The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–1,500 μm tall). On 2% modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

抄録全体を表示

The phase diagrams of the Ni-Mo- and Ni-W- ternary systems in the region of less than 50mol% were constructed by thermodynamic calculation, based on the data obtained by thermodynamic measurement of the related materials. We found three ternary eutectic points and three or two ternary peritecto-eutectic points as follows:
:L (1365K, 71.mol%Ni-6.mol%Mo-.mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1355K, 62.mol%Ni-2.mol%Mo-30.mol%)=++
:L (1445K, 42.mol%Ni-30.6mol%Mo-10.mol%)=(Ni)+NiMo+
P₁:L (1812K, 34.mol%Ni-42.mol%Mo-.mol%)+MoB=+
P₂:L (1633K, 42.mol%Ni-40.mol%Mo-17.mol%)+Mo=+
:L (1812K, 53.mol%Ni-33.mol%Mo-12.mol%)+Mo=NiMo+
:L (1622K, 51.mol%Ni-31.6mol%W-17.mol%)=(Ni)+W+
:L (1260K, 71.mol%Ni-.mol%W-.mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1291K, 65.mol%Ni-.mol%W-29.mol%)=++
P₁:L (2115K, 23.mol%Ni-43.1mol%W-33.1mol%)+WB=+
P₂:L (1657K, 48.mol%Ni-33.1mol%W-18.mol%)+=W+
The calculated phase diagrams are expected to be useful for the development of new Ni-based heat-, corrosion- or wear-resistance alloys.

抄録全体を表示

Background

The differences in conditions of enteric-coated acid-labile drug release and absorption between healthy subjects in bioequivalence studies and gastrointestinal patients in clinical practice can lead to significant differences in gastric stability of original PPIs and generics. Thus, pathologic duodenogastric reflux (PDGR) and the pH increasing within PPIs administration still remain unaccounted for.

Methods

Two-stage modified comparative dissolution testing of original omeprazole (OO) and four generics (G1;2;

;) was performed. At first, we moved drugs from solution with pH 1.2 (1.2±.05) to pH . (.±.05) and measure concentration of omeprazole in solution by high-performance liquid chromatography. According to our self-developed formula, pH exposure time of resistance to PDGR for omeprazole is minutes, i.. the active substance should not be released within minutes at pH . The exposure at the second stage was conducted with pH (.±.05), that imitated gastric pH after PPI administration. And then we also moved drugs to pH with the subsequent measurement of omeprazole concentration.

Results

Omeprazole concentrations after

, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 minutes in pH solution at the first stage were different for OO and generics. For OO, these values were ,±,%; 41,±,%; 62,±,%; 79,±2,%; 83,±2,%; 81,6±2,%; ,6±,%; for Generic1 - ; 49,±,%; , ±2,%; 90,±,%; , 2±2,2%; 87,±2,%; ,±1,1%; for Generic2 - ; 30,6±6,%; 66,±,2%; 76,±,%; 82,±,%; 86,±,%; 84,6±,%: for Generic - ,±,6%; 83,±1,%; 83, ±,2%; 83,±2,%; 81,±2,1%; 82,1±2,%; 82,±2,%; for Generic - 82,±1,%; 84,±,%; 84,2±1,2%; 82, ±,%; 82,±,%; 82,±,%; 82,±1,1%, respectively.

An analysis of the omeprazole concentration in pH

solution at the second stage revealed the following parameters after the same time: for OO - ,±,6%; 40, ±,%; 62,±2,%; ,±,1%; ,±2,%; 82,±,%; ,±,%; for Generic1 - ; 67,±,%; 89,±2,%; 91, ±,%; 89,1±1,6%; ,±1,%; 87,±1,2%; for Generic2 - ; 42,2±,6%; 75,1±,%; 81,±6,%; ,±,2%; , 6±1,%; 87,±1,%; for Generic - ,±,%; ,6±,%; 84,±,%; 82,±,%; 84,±,%; 84,±,%; 84,±,%, respectively. Generic release and degradation were completely realized at pH .

Conclusion

Decreased gastric stability of Generic

and Generic makes PDGR and inhibited gastric acid secretion due to PPIs administration the potential causes of decreased enteric-coated acid-labile drugs stability.

抄録全体を表示

One method currently being considered for the disposal of high level radio-active waste is burial in the seabed. When a hot object is buried in soil, the temperature of the soil adjacent to the object is raised and there is transient heat flow away from the object. The rise in the temperature of the soil causes excess pore pressures to be generated and transient pore water diffusion also takes place. A finite element formulation of the coupled heat flow and consolidation problem is presented. The computer implementation of this formulation is found to compare favourably with analytical solutions based on the same physical principles.

抄録全体を表示

Adenomatous hyperplasia (AH) 例 (14病変), 肝細胞癌を内包するAH 例 (28病巣) および境界病巣10例 (12病巣) 計41例 (54病巣) について, 各種画像診断法における有病正診率を検討した. 全病変及び癌を内包するAHの正診率は各々術中超音波; 70%, %, 門脈CT; 58%, 71%,; 術前超音波; 44%, 64%, 肝動脈CT; 38%, 50%, CT; 33%, 58%, 血管造影; 17%, 31%, Lipiodol-CT; %, 25%の順で癌病巣を内包する病変の方が正診率が高かつた. 血管造影で腫瘍濃染のみられた例 (17%) はすべて癌を内包するAHであつた. 54病変の平均径は1.2cmと小さく35例 (%) に肝硬変が併存していた. 肝動脈塞栓療法で壊死を呈した "癌を内包するAH" は1例もみられなかつた.

抄録全体を表示

Activity-directed isolation of the ethyl acetate, methylene chloride and n-hexane fractions of Gloiopeltis furcata resulted in the isolation of 18 compounds. Their structures were elucidated as 2-(-hydroxy--oxotetrahydrofuran--yl)acetic acid (1), glutaric acid (2), succinic acid (), nicotinic acid (), ()--hydroxyhex-2-enoic acid (), cholesterol (6), -hydroxycholesterol (), uridine (), glycerol (), -(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxybenzene-1,-diol (10), (,)--oxodeca-,-dienoic acid (11), (Z)--ethylidene--methylpyrrolidine-2,-dione (12), dehydrovomifoliol (13), loliolide (14), cholesteryl stearate (15), palmitic acid (16), cis-,,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (17) and α-linolenic acid (18) on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidences. Their anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities were evaluated via inhibitory activities on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) as well as scavenging activities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻). All isolated compounds (1—18) exhibited moderate AChE inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values ranging from 1.14—12.50 μg/ml, whereas 1, , , 17, and 18 showed mild BChE inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values ranging from .57—15.89 μg/ml. Although most of the compounds isolated were lacking the scavenging activity on DPPH radical and ONOO⁻, and 10 showed good DPPH radical scavenging activity, and , 10, and 16 showed potent ONOO⁻ scavenging activity.

抄録全体を表示

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in 95 (.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), bla_CMY-2 (

22

), blaCTX-M-

3

(16), bla_CTX-M-1 (15), bla_OXA-1 (

9

) and bla_SHV-12 (

3

) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group A₁ (35.

8

%), followed by group D₂ (

22

.1%),

B

1 (15.

8

%), D₁ (

9

.

5

%),

A₀

(

7

.

4

%),

B2₂

(

5

.

3

%) and

B2₃

(

4

.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(6’)-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qnrB10 were detected in 25.

3

, 10.

5

and 1.1% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.

0

% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

抄録全体を表示

It has been shown after mathematical and mechanical investigation that Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) can be considered as a method to obtain the necessary condition of Slip Line Method (SLM), and that the solution can be obtained under the condition that F_s=1 and ∂F_s/∂θ=O, where F_s is the safety factor and θ is the inclination of the plane on which the safety factor is defined. Next, the generalized LEM (GLEM) is proposed, dealing with the following points : (1) Triangular or quadrangular blocks can be treated; (2) Safety factors are defined also on interblock planes; and () All types of plastic problems, slope stability, bearing capacity, and earth pressure are identically formulated. Two situations regarding treatment of the moment equilibrium condition are discussed. GLEM is applied to well-known problems. The results agree well with those obtained by theoretical methods. GLEM can be used to obtain the distribution of earth pressure or bearing capacity. GLEM, Iike ordinary LEM, is very effective for the practical problems, but GLEM is more theoretical and it can result in more accurate solutions.

抄録全体を表示

This paper outlines a mathematical description of the stress dilatancy behaviour of granular materials which accounts for stress level and void ratio dependencies. The consideration of these aspects has important implications in the modelling of granular material behaviour. In fact, granular material mechanical response is largely dominated by the evolution of dilatancy, fabric and void ratio histories. The starting point in this study is the well established Rowe's theory which is revisited and ultimately modified by introducing a factor linked to governing state parameters in order to describe the complete behaviour of granular materials during deformation. Numerical simulations of triaxial tests on granular materials at different void ratios and stress levels are herein presented to illustrate the model.

抄録全体を表示

A single specimen of an engraulid fish, Encrasicholina devisi (Whitley, 1940) as collected from Uchinoura Bay, Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Japan, in January 011. The previously reported northernmost record of the species being as Taiwan, the agoshima specimen is described here as the northernmost (and first Japanese) record nown of

E

. devisi. Although the species is similar to

E

. heteroloba in having the maxilla osteriorly reaching to the subopercle, differences between the species have been unclear, ue to a lack of detailed comparisons. Comparisons of

E

. devisi with

E

. heteroloba based n 29 and 32 specimens, respectively, from the Indo-West Pacific revealed the former to ave unbranched rays in the dorsal and anal fins [vs. 2 or (rarely) 1 in

E

. heteroloba]. ncrasicholina devisi also differs from

E

. heteroloba in having relatively fewer gill rakers: 6–46 (mode 40) on the first gill arch [vs. 44–51 (46)], 30–37 (34) on the second gill rch [vs. 33–42 (38–40)], 15– (19) on the fourth gill arch [vs. 19–25 (21)] and – (6) n the posterior face of the third gill arch [vs. – ()]. Morphometrically,

E

. devisi is eparable from

E

. heteroloba in head length [25.–27.% (mean 26.%) of standard length s. .–25.% (24.%)], first unbranched dorsal-fin ray length [.–1.% (1.%) vs. .1– .% (.6%)], second unbranched dorsal-fin ray length [.–.% (6.%) vs. 12.–15.2% 13.%)], first unbranched anal-fin ray length [.–2.1% (1.%) vs. 2.–.% (.6%)] and econd unbranched dorsal-fin ray length [2.–.% (.%) vs. .–11.% (.6%)], and in aving the third or fourth soft ray in the dorsal fin longest (vs. second to fourth), and third o fifth soft ray in the anal fin longest (vs. second or third).

抄録全体を表示

We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MCT-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MCT-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-,-diene-,,6β-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MCT-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MCT-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (), cholesta-,,6β-triol (), -dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol (6) were tested. The enzyme activities of MCT-1 cells were increased .-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.-fold by 10 μM . However, 2, , and 6 did not induce MCT-1 cell ALP activity at .1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C- and/or C-6 of 1 and played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MCT-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MCT-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

抄録全体を表示

This paper reports the total lipid content, lipid class composition, and fatty acid composition of the krill Euphausia pacifica collected in the northwestern Pacific Ocean near Funka Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. The krill were caught in spring, summer, and winter in three consecutive years, 2000-2002. Lipid content of the

E

. pacifica samples was ranged from .1 to 11.6% on the basis of dry weight. Major lipid classes determined for the samples of 2002 were triacylglycerols (TAG) (.-27.%), free fatty acids (FFA) (6.-.2%), sterols (.-12.%), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) (.-17.%), and phosphatidylcholines (PC) (36.2-53.%). All of the samples subjected to fatty acid analysis were high in 16: (19.-24.% of total fatty acids), 18:1n- (.-10.%), 18:1n- (6.-.1%), 20:n- (IPA) (15.-24.%), and :6n- (DHA) (.-20.%). The lipids of

E

. pacifica were found to be generally rich in PC and in IPA and DHA. Lipid content and proportion of TAG were higher in the spring samples than in the summer samples. The summer samples were higher in the concentration of DHA in total fatty acids.

抄録全体を表示

The performance of single pitch and multi pitch screw anchors during the application of installation torque is presented. An experimental testing program was conducted using five models of screw anchors with different geometry. The effect of the shape of the screw element, sand properties, and installation depth on the required installation torque value was examined. A theoretical model was developed from which the required installation torque value can be calculated in terms of the influencing factors. The required installation torque can be determined in terms of the ultimate uplift resistance calculated from any of the available theories. Based on the actual installation torque value measured in the field, the anticipated pullout capacity can be back calculated from the present theory. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results showed good agreement. Also, good agreement was observed when the present theoretical results were compared with the available field results reported in the literature.

抄録全体を表示

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if the optical properties of zirconia and glass–ceramic (

.max) were affected by low-temperature degradation (aging).

Methods: Experiment samples were fabricated with seven zirconia brands (n=10): Zenostar, Zirlux, Katana, Bruxzir, DD-BioZX², DD-cubeX², NexxZr; and

.max were used as a control. This resulted in a total of samples in the experiment. The L*, a* and * were measured for each sample, and then the optical properties including translucency parameter (TP), contrast ratio (CR), and opalescence parameter (OP) were calculated. The samples were aged (20, 40, 60, , 100h), and the optical properties were calculated after each interval.

Results: Most zirconia brands had lower L*, higher a*, higher

* with increased aging, which visually corresponds to darker, redder, and more yellow. Aging also increased CR, lowered TP, and lowered OP. .max was also affected by aging but still had the highest TP (23.±2.), L* (81.±.), and lowest CR (.41±.05) compared to any zirconia. The Zenostar had the closest TP (24.1±.), and L* (90.2±.) values to .max before aging. However, after 100h of aging, the DD-cubeX² was least effected and had the highest TP (.2±.6) and lowest CR (.43±.01) compared with other zirconia samples and highest OP (11.±.2) of all ceramic samples.

Conclusions: The optical properties of zirconia and

.max materials were affected by aging with the effects increasing with time. The magnitude of change was affected by seven brands of dental zirconia.

抄録全体を表示

Eight new sterols, , -epidioxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-6, -dien--ol (1), , , -trihydroxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-, -dien-6-one (2), , , -trihydroxy-(24S)-ergost--en-6-one (), , , , 14α-tetrahydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -dien-6-one (), (, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-, , 6α, -tetrol (), , -epidioxy--hydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -dien-6-one (6), , -epidioxy--hydroxy-(24S)-ergost--en-6-one () and , 6α-epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-, , 14α-triol (), have been isolated from five edible mushrooms, Lentinus edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Hypsizigus marmoreus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pholiota nameko together with fifteen known ones (-23), of which two (16 and 17) are reported for the first time from a fungal source. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

抄録全体を表示

N-n-ヘキシル-マレイミド (I), N-シクロヘキシル-マレイミド (II), N-ベンジル-マレイミド (III) の単独重合, 共重合をアゾビスイソブチロニトリル (IV) を開始剤としてテトラヒドロフラン中, 60℃で行った. 単独重合の初速度 (R_p) はR_p=k [I]

2.5

[IV]

0.80

, R_p=>k [II]

2.8

[IV]

0.80

, R_p=>k [III]

2.7

[IV]

0.54

となった. kは速度定数である. 全重合の活性化エネルギー (

E

), 頻度係数 (A) は

E

=

22

.

8

kcal/mol (I),

22

.2kcal/mol (II), 24.1kcal/mol (III), A=

9

.

5

×10¹¹ (I), 6.

4

×10¹¹ (II), 6.6×10¹² (III) となった. またN-置換マレイミドとメタクリル酸メチル (V) との共重合におけるモノマー反応性比r₁, r₂およびQ,

e

値を次のように決定した. I (M₁) -V (M₂) 系でr₁=

0

.17, r₂=2.02, Q₁=

0

.56,

e₁

=1.43, II (M₁) -V (M₂) 系でr₁=

0

.13, r₂=2.29, Q₁=

0

.50,

e₁

=1.50, III (M₁) -V (M₂) 系でr₁=

0

.14, r₂=1.54, Q₁=

0

.79,

e₁

=1.63となった.

抄録全体を表示