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EFFECTS OF SOIL PLUG ON BEHAVIOUR OF DRIVEN PIPE PILES

松本樹典, 武井正孝

土質工学会論文報告集
1991年 31 巻 2 号 14-34
発行日: 1991/06/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.31.2_14

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Stress wave theory is applied to open-ended pipe piles to clarify the effects of soil plug on the behaviour of piles during driving and static loading. Measured field data and various numerical models are reviewed ; methods are presented to calculate wave propagation in both the pile and the soil plug ; modelling is presented which takes into account the interaction between the soil plug and the pile ; also presented is simplified method to estimate the loadsettlement relation of the pipe pile in static loading. By correlating observed and calculated values in two analytical cases, the authors demonstrate that incorporation of the soil plug (modelled as a series of masses and springs) is required to correctly predict pile behaviour during driving and static loading.
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MECHANISM FOR WATER FILM GENERATION AND LATERAL FLOW IN LIQUEFIED SAND LAYER

國生剛治

地盤工学会論文報告集
2000年 40 巻 5 号 99-111
発行日: 2000/10/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.40.5_99

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In view of the significant role of the water film effect in flow failure for a liquefied sandy deposit, the mechanism of water film generation is numerically studied based on a 1-dimensional model test. The process of water film growth and decay can be simulated to a certain extent by a simple consolidation analysis, which indicates that only a small difference in permeability in layered sand is enough for a water film to develop. A 1 G shaking table test for a two-dimensional slope model with an arc of silt within a saturated sand is then addressed to discuss the dilatancy effect exerted in sheared sand during flow failure. It is possible that, once the water film is formed, the transmission of shear stress through it is interrupted, leaving the sand below free from the dilatancy ; this eventually allows the water film to stay without being absorbed during flow failure. The result of another shaking table test for a trapezoidal slope with horizontal silt seams indicate that water films beneath the seams enable the soil mass above them to laterally flow along water films very gently inclined even after shaking. If a silt seam breaks due to excessive pressure in the water film, it triggers re-liquefaction in the upper sand and leads to further instability.
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STEREOSELECTIVE ALDOL REACTION OF A LITHIUM α-VINYL ENOLATE TO α-ALKOXY ALDEHYDES

井原正隆, 千尋正利, 福本圭一郎, 亀谷哲治

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
1984年 32 巻 1 号 373-376
発行日: 1984/01/25
公開日: 2008/03/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.32.373

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Stereoselective synthesis of the
4
,
5
-syn,
5
, 6-anti adducts (14 and 16) on the aldol condensation of the Z (O)-lithium enolate, derived from the
E
-enone (2), to α-alkoxy aldehydes (12 and 13) was proved via the successive intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction.
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GEOTECHNICAL RECONNAISSANCE STUDY ON DAMAGE CAUSED BY 2001 GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE, INDIA

東畑郁生, PRASAD S.K., 本多剛, CHANDRADHARA G.P.

地盤工学会論文報告集
2002年 42 巻 4 号 77-88
発行日: 2002/08/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.42.4_77

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The Gujarat earthquake in India occurred in January, 2001, and caused significant damage in the province of Gujarat. The Japanese Geotechnical Society sent a small reconnaissance team to the damaged region after the quake. The present text presents the report from this activity. The major attention of the team was focused on geotechnical aspects of the damage which were related to earthfill dams and harbor land fills. It was found that a significant portion of damage was concentrated in fills resting on soft natural soils. Swedish weight soundings which were conducted at two places demonstrated the existence of such a soft subsoil. From this, it was concluded that amplification of earthquake shaking as well as the permanent deformation in the soft foundation soil induced such kinds of damage as subsidence, cracking, and lateral spreading in overlying artificial fills. For the better seismic resistance of those affected fills during future earthquakes, the improvement of soft subsoil seems essential.
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DYNAMIC RESPONSES OF FLEXIBLE RECTANGULAR FOUNDATIONS EMBEDDED INTO A VISCOELASTIC HALF-SPACE TO OBLIQUELY INCIDENT WAVES

蒋通, 栗林栄一

土質工学会論文報告集
1988年 28 巻 1 号 56-64
発行日: 1988/03/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.28.56

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The boundary element method expanded in frequency domains is presented to analyze the dynamic interaction between an embedded flexible rectangular foundation and soil with consideration of the obliquely incident waves. Numerical results describing the influence of the flexibility of the foundation on the dynamic responses of the foundation due to obliquely incident waves indicate that the flexibility of actual foundations can diminish the reduction of translation responses and increase the rotational responses in the high frequency range. These phenomena are more conspicuous as the embedment ratio is larger and the value of the wave velocity ratio of the soil and the foundation approaches to unity. When the high frequency components of the input ground motion are important and the basement has higher flexibility (for example ₂v_s/₁v_s >0.
4
), the analysis method which considers the basement as a rigid foundation may lead to unsafety estimations and the estimation of the flexibility of the foundation is necessary as analysing the effective input motion with consideration of the incident waves.
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地盤構造の急変する地域での表面波の振幅異常

山田善一, 野田茂

土質工学会論文報告集
1988年 28 巻 1 号 143-152
発行日: 1988/03/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.28.143

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WAVE-INDUCED SEABED INSTABILITY : DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIQUEFACTION AND SHEAR FAILURE

善功企, /, 大山巧, TAKUMI OHYAMA

地盤工学会論文報告集
1998年 38 巻 2 号 37-47
発行日: 1998/06/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.38.2_37

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The mechanism of wave-induced instability in a permeable seabed have been studied for more than two decades. The distinction between shear failure and liquefaction, however, has not been clearly defined. This paper presents a fundamental study on the differences in two failure modes for a fully saturated seabed of both finite and infinite thickness. The wave-induced effective stresses and pore pressure, obtained from an analytical solution of Biot's pore-elastic consolidation theory, were employed to examine the failure modes under a two-dimensional plane strain condition. A case study is presented to examine the failure modes with respect to several parameters, such as excess pore pressure, seepage flow, seepage force, failure areas and stress path in the seabed. The conclusions obtained from this study were as follows ; (1) the thickness of a permeable seabed affects the pore pressure and effective stress response to ocean waves and the failure mode of the seabed, (2) either a liquefaction or shear failure, or both, occur in the seabed, even in the saturated seabed, (3) the Mohr-Coulomb's failure criterion, when combined with elastic stresses, can not be employed to estimate the liquefaction failure in the seabed, (
4
) the liquefaction can be evaluated by a criterion in terms of the excess pore pressure, (
5
) The liquefied zone in the seabed is significantly different from the shear failure zone. The shape beneath the seabed surface for the former is almost identical to the contour where the upward seepage flow is concentrated.
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EFFECT OF PRELOADING ON POST-CONSTRUCTION CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT OF SOFT CLAY SUBJECTED TO REPEATED LOADING

藤原東雄, 上俊二

土質工学会論文報告集
1990年 30 巻 1 号 76-86
発行日: 1990/03/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.30.76

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The behavior of the soft clay grounds subjected to repeated loading is different from that subjected to sustained loading. The difference in settlement between these two loading patterns should be due to secondary compression over a long period of time. Consequently, soft clay grounds subjected to repeated loading tend to be more compressible than those subjected to sustained loading. Therefore, it is necessary for engineers to predict post-construction settlements under repeated loading. In this respect, the preloading is considered to be promising as a countermeasure to reduce the settlement of clay under repeated loading as well as under sustained loading. The effect of preloading on post-construction consolidation settlement of soft clay subjected to repeated loading after removal of a part of preload is investigated in the present paper. It has become clear that the settlement of a clay sample after preconsolidation is mainly affected by the amount of preload, the degree of consolidation due to the preload, the amount of permanent load and the amount of repeated load after removal of preload. The calculated settlement versus time relations using a method to estimate the amount of consolidation settlement of soft clay grounds subjected to repeated loading after removal of preloading were compared with the observed degree of consolidation as parameters of the intensities of preload and repeated load.
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BINDING OF TOBRAMYCIN TO ESCHERICHIA COLI RIBOSOMES: CHARACTERISTICS AND EQUILIBRIUM OF THE REACTION

FRANÇOIS LE GOFFIC, FRÉDÉRIC TANGY, BERNARD MOREAU

The Journal of Antibiotics
1979年 32 巻 12 号 1288-1292
発行日: 1979年
公開日: 2006/04/12

DOI https://doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.32.1288

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A sample of [³H] tobrarnycin (
5
, 000 Ci/Mole) has been synthetized and incubated with
the bacterial ribosome and its subunits. The results obtained show that this antibiotic has
two types of binding sites. The primary one is probably responsible for the inhibition of
protein synthesis whereas the secondary one is probably related to the misreading and reading
tiirough of the messenger RNA.
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RESPONSE OF A DENSE SAND DEPOSIT DURING 1993 KUSHIR0-0KI EARTHQUAKE

井合進, 森田年一, 亀岡知弘, 松永康男, 安彦和之

土質工学会論文報告集
1995年 35 巻 1 号 115-131
発行日: 1995/03/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.35.115

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In the 1993 Kushiro-oki Earthquake of Richter magnitude
7
.
8
, simultaneous recording of earthquake motions was successfully made at the ground surface and at a depth of 77 meters in a dense saturated sand deposit. The peak horizontal acceleration was 0.47 g on the ground surface and 0.21 g at a depth of 77 meters. The acceleration record at the ground surface showed a distinctive ground response, which consisted of a cyclic motion having a period of about 1.
5
seconds overlain by a spike at each peak of the motion. In order to study the mechanism of this peculiar ground response, effective stress analysis was conducted on the dense saturated sand deposit. The model used for this study was a strain space multiple mechanism model, which takes into account the effect of principal stress axis rotation. The recorded earthquake motion at a depth of 77 meters was used as the input earthquake motion for the analysis. Sampling after in-situ freezing was done in order to evaluate the properties of the sand. The results of the analysis indicated that the observed ground response was due to the effect of dilatancy of sand, which plays a significant role in the response of the dense saturated sand deposits during strong earthquake motions.
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虚血性心臟病におけるコレステロール負荷時の血清リポ蛋白変動(第2報)

―特にアポ蛋白Eの変化について―

本間康彦, 三神美和, 佐藤美智子, 石原仁一, 吉川広, 木下栄治, 田川隆介, 星合充基, 古屋秀夫, 井出満, 田辺晃久, 玉地寛光, 兼本成斌, 友田春夫, 中谷矩章, 五島雄一郎

動脈硬化
1984年 12 巻 3 号 599-603
発行日: 1984/08/01
公開日: 2011/09/21

DOI https://doi.org/10.5551/jat1973.12.3_599

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Seven hundred fifty mg of cholesterol were fed daily to 32 patients of the ischemic heart disease (IHD) for 2 weeks. Cholesterol amounts in VLDL, LDL, HDL, HDL₂ and HDL₃ were estimated on the 0th,
7
th and 14th days of cholesterol load. Plasma apoprotein A-I, A-II,
B
, C-II,
E
levels were also measured in 16 from 32 IHD subjects. Apoprotein levels were estimated by a method of single radial immunodiffusion (SRID). Before cholesterol administration, cholesterol amounts in VLDL, LDL, HDL, HDL₂ and HDL₃ were 15.
9
±
7
.
5
mg/dl (mean±SD), 150.
9
±58.1mg/dl 43.
8
±
9
.6mg/dl, 16.
4
±
5
.
8
mg/dl and 24.
9
±6.3mg/dl respectively. Plasma apoprotein A-I, A-II,
B
, C-II and
E
levels were
81
.
7
±
22
.0 mg/dl, 15.1±
5
.
4
mg/dl,
93
.
7
±36.0mg/dl, 3.83±1.00mg/dl and
4
.29±1.36mg/dl respectively. After 2 weeks' cholesterol feeding, all plasma lipoprotein cholesterol and apoprotein levels did not change significantly. Correlation coefficients between plasma apoprotein and lipoprotein cholesterol levels were calculated. Apoprotein A-I and A-II correlated with HDL-C (r=0.348), HDL₂-C (r=0.612) and HDL₃ (r=0.569). Apoprotein
B
correlated with total cholesterol (TC) (r=0.610), VLDL-C (r=0.341), LDL-C (r=0.726), HDL-C (r=0.432) and HDL₂-C (r=0.465). Apoprotein C-II correlated with TC (r=0.765), TG (r=0.679), VLDL-C (r=0.651), LDL-C (r=0.461) and HDL₂-C (r=0.326). Apoprotein
E
correlated with TC (r=0.580), TG (r=0.575) and VLDL-C (r=0.666). Interapoprotein's correlations were also calculated. Apoprotein A-I correlated with apoprotein A-II (r=0.468). Apoprotein
B
correlated with apoprotein C-II (r=0.393). Apoprotein C-II correlated with apoprotein
B
(r=0.393) and
E
(r=0.549). Apoprotein
E
only correlated with apoprotein C-II (r=0.549).
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THE EFFECTS OF SOIL YIELDING ON SEISMIC RESPONSE OF SINGLE PILES

ALI TABESH, HARRY G. POULOS

地盤工学会論文報告集
2001年 41 巻 3 号 1-16
発行日: 2001/06/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.41.3_1

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In the seismic analysis of pile foundations the soil is often assumed to be an elastic material and the pressure at the soil pile interface is not limited during the analysis. This may result in a considerable error, as the computed pressure from an elastic analysis may go well beyond the ultimate lateral pressure of real soil. In fact, significant yielding at the soil-pile interface has been observed during real earthquakes, and also in laboratory tests. The yield zone is usually near the ground surface where the effect of inertial force due to the superstructure is higher. This yielding redefines the pile response, and in general cannot be ignored. In order to examine the effects of soil yielding on the internal pile response during earthquakes an approximate analysis is described in this paper which is an extension of a static method developed by the second author (1982) for the analysis of piles subjected to lateral soil movement. This method is then used to investigate the effects of soil yielding on the internal response of piles through a comparative study in which real earthquakes are used. It is shown that for strong earthquakes and heavily loaded piles the soil yielding may considerably increase the amount of maximum pile moment developed in the pile. A marked difference in the effects of yielding on the pile moment and shear is observed and discussed.
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DYNAMIC SOIL-PILE INTERACTION PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION USING TRANSFER FUNCTION TECHNIQUE

ABDALLAHI.HUSEIN MALKAWI, ROBERTY. LIANG

地盤工学会論文報告集
1996年 36 巻 3 号 67-74
発行日: 1996/09/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.36.3_67

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The interaction between a penetrating shaft and the surrounding soil media under impact loading is a frequently encountered phenomenon in geotechnical engineering. Examples of such dynamic soil/shaft interaction would include dynamic pile driving, standard penetration testing (SPT), and dynamic driven rod test. Presented in this paper is a novel approach, based on the principle of dynamic system identification, which enables identification of dynamic soil-pile interaction model parameters. The analytical transfer function, relating the output stress wave forms to the input stress wave forms in the soil/shaft system, is derived using the Laplace and Fourier Transform techniques and the one-dimensional wave propagation theories. A numerical solution algorithm based on a variation of gradient method is coded into a micro-computer based program to solve the frequency-dependent soil-pile interaction parameters (Smith model) : soil damping and soil spring stiffness. To further reduce the amount of computational effort required in the solution of the frequency-dependent dynamic soil properties, it is suggested that the solution be obtained for the first-mode natural frequency of the measured stress waves. The results obtained from this simplified solution algorithm, when compared with both numerical simulations and controlled laboratory tests, are reasonably acceptable. The proposed parameter identification technique offers a viable alternative data interpretation procedure for deducing pertinent Smith model parameters used frequently in pile driving analysis.
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CORRELATION OF PORE-PRESSURE
B
-VALUE WITH P-WAVE VELOCITY AND POISSON'S RATIO FOR IMPERFECTLY SATURATED SAND OR GRAVEL

國生剛治

地盤工学会論文報告集
2000年 40 巻 4 号 95-102
発行日: 2000/08/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.40.4_95

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Field data indicate that the P-wave velocity in sand or gravel is sometimes much lower than that of water, even if the soil is below the water table. It is well understood that a slight decrease in saturation normally evaluated by the
B
-value has a significant effect on undrained shear behavior like liquefaction of saturated soil. In the first part of this research, theoretical formulations of the
B
-value, P-wave velocity and Poisson's ratio are made by taking into account the decrease in bulk modulus of water due to a mixture of air bubbles. Then, computations are carried out using formulas based on the soil properties of a typical sand or gravelly soils and Masa soil from the Kobe area to make charts correlating the variables. These charts indicate that a small decrement in the
B
-value in the interval of
B
=1.0 to 0.
8
will considerably decrease the P-wave velocity. Thus, the P-wave velocity which is easily measured in the field can serve as a convenient index to quantitatively evaluate the insitu soil
B
-value.
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電子タバコ用リキッドに含有される
Δ⁹
-および
Δ⁸
-テトラヒドロカンナビノールアセテートの保存時における安定性（第1報）

東坂諒哉, 城克己, 林侑加子, 津村ゆかり

日本法科学技術学会誌
2023年 28 巻 2 号 197-203
発行日: 2023年
公開日: 2023/07/31
[早期公開] 公開日: 2023/04/20

DOI https://doi.org/10.3408/jafst.849

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The stability of
Δ⁹
‒tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (
Δ⁹
‒THC‒OAc) and
Δ⁸
‒tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (
Δ⁸
‒THC‒OAc) in
e
-liquid during storage was investigated.
Δ⁹
‒THC‒OAc liquids in cartridges were stored at 80℃ or 30℃ for 28 days. The relative concentrations of cannabinoids in the liquids were measured by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection.
Δ⁹
‒THC‒OAc decreased during storage at either temperature.
Δ⁹
‒THC, a minor impurity, also decreased.
Δ⁸
‒THC‒OAc liquid in a cartridge was stored at 80℃ for 57 days. The concentration of
Δ⁸
‒THC‒OAc and
Δ⁸
‒THC, a minor impurity, did not change during that time. Cannabinol acetate increased in all liquids, and unknown products were also detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The
Δ⁹
‒THC‒OAc and
Δ⁸
‒THC‒OAc liquids were subjected to GC/MS to detect representative diluents, glycerol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol 400, but none of these were detected.

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Syntheses of 6, 6a,
7
,
8
,
9
, 10, 10a, 11-Octahydro-11-oxodibenz [
b
,
e
] oxepins and 6, 6a,
7
,
8
,
9
, 10, 10a, 11-Octahydro-11-oxodibenzo [
b
,
e
] thiepins

黒川美貴雄, 吉田耕治, 永井保嵩, 宇野準

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
1983年 31 巻 12 号 4312-4318
発行日: 1983/12/25
公開日: 2008/03/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.31.4312

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Two new partially saturated tricyclic ring systems, 6, 6a,
7
,
8
,
9
, 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenz [
b
,
e
] oxepins (3a and 3
b
), and -thiepins (
4
a and
4
b
) were synthesized. Compounds
4
a and
4
b
were desulfurized to give a pair of isomeric 2-methylbenzoylcyclohexanes (10a and 10
b
). Deuterated
4
a and
4
b
(11a and 11
b
) were prepared starting from butadiene-d₆ (12). The stereochemical features of 3a (trans), 3
b
(cis),
4
a (trans) and
4
b
(cis) are compared with those of 10a, 10
b
, 11a and 11
b
on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance data.
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HAVE DEOXYSTREPTAMINE AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS THE SAME BINDING SITE ON BACTERIAL RIBOSOMES?

FRANÇOIS LE GOFFIC, MARIE-LOUISE CAPMAU, ERÉDÉRIC TANGY, ELIANE CAMINADE

The Journal of Antibiotics
1980年 33 巻 8 号 895-899
発行日: 1980年
公開日: 2006/04/12

DOI https://doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.33.895

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(³H) Tobramycin was used as a probe to determine the relationship between the structure of aminoglycoside antibiotics and their ability to remove this drug from its higher affinity binding site on the ribosome. The dissacharide moieties (neamine, tobramine, gentamine) appeared to have a common binding site, whereas the kanosamine, garosamine and ribose moieties determined the specificity of this binding. Amikacin and butikacin behaved in an anomalous manner in spite of their close structural relationship to tobramycin.
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REPETITIVE LIQUEFACTION AT A GRAVELLY SITE AND LIQUEFACTION IN OVERCONSOLIDATED SANDS

LIVIO SIROVICH

地盤工学会論文報告集
1996年 36 巻 4 号 23-34
発行日: 1996/12/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.36.4_23

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Repetitive liquefactions in angular and subangular gravels from an alluvial fan, in the case of two earthquakes with accelerations lower than that of a former which had caused liquefaction some months before, are described. The liquefaction took place from the surface, down to a depth of approximately 10 m. Water laden with sediments spouted out for some tens of minutes after the strong motion ceased. Knowledge of the grain size distribution of the sediments inside the body of the alluvial fan roughly defines the areas of the fan prone to future liquefaction. Non-repetitive liquefaction in overconsolidated fine fluvio-lacustrine sand of glacial origin at the unusual depth of 14 m to 16 m is also described. From the observation of sand lifted up for 10 m inside a large diameter well, and of that which spouted out from several microvents, it was estimated that extra-pore pressure was close to lithostatic conditions. Nevertheless, modeling of intrinsic pore pressure buildup on the DESRA2 programme gives lower values than the experimental one. Geotechnical characteristics of the 12 m-thick sandy stratum indicate that the upper part is unusually soft, either due to water circulation or past repetitive liquefactions which prevented reconsolidation. It is suggested that excess pore pressure generated by the earthquake was also due to redistribution of pressure from adjacent sediments.
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COMPARATIVE STUDY ON STATIC AND DYNAMIC SLIDING BEHAVIORS OF SLOPES BASED ON SMALL AND LARGE DEFORMATION THEORIES

/ 鵜飼恵三, KEIZO UGAI

地盤工学会論文報告集
1998年 38 巻 3 号 201-207
発行日: 1998/09/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.38.3_201

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A comparative study of the static and dynamic response of a slope is carried out, using the large deformation theory of the updated Lagrangian formulation and the conventional infinitesimal theory. In the static analysis, a strength reduction method proposed by one of the authors is used to evaluate the safety factor of the slope. It is found that by the large deformation theory, the safety factor is larger than that calculated by the infinitesimal theory, and this difference becomes large along with the reduction of elastic modulus. In the dynamic analysis, it is observed that the large deformation theory gives smaller sliding displacement and larger response acceleration than the infinitesimal approach. It is concluded that in many cases the large deformation approach gives more adequate solutions.
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PREDICTION METHOD ON DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF CAISSON-TYPE SEAWALLS COVERED WITH ARMORED EMBANKMENT ON MAN-MADE ISLANDS DURING EARTHQUAKES

金谷守, 河井正, 栃木均

地盤工学会論文報告集
2001年 41 巻 6 号 79-96
発行日: 2001/12/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.41.6_79

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In this paper, centrifuge shaking table tests were conducted in order to understand the performance of seawalls during a seismic event. The model tests showed that the displacement of the caisson was much affected by the seaward shear deformation of the sand seabed beneath it during shaking. It was also confirmed that an armored embankment played an important role in the displacement of the caisson during shaking. Based on these test results, a two-dimensional DEM-FEM coupled analysis method was newly developed to numerically predict the deformation of seawalls covered with armored embankments during earthquakes. The movements of the armor units were calculated by DE analysis and deformations of the caisson, rubble mound, sand seabed and backfill were calculated by FE analysis considering the non-linearity of the soil materials based on the effective stress. Dynamic interaction was taken into account by delivering the nodal displacements of the finite elements or the nodal forces converted from the contact forces through the imaginary distinct elements defined at the boundaries between the DE and FE domain. The applicability of this method to the prediction of the deformation of seawalls was verified through numerical simulations of the centrifuge model test.
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