Volume, etc.), Soil Properties of Embankment, Geology of Dam Site and History (Era of Construction, Repaired, etc.). Multivariate statistical analyses were performed for documentary data (damaged : 181, undamaged : 328). Ordinary statistical analyses were conducted for the data investigated in situ for soil properties of the embankment. The results show that the factors causing damage to dam are : () Nearest Fault (Nojima, Mizukoshi and D2), (2) Distance to Nearest Fault (less than 500 m), (3) Distance to Epicenter (approximately to 14 km, which almost agrees with the location of seismic intensity JMA), () Elevation of Dam Site (higher than 100 m), () Embankment Volume (the greater the volume the more damage was caused), () Direction of Dam Axis (normal or diagonal to the epicenter or to nearest the fault), () Plan View of Dam Axis (3 or axes), () Surface Geology of Dam Site (non-cohesive soil type ground), () Era of Construction (prior to 1891) and (10) Soil Properties of Embankment (sand, not silty sand or gravel, penetration resistance that is 10% smaller than the undamaged dams).

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The objective of this article is to propose and evaluate a sliding-block model to deal with very large displacements of slopes when a horizontal earthquake is applied. The slip surface consists of two inclinations on which full shear resistance is mobilized. Internal shearing exists along a sub-plane that intersects the angle between the two sub-planes that form the external slip surface. The ratio of the distance moved along the two external sub-planes depends on the inclination of the internal sub-plane. If there is a water table line, undrained conditions are assumed during motion and total stress analysis is performed. The governing equations of motion are formulated, analytical solutions are obtained for some cases, and back-analysis of four well-documented slides is performed.

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This paper is concerned with an extension of a rotational limit equilibrium method for determining the permanent displacements of slopes under seismic excitation. In the proposed procedure, the sliding mass is treated as a rigid rotating body defined by a log spiral trace. Permanent displacements are obtained by double-integration of the equation of motion in a manner similar to Newmark's translational sliding block method. The seismic slope stability analysis is based on the rotational (variational) limit equilibrium approach. This stability analysis was verified with dynamic experimental results obtained from centrifuge model testing. A series of parametric studies was conducted on"unstable"slopes, investigating the effects of soil properties and characteristics of excitation on the magnitude of permanent displacements. The higher the frictional angle, the smaller the permanent displacement of the slope is. Low excitation frequency yields larger slope displacement if the excitation is extended for the same time period of time. The effect of frequency becomes less distinct when a larger value of yield seismic coefficient is used. The proposed procedures produce a rational criterion to evaluate the seismic performance of simple slopes. This criterion is based on permanent displacement limit rather than factor of safety alone.

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Circuit techniques to enhance the linearity of input-voltage-to-current (V/I) conversion and to increase the output impedance of a current source by compensating for the low intrinsic gain of a transistor were introduced to realize a high-frequency operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) for a low supply voltage using sub-100-nm CMOS processes. Applying these techniques, a MOS th-order Gm-C linear-phase low-pass filter (LPF) was realized using a 65nm CMOS process. A simplified biquad LPF that can serve as a component of a th-order LPF was newly developed by replacing OTAs with resistors. As a result, the -3dB frequency bandwidth, group delay ripple, 3rd-order distortion, and 3rd-order input intercept point (IIP3) were 200MHz, 2.2%, ≤ -55dB with a 100MHz input, and +10.3dBm, respectively, all with a ±.Vp-p input signal at each input terminal in the pseudodifferential configuration. The LPF including an output buffer dissipated 60mW in the case of a .2V supply. Wide spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) characteristics were confirmed up to high frequencies.

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The characteristic mechanical activities of the smooth muscles found in all organs of the body are highly variable and depend mainly on the spatial arrangement of the muscle cells and the stroma: mass, orientation, relationships, links, constraints, which are deployed in various configurations. These structural features are examined here for their mechanical relevance, in light and electron microscopic views of several muscles of viscera and blood vessels, in a selection of mammalian species. Smooth muscles are incompressible and therefore maintain constant volume. They do not have available space and any movement of a part requires displacement of another part. Most of them have no terminations or points of attachment, and in hollow organs such as intestines, blood vessels and uro-genital tract they usually form structures closed onto themselves, such as rings or bag-like containers In these situations, changes in the size of the lumen is achieved very efficiently by a concentric inward enlargement that accompanies muscle contraction. The longitudinal arrangement of collagen blocks an elongation of small blood vessels upon contraction, further enhancing the efficiency of lumen reduction. In other muscles, links between layers and special arrangements of the stroma allow both shortening and elongation of a tubular organ to occur. The mechanics of smooth muscles has many characteristic features (some unique, some shared with those of hydrostats, some at variance with other muscles) and histological data are a contribution to our understanding of these properties.

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All the cells of rat detrusor muscle fall into one of five ultrastructural types: muscle cells, fibroblasts, axons and glia, and vascular cells (endothelial cells and pericytes). The tissue is ~79% cellular and 21% non-cellular. Muscle cells occupy 72%, nerves ~

% (/3 axons, 2/3 glia), and fibroblast >3% of space. Muscle cells (up to µm across and ~600 µm long, packed to almost 100,000 per mm²) have surface-to-volume ratio of 2. µm²/µm³ ~% of cell volume is contractile apparatus, 3.% mitochondria and 2.% nucleus. Cell profiles are irregular but sectional area decreases regularly towards either end of the cell. Muscle cells are gathered into bundles (the mechanical units of detrusor), variable in length and size, but of constant width. The musculature is highly compact (without fascia or capsule) with smooth outer surfaces and extensive association and adhesion between its cells. Among many types of intercellular contact and junction, digitations are very common, each muscle cell issuing minute finger-like processes that abut on adjacent cells. Sealed apposition are wide areas of specialized contact, possibly forming a chamber between two muscle cells, distinct from the extracellular space at large (stromal space). The innervation is very dense, virtually all intramuscular axons being varicose (including afferent ones). There are identifiable neuro-muscular junctions on each muscle cell, often several junctions on a single cell. There are also unattached terminals. Fibroblasts (involved in the production of collagen), ~% of the total number of cells, do not make specialized contacts.

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The saponin fraction from the seeds of the tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. KUNTZE (Theaceae)] was found to exhibit potent protective effects on ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Five new triterpene saponins, theasaponins (), (2), (3), (), and (), were isolated together with 11 known saponins from the saponin fraction. The chemical structures of — were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Among the isolated saponins, theasaponins (), (), and (3) and assamsaponin C (10) showed an inhibitory effect on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions at a dose of . mg/kg, p.o. and their activities were stronger than that of omeplazole. With regard to the structure–activity relationships of theasaponins, the following structural requirements for a protective effect on ethanol-induced gastric lesions were suggested; ) the 21- and/or -acyl groups are essential for the activity, 2) acetylation of the 16-hydroxyl group reduce the activity.

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背景と目的：ステロイド性骨粗鬆症は，積極的な治療介入が必要とされる．その第一選択薬はビスホスホネート製剤（以下ビス）であるが，近年，デノスマブ（以下デノス）も注目を浴びている．ステロイド性骨粗鬆症の骨密度に対する両者の効果を比較検討した．

方法：ステロイド性骨粗鬆症の管理と治療ガイドライン：2014年改訂版の薬物療法開始の基準を満たした患者を対象とした．無治療群（N群）と，治療介入群として当初よりビスで治療したBB群，ビス後デノスに変更したBD群，デノスで治療したDD群，デノス後ビスに変更したDB群を抽出し，ステロイド投与を開始した時，ステロイド性骨粗鬆症に対する治療を開始した時または薬剤変更から

カ月後の腰椎，大腿骨頚部と大転子部の骨密度を測定し，それらの変化を統計学的に比較検討した．

結果：149例が抽出され，その内訳は，N群48例，BB群24例，BD群

例，DD群21例，DB群34例であった．治療開始時または薬剤変更からカ月後にBD群を除くすべての治療介入群で腰椎の骨密度が上昇した．大腿骨の骨密度は，BD群において薬剤変更後に上昇に転じた．

考察：デノスにはビスと同様の骨密度上昇効果があると考えられた．

結論：デノスは，ステロイド性骨粗鬆症治療の第一選択薬となり得る．

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This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the numerical methods related to geotechnical problems, most of which were reported in papers appearing in Soils and Foundations. The reason why most of the reviewed papers are concentrated in Soils and Foundations is that if we were to include papers appearing in other journals in the field of geotechnical engineering, closely related to numerical methods, .g., Computers and Geotechnics, Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech., etc., we would have to deal with almost all the papers in those journals. Firstly, we present a description of the current status of the numerical methods, and then give a brief review of the literature covering several topics in geotechnical applications. The scope of the review is limited, and thus, the authors do not profess to cover the entire range of literature.

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Using the so-called pseudo-static method, a stability analysis was made for the mountain slide that took place at Mitake-iriya village at the time of the Izu-Ohshima-Kinkai earthquake of January 14, 1978. Undisturbed samples of volcanic clay were obtained in blocks from the exposed surface of the deposit identified to have been the sliding surface. The partially saturated clay samples were tested under consolidated undrained conditions using the triaxial test equipment. Dynamic axial stresses with irregular time histories were applied to the specimens in combination with statically sustained axial stresses to determine the soil strength under the conditions simulating in-situ states of stress during the earthquake. The results of the tests were expressed in terms of the Mohr-Coulomb type failure criterion which showed that, while the angle of internal friction remained almost unchanged, the cohesion component in irregular loading increased above values obtained in the static loading. Using the strength parameters thus determined, a pseudo-static analysis was made to check the stability of the soil masses that had actually slid during the 1978 earthquake. The maximum horizontal acceleration required to cause the slide was computed. The computed accelerations were shown to cover a range between 400 and 500 gals which is consistent with the range estimated by other investigators on the basis of overturning of tombstones in the vicinity of the slide area.

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