Repetitive liquefactions in angular and subangular gravels from an alluvial fan, in the case of two earthquakes with accelerations lower than that of a former which had caused liquefaction some months before, are described. The liquefaction took place from the surface, down to a depth of approximately 10 m. Water laden with sediments spouted out for some tens of minutes after the strong motion ceased. Knowledge of the grain size distribution of the sediments inside the body of the alluvial fan roughly defines the areas of the fan prone to future liquefaction. Non-repetitive liquefaction in overconsolidated fine fluvio-lacustrine sand of glacial origin at the unusual depth of 14 m to 16 m is also described. From the observation of sand lifted up for 10 m inside a large diameter well, and of that which spouted out from several microvents, it was estimated that extra-pore pressure was close to lithostatic conditions. Nevertheless, modeling of intrinsic pore pressure buildup on the DESRA2 programme gives lower values than the experimental one. Geotechnical characteristics of the 12 m-thick sandy stratum indicate that the upper part is unusually soft, either due to water circulation or past repetitive liquefactions which prevented reconsolidation. It is suggested that excess pore pressure generated by the earthquake was also due to redistribution of pressure from adjacent sediments.

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The advantages and disadvantages of using a back analysis of slope failures to evaluate soil shear strength are discussed. A methodology is presented herein that allows the implied level of reliability associated with soil shear strength parameters back calculated from slope failures to be estimated. A reliability approach is also used to estimate the probability of failure for a given limit equilibrium slope stability method, design factor of safety, and combination of back calculated Mohr-Coulomb shear strength parameters, ' and φ'. The methodology is illustrated using 39 landslides in the Orinda Formation in the San Francisco Bay area. The impact of additional case histories in the same geologic setting, i.., a larger data set, on the required design factor of safety for a given probability of failure is also investigated.

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Six new cembranoids sarcophytol P (3), R (4), S (), K (), (11), and T (13) were isolated from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum. Sarcophytol P (3) was shown to be the 20-hydroxy derivative of the major component sarcophytol A (), and afforded the cyclization product in CHCl_3 at room temperature, in a same way as in . Sarcophytols R (4) and S () were correlated to , by conversion of its 7R,R and 7S,S epoxide derivatives. Sarcophytol K() was a 13, 14-dihydroxycembranoid having a ,3Z-diene moiety. The absolute configuration of and its Z,3- and Z,3Z-isomers sarcophytol B (2) and J (10) were determined by circular dichroism study of their bis-p-dimethylaminobenzoate derivatives. Sarcophytols (11) and T (13) were - and ,3Z-isomers of . Compound 11 showed characteristic broadening of the ^H-NMR chemical shifts, due to the restricted conformational interconversion. Using the three cembranoids sarcophytols (11, ,3), N (15, Z,3Z) and T (13,,3Z), spontaneous autoxidation-cyclization, in CHCl_3,was examined, in order to compare the stereochemical course of the reaction with that of (Z,3), which affords trans-fused bicyclo[.3.0]tetradecene systems. The ,3Z-isomer 13 gave the same cyclization product 18, as in the reaction of , even though it is isomeric at -,3. The Z,3Z isomer 15 gave 19, in consequence of the reversed geometry at -3 of 15. The ,3-isomer (11) gave the bicyclic product , having an antipodal fusion as compared with 19. This was confirmed by PCC oxidation of 19 and , giving enantiomeric ketones 23 and 24 respectively. The (14)-epoxide 26 was shown to be the immediate precursor of , and acounted for the inversion of the geometry at - of the cyclization product. Compound 26 is isomeric with the epoxide 17 derived from . The epoxide 17 is the postulated precursor in the conversion of 13 to 18. It is noteworthy that the mode of antipodal fusion of the cyclopentane rings, in 18 and , was controlled by the chirality of the epoxy rings. The -14 hydroxyl group participates in the transannular cyclization, but was found not to be the requisite functional group for the reaction. Similar treatment of cembrene (30), the parent hydrocarbon of , also reacted in CHCl_3 giving the bicyclic product 32.

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The correction factor (η_ie) for the ultimate bearing capacity of a footing placed adjacent to a slope, taking into account the combined effect of horizontal and vertical seismic loads, represented by horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients, k_h and k_v, respectively, was derived using a modified Janbu's slice method. The influence of slope angles ‘α’ on the values of ‘η_ie’ are studied here. It was found that the values of η_ie can be expressed as an exponential function of ‘k_h/(-k_v)’ and ‘α’, with a measurable interdependency between ‘α’ and ‘η_ie’. The influence of ‘α’ on the value of ‘η_ie’ increases as the input value of ‘k_h/(-k_v)’ increases. Equations derived based on the analytical results are proposed to account for this effect. Based on the analyses of 11 near-fault seismographers obtained in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan, a ratio between the vertical and the horizontal seismic coefficients, λ, of between ±0.25 is suggested for including the combined effect of vertical and horizontal seismic forces in evaluating the seismic bearing capacity of footings located in near-fault areas.

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At present, analytical or empirical formula for seismic bearing capacity of footings adjacent to slopes is not available. This study uses a pseudo-static-based approach in conjunction with rigorous Janbu's slice method to derive analytical values of seismic bearing capacity factors (N_γ) and correction factors for the effects of inertia of soil mass and load inclinations for a rigid footing adjacent to cohesionless slopes. It is shown that both the bearing capacity factors (N_γ) and the correction factors for the seismic bearing capacity of footings placed on level ground derived herein are comparable with those reported in the literature. Empirical equations regarding the effects of slope angles and load inclinations, expressed using generalized forms of those proposed in the literature, are also derived. It is also found that the empirical equations derived in the present study provide values of correction factors in good agreements with the analytical ones, indicating the validity of using these empirical equations for assessing the bearing capacity of rigid footings situated on the slope subjected to pseudo-static seismic loading.

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We purified a sterol with antitumor activity from the edible mushroom Sarcodon aspratus (BERK.) S. ITO and identified it as ,-epidioxy--ergosta-,(11),-trien-3β-ol (,11-dehydroergosterol peroxide ((11)-DHEP)). Purified (11)-DHEP was a more effective inhibitor of HL60 leukemia cell growth and stronger apoptosis-inducer than ,-epidioxy--ergosta-,-dien-3β-ol (ergosterol peroxide (EP)) that we had previously identified as an apoptosis inducer. Moreover, (11)-DHEP selectively suppressed the growth of HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells but not WI38 normal human fibroblasts. After d incubation of HT29 with 7 μM (11)-DHEP, the number of S phase cells decreased from 23 to 15% of total diploid cells and 17% became hypodiploid. Expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor A (p21, WAF, Cip) (CDKNA), which has been shown to cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HT29 cells, was induced by (11)-DHEP. These results suggest that (11)-DHEP inhibits HT29 cell growth by inducing CDKNA expression, thus causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

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Four new sterols, , -epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-(14), -diene-3β, 7β-diol (), (, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-3β, , , 7α-tetrol (2), (, 24R)-ergosta-7, (11), -triene-3β, , -triol (3) and 3β, , -trihydroxy-(, 24R)-ergost--en-7-one (4), have been isolated from the fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa (FR.) S. . GRAY (Polyporaceae)together with fourteen known ones (-18), of which two ( and ) are reported for the first time from a natural source. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral data.

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 The stability of

‒tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (‒THC‒OAc) and ‒tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (‒THC‒OAc) in -liquid during storage was investigated. ‒THC‒OAc liquids in cartridges were stored at 80℃ or 30℃ for 28 days. The relative concentrations of cannabinoids in the liquids were measured by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. ‒THC‒OAc decreased during storage at either temperature. ‒THC, a minor impurity, also decreased. ‒THC‒OAc liquid in a cartridge was stored at 80℃ for 57 days. The concentration of ‒THC‒OAc and ‒THC, a minor impurity, did not change during that time. Cannabinol acetate increased in all liquids, and unknown products were also detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The ‒THC‒OAc and ‒THC‒OAc liquids were subjected to GC/MS to detect representative diluents, glycerol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol 400, but none of these were detected.

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Eight new sterols, , -epidioxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-, -dien-3β-ol (), 3β, , -trihydroxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-7, -dien--one (2), 3β, , -trihydroxy-(24S)-ergost-7-en--one (3), 3β, , , 14α-tetrahydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-7, -dien--one (4), (, 24R)-ergosta-7, -diene-3β, , , -tetrol (), , -epidioxy-3β-hydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-7, -dien--one (), , -epidioxy-3β-hydroxy-(24S)-ergost-7-en--one (7) and , -epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-3β, 7β, 14α-triol (), have been isolated from five edible mushrooms, Lentinus edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Hypsizigus marmoreus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pholiota nameko together with fifteen known ones (-23), of which two (16 and 17) are reported for the first time from a fungal source. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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The main objective of this paper is to compare safety factors obtained from Morgenstern-Price, Janbu and Spencer methods with the factors calculated from the modified variational approach (Leshchinsky and Huang, 1992a). Such comparison is essential since there is no mathematical proof that the variational analysis indeed yields a minimum and thus, physically produce significant results. The safety factors compared well, indicating the variational analysis is on a par with acceptable existing rigorous methods. Availability of a user-friendly computer code may make the variational analysis useful to practicing engineers. However, its greatest potential at the moment is in 3-D applications; i.., unlike other methods, its extension to 3-D is straightforward.

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Ten furostanol saponins were isolated as five pairs of 25R and 25S epimers from the fresh rhizomes of Polygonatum kingianum. Seven of them were identified as new compounds, (25S)-kingianoside D (2), (25S)-kingiano-side (4), (25R,)-hydroxylwattinoside (), kingianoside (7), (25S)-kingianoside (), kingianoside () and (25S)-kingianoside (10), together with three known saponins, kingianoside (), kingianoside D (3), and -hydroxylwattinoside (). The structures of the new saponins were determinded by detailed analysis of their D and 2D NMR spectra, and by comparison of the spectral data with those reported.

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