The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–1,500 μm tall). On 2% modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

抄録全体を表示

In view of the significant role of the water film effect in flow failure for a liquefied sandy deposit, the mechanism of water film generation is numerically studied based on a 1-dimensional model test. The process of water film growth and decay can be simulated to a certain extent by a simple consolidation analysis, which indicates that only a small difference in permeability in layered sand is enough for a water film to develop. A 1 G shaking table test for a two-dimensional slope model with an arc of silt within a saturated sand is then addressed to discuss the dilatancy effect exerted in sheared sand during flow failure. It is possible that, once the water film is formed, the transmission of shear stress through it is interrupted, leaving the sand below free from the dilatancy ; this eventually allows the water film to stay without being absorbed during flow failure. The result of another shaking table test for a trapezoidal slope with horizontal silt seams indicate that water films beneath the seams enable the soil mass above them to laterally flow along water films very gently inclined even after shaking. If a silt seam breaks due to excessive pressure in the water film, it triggers re-liquefaction in the upper sand and leads to further instability.

抄録全体を表示

2-Benzyl--chloro--mercapto-3 (2H)-pyridazinone (1) was heated in ethanol under reflux for 10 hours to form concurrently 2, -dibenzyldipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-1, -dithiin-1, 6 (2H, H)-dione (Ia) (57% in yield) and 2, -dibenzyldipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-1, -dithiin-1, 9 (2H, H)-dione (IIa) (14% in yield). Assignment of the two products to the corresponding structures is established by their physico-chemical constants and chemical behaviors. The concurrent formation of the dipyridazo [, - : ', '-]-1, -dithiin-1, 6 (2H, H)-dione and the -1, 9 (2H, H)-dione were observed in, not only heating -chloro--mercapto-3 (2H)-pyridazinones (1-3) in polar solvent, but warming -mercapto--chloro-3 (2H)-pyridazinones (-6) in the presence of potassium carbonate in DMF. For the interpretation of the reaction, keto-thioketo carbenes as active intermediate species and a reversible interconversion among them are suggested on the basis of the fact that there was nonexistence of an equilibrium between the two compounds, such as Ia and IIa, under the reaction condition and a trapping keto-thioketo carbene species as 2-phenylimino--benzylpyridazo [, -d]-1, 3-dithiol- (H)-one (IVa) (14% in yield) along with the major products, (Ia) and (IIa), was furnished by warming 1 with phenylisothiocyanate in the presence of triethylamine in dry benzene. On the contrary, participation of a reversible interconversion between Ia and IIa, to a considerable extent, with the concurrent formation of them in the case of benzylation of either Ib or IIb, by warming with benzylchloride in the presence of potassium carbonate in DMF at 80°, might not be neglected, because an attempted approach to an equilibrium between Ia and IIa in a similar reaction condition except the use of benzylchloride realized, whereas non-existence of an equilibrium between Ib and IIb in the similar reaction condition was observed.

抄録全体を表示

The possibility of attenuation of microseismic waves due to the presence of an upward folding of the ocean bottom into the liquid is discussed in this paper. The upward folding of the ocean bottom has been idealized by means of an irregularity in the form of a rectangle intruding into the liquid and the evaluation of the displacement component at any point of the solid medium has been carried out in two stages. First, the change in the incident mode of the surface wave due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity has been determined, and second, the subsequent change of the resulting displacement components due to the termination of the liquid layer and the step change in elevation of the solid medium at the continental margin has been discovered. Finally, numerical calculation has been made to determine the attenuation of the microseismic waves of different periods due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity at the ocean bottom.

抄録全体を表示

The performance of single pitch and multi pitch screw anchors during the application of installation torque is presented. An experimental testing program was conducted using five models of screw anchors with different geometry. The effect of the shape of the screw element, sand properties, and installation depth on the required installation torque value was examined. A theoretical model was developed from which the required installation torque value can be calculated in terms of the influencing factors. The required installation torque can be determined in terms of the ultimate uplift resistance calculated from any of the available theories. Based on the actual installation torque value measured in the field, the anticipated pullout capacity can be back calculated from the present theory. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results showed good agreement. Also, good agreement was observed when the present theoretical results were compared with the available field results reported in the literature.

抄録全体を表示

Water soluble organic compounds (WSOC) in airborne particulate matter (PM) have received considerable attention in recent years due to their abundance and their importance in atmospheric processes. The analysis of WSOC is necessary for quantifying the relative contribution of individual organic compounds to the total WSOC mass. In the present work, we evaluated the performance of a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method for the determination of WSOC in PM and compared the data with those of a conventional ultrasonic extraction (USE). The experimental results showed that the MAE method requires a shorter extraction time ( min) compared to USE. The isolated water-soluble organic fraction of PM was subsequently analyzed using ion chromatography (IC) for low molecular weight organic acids. The rapid MAE method was used in conjunction with IC for the analysis of organic acids in PM samples, collected from different sources.

抄録全体を表示

A novel ring contraction for the conversion of 2, -disubstituted 10H-dipyridazino [, - : ', '-] [1, ] thiazine-1, 6-(2H, H)-diones ('a-c) into the corresponding 2, 6-disubstituted 9H-dipyridazino [, - : ', '-d] pyrrole-1, (2H, 6H)-diones ('a-c), through a base-induced extrusion of sulfur, is described. Heating of 'a-c in dimethylformamide in the presence of potassium carbonate smoothly afforded 'a-c, respectively, in good yields, although neither 2, -dimethyl-10H-dipyridazino [, - : ', '-] [1, ] thiazine-1, 9 (2H, H)-dione ('a), nor 3, -dimethyl-10H-dipyridazino [, - : ', '-] [1, ] thiazine-, 6 (3H, H)-dione (6'a) was susceptible to similar reaction conditions. The mechanism of the ring contraction, which may involve an intermediate (anion, C^-) containing a thiirane ring, is also discussed.

抄録全体を表示

Static characteristics of two different structured InAlGaAs/InAlAs superlattice avalanche photodiodes (SLAPDs) cooled by liquid nitrogen were evaluated at a wavelength of 1. μm. The dark current of the SLAPD having a thick superlattice layer of 0.504 μm was ×10^-13 A. This was successively reduced by four orders of magnitude compared to that of the thin layer SLAPD of 0.231 μm at a breakdown voltage of around 20 V. The thickened layer was effective in suppressing tunneling dark current. An output current of 1.×10^-12 A at a bias voltage of 15 V was measured for an optical input with a wavelength of 1. μm and a signal power of 1×10^-12 W. This showed a sharp distinction from the dark current.

抄録全体を表示

The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the ^116mIn activity. Directional correlations are also measured for 818–1293 and 1097–1293 keV cascades. The M1-2 mixing ratio δ, and the 0-2 mixing ratio μ_k are obtained for 818. keV +→2₁⁺ transition to be δ=1.52−

0.22

+0.26, and μ_k≤6.1×10−

4

respectively. The

E

2 branching ratio

B

(

E

2;

2₂

+→0_g⁺):

B

(

E

2;

2₂

+→2₁⁺):

B

(

E

2;

2₂

+→0₁⁺) is determined to be 0.0158:1.0:

5

.86.

抄録全体を表示

-(2-Aminophenylthio)-3, 6-dichloropyridazine (I) on treating with dil. Hydrochloric acid or acetic acid gave 3-chloro-H-benzo[]pyridazino[, 3-][1, ]thiazine (3, -diazapheno-thiazine type) through rearrangement and cyclization. 3-Chloro-10H-benzo[]pyridazino-[3, -][1, ]thiazine (1, 2-diazaphenothiazine type) was obtained by either heating of I at 150°or treating of I with conc. hydrochloric acid through direct cyclization. The mechanism of the aforesaid reactions was discussed using a molecular orbital method. Several 1, 2-and 3, -diazaphenothiazine derivatives were synthesized.

抄録全体を表示

The phase diagrams of the Ni-Mo- and Ni-W- ternary systems in the region of less than 50mol% were constructed by thermodynamic calculation, based on the data obtained by thermodynamic measurement of the related materials. We found three ternary eutectic points and three or two ternary peritecto-eutectic points as follows:
:L (1365K, 71.mol%Ni-6.0mol%Mo-.mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1355K, 62.mol%Ni-2.mol%Mo-30.mol%)=++
:L (1445K, 42.0mol%Ni-30.6mol%Mo-10.3mol%)=(Ni)+NiMo+
P₁:L (1812K, 34.9mol%Ni-42.3mol%Mo-.mol%)+MoB=+
P₂:L (1633K, 42.3mol%Ni-40.mol%Mo-17.3mol%)+Mo=+
P₃:L (1812K, 53.mol%Ni-33.mol%Mo-12.mol%)+Mo=NiMo+
:L (1622K, 51.0mol%Ni-31.6mol%W-17.mol%)=(Ni)+W+
:L (1260K, 71.0mol%Ni-.0mol%W-.0mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1291K, 65.mol%Ni-.mol%W-29.mol%)=++
P₁:L (2115K, 23.mol%Ni-43.1mol%W-33.1mol%)+WB=+
P₂:L (1657K, 48.9mol%Ni-33.1mol%W-18.0mol%)+=W+
The calculated phase diagrams are expected to be useful for the development of new Ni-based heat-, corrosion- or wear-resistance alloys.

抄録全体を表示