One method currently being considered for the disposal of high level radio-active waste is burial in the seabed. When a hot object is buried in soil, the temperature of the soil adjacent to the object is raised and there is transient heat flow away from the object. The rise in the temperature of the soil causes excess pore pressures to be generated and transient pore water diffusion also takes place. A finite element formulation of the coupled heat flow and consolidation problem is presented. The computer implementation of this formulation is found to compare favourably with analytical solutions based on the same physical principles.

抄録全体を表示

The small strain stiffness and anisotropic nature of two sands with different geological origin have been determined via laboratory seismic tests performed in a triaxial cell. Dry triaxial reconstituted specimens of Ticino river silica sand (TS) and of Kenya carbonatic sand (KS) were subjected to isotropic and anisotropic states of effective stress ; then both shear and constrained compression waves were propagated in vertical, horizontal and oblique directions by means of five couples of piezoelectric transducers especially arranged in the specimens. The propagated compression and shear waves allow the assessment of the constrained M₀ and shear G₀ moduli respectively, at very small strains where, as a first approximation many soils can be assumed, from an engineering point of view, to behave as an elastic cross-anisotropic medium with a vertical axis of symmetry. This paper, after a brief description of the novel measuring technique adopted and of the tested materials, summarises the test results and their interpretation in order to separate the effects of the fabric anisotropy from those produced by the state of effective stresses on soil stiffness. The stiffness and anisotropic response of the two tested sands are compared. Finally the results enable us to establish five independent constants of the cross-anisotropic elasticity model, which appears to be appropriate to reproduce the behaviour at small strain of the two sands.

抄録全体を表示

Repetitive liquefactions in angular and subangular gravels from an alluvial fan, in the case of two earthquakes with accelerations lower than that of a former which had caused liquefaction some months before, are described. The liquefaction took place from the surface, down to a depth of approximately 10 m. Water laden with sediments spouted out for some tens of minutes after the strong motion ceased. Knowledge of the grain size distribution of the sediments inside the body of the alluvial fan roughly defines the areas of the fan prone to future liquefaction. Non-repetitive liquefaction in overconsolidated fine fluvio-lacustrine sand of glacial origin at the unusual depth of 14 m to 16 m is also described. From the observation of sand lifted up for 10 m inside a large diameter well, and of that which spouted out from several microvents, it was estimated that extra-pore pressure was close to lithostatic conditions. Nevertheless, modeling of intrinsic pore pressure buildup on the DESRA programme gives lower values than the experimental one. Geotechnical characteristics of the 12 m-thick sandy stratum indicate that the upper part is unusually soft, either due to water circulation or past repetitive liquefactions which prevented reconsolidation. It is suggested that excess pore pressure generated by the earthquake was also due to redistribution of pressure from adjacent sediments.

抄録全体を表示

 The stability of

‒tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (‒THC‒OAc) and ‒tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (‒THC‒OAc) in -liquid during storage was investigated. ‒THC‒OAc liquids in cartridges were stored at 80℃ or 30℃ for 28 days. The relative concentrations of cannabinoids in the liquids were measured by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. ‒THC‒OAc decreased during storage at either temperature. ‒THC, a minor impurity, also decreased. ‒THC‒OAc liquid in a cartridge was stored at 80℃ for 57 days. The concentration of ‒THC‒OAc and ‒THC, a minor impurity, did not change during that time. Cannabinol acetate increased in all liquids, and unknown products were also detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The ‒THC‒OAc and ‒THC‒OAc liquids were subjected to GC/MS to detect representative diluents, glycerol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol 400, but none of these were detected.

抄録全体を表示

 We examined the stability of

-tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (-THC-OAc) and -tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (-THC-OAc) in -liquid products. Eight samples were heated at 30℃ for 28 days and one of them was heated at 70℃ for , , , 10, and 15 days. Residual ratios of -THC-OAc and -THC-OAc were evaluated by gas chromatography with flame ion detection and their degradation products were examined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Some samples were tested for solubility in hexane and were submitted to GC/MS analysis to detect propylene glycol and glycerol. After a 28-day incubation at 30℃, -THC-OAc was slightly decomposed (residual ratio: 84.–94.%) but -THC-OAc was almost stable (residual ratio: 95.–108.%). Heating at 70℃ decomposed not only -THC-OAc but also -THC-OAc. The decomposition proceeded rapidly in the initial days then slowly until 15 days later. The degradation products, four putative one-oxygen-atom adducts and cannabinol, were detected but deacetylated products (-tetrahydrocannabinol and -tetrahydrocannabinol) were not detected. All the samples tested were completely dissolved in hexane differently from propylene glycol and glycerol. Propylene glycol and glycerol were not detected from the samples completely dissolved in hexane. This study indicated that deacetylation of -THC-OAc and -THC-OAc did not proceed when the sample did not contain propylene glycol and glycerol.

抄録全体を表示

　The stability of

-tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (-THC-OAc) in the presence of diluents or during vaping was investigated. Laboratory-made pure -THC-OAc and glycerol, propylene glycol (PG), or polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) were dissolved in ethanol and subjected to the quantification method for -tetrahydrocannabinol (-THC) recommended by UNODC. The pure -THC-OAc diluted by glycerol, PG, or PEG400 was stored at 40°C for 27 days. A retail liquid product of -THC-OAc containing -THC as an impurity was stored at 80°C for 28 days in the presence of glycerol, PG, or PEG400. A cartridge containing the -THC-OAc liquid was installed in an -cigarette device, which was heated and vaporized using a syringe connected to the cartridge through a silicone tube. The -THC-OAc liquid was put into a test tube and heated at 200 or 400°C for  min. The relative concentrations of cannabinoids in the test solution before and after each operation were measured by liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection or by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. -THC was not detected in any cases of pure -THC-OAc, and it decreased or disappeared in all cases of -THC-OAc liquid. The present result showed that -THC-OAc does not decompose into -THC during each process.

抄録全体を表示

Walking rehabilitation machines have drawn great attentions with more and more people suffering from walking disabilities in an aging society. However, most of the developed walking rehabilitation machines aim at enhancing muscle strength, neglecting the recovery of the neural system. 58% of walking disabilities are caused by problems in the neural system. Therefore, we propose a rehabilitation system which includes both muscle strength enhancement by a walking rehabilitation machine and neurological rehabilitation by imaginary walking. In this paper we compared the activation in motor area of the brain during real walking and imaginary walking by means of fNIRS (functional Near-InfraRed Spectroscopy). Two subjects participated in the experiment. During imaginary walking, the subjects were instructed to imagine that they were walking with the same pace to a person in the video being shown to the subjects. As a result, the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin in motor area during imaginary walking was higher than that during real walking in both of the subjects. This was because that it was not necessary to pay attention to the movements of the legs and feet during normal walking on the plain road without any obstacles, while movement planning was required when the subjects imagined their walking in the same way to another person. The experiment result indicated that it is possible to quicken walking rehabilitation by imaginary walking.

抄録全体を表示

Two new partially saturated tricyclic ring systems, 6, 6a, 7, , , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenz [, ] oxepins (3a and 3), and -thiepins (a and ) were synthesized. Compounds a and were desulfurized to give a pair of isomeric -methylbenzoylcyclohexanes (10a and 10). Deuterated a and (11a and 11) were prepared starting from butadiene-d₆ (12). The stereochemical features of 3a (trans), 3 (cis), a (trans) and (cis) are compared with those of 10a, 10, 11a and 11 on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance data.

抄録全体を表示

The main objective of this paper is to compare safety factors obtained from Morgenstern-Price, Janbu and Spencer methods with the factors calculated from the modified variational approach (Leshchinsky and Huang, 1992a). Such comparison is essential since there is no mathematical proof that the variational analysis indeed yields a minimum and thus, physically produce significant results. The safety factors compared well, indicating the variational analysis is on a par with acceptable existing rigorous methods. Availability of a user-friendly computer code may make the variational analysis useful to practicing engineers. However, its greatest potential at the moment is in 3-D applications; i.., unlike other methods, its extension to 3-D is straightforward.

抄録全体を表示

As a fundamental study on dibenzothiepins, reaction of 11-phenyl-6, 11-dihydrodibenzo [, ] thiepin-11-ol (10) or 11-chloro-11-phenyl-6, 11-dihydrodibenzo [, ] thiepin (14) with triphenylmethyl cation or was examined under various conditions. 11-Phenyl-6, 11-dihydrodibenzo [, ] thiepin-11-ylium salt () was isolated as a black powder (perchlorate) and a green powder (hexachloroantimonate), but salt was obtained only as a solution. Treatment of the hexachloroantimonate with excess of was found to result in a novel dehydrocyclization reaction to give selectively , 13-dihydrofluoreno [1, a, -c, d] []-benzothiepin-13-ylium hexachloroantimonate (19). Some discussions were made on the mechanism of the formation of 19.

抄録全体を表示

In this paper, instead of the time-invariant state-space representation in the consequent of the T-S fuzzy model, tim,-varying system is considered in order to deal with the reconstruction error between the real system to be controlled and its T-S model, and fuzzy approximator is employed to cope with unknown functions involved in the model. As a result, it reaches an adaptive controller that has two parts: one is obtained by solving certain linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) (fixed part) and another one is acquired by the fuzzy approximator in which the related parameters are tuned by adaptive law (variable part). The proposed controller can guarantee the closed-loop system to be asymptotically stable.

抄録全体を表示

The objective of this paper is to develop a new vibro-compaction machine by investigating experimentally the effects of the frequency of an oscillator mounted on a tracked vehicle on the vibro-compaction of a high lifted decomposed granite sandy soil. By measuring the amount of depression of the ground surface, the dry density distribution in depth using a cone penetrometer, the normal earth pressure distribution in depth using a soil stress transducer, and the vertical and horizontal acceleration distribution in depth, the effects of the tracked vehicle on the increment of the soil compacting dry density in a deep stratum were considered theoretically for various kinds of frequency. It was observed that an oscillator frequency of 16 Hz with a constant amplitude of exciting force of . kN showed the maximum amount of depression of the ground surface and the maximum dry density distribution at deep stratum for the range of frequency from 16 Hz to 51 Hz. The ratio of dynamic shear stress to normal stress at 16 Hz proved to be large enough at deep stratum, so that an optimal alternative shear strain due to the impact force was developed on the whole range of the high lifted stratum. It was assumed that the increment in soil compacting density was the result of the effective dilatancy phenomenon.

抄録全体を表示

A procedure for limit equilibrium slope analysis based on a realistic consideration of the mobilized interslice shear forces is presented in this paper. This new approach ensures that solutions are kinematically admissible and the possibility of convergence problems, often associated with numerical solutions, is minimized. The proposed approach recognizes the importance of slip surface geometry in estimating interslice shear forces whether vertical or non-vertical slices are used in a limit equilibrium analysis. Illustrative examples are presented and the results shown to be reasonable. The calculated factors of safety based on the new method compare very well with values based on recognized methods of analysis. Yet the method is more direct and enables a proper visualization of the transfer of mobilized normal and shear forces through a sloping soil mass above a potential slip surface. The method also gives consistent results with non-vertical slices even if the shape of non-vertical slices is varied.

抄録全体を表示

Stereoselective synthesis of 7, - and 7, Z-β-ionylideneacetaldehydes was accomplished from the β-ionone tricarbonyl iron complex, and the latter was converted to Z-retinoic acid.

抄録全体を表示