It has been shown after mathematical and mechanical investigation that Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) can be considered as a method to obtain the necessary condition of Slip Line Method (SLM), and that the solution can be obtained under the condition that F_s= and ∂F_s/∂θ=O, where F_s is the safety factor and θ is the inclination of the plane on which the safety factor is defined. Next, the generalized LEM (GLEM) is proposed, dealing with the following points : () Triangular or quadrangular blocks can be treated; () Safety factors are defined also on interblock planes; and () All types of plastic problems, slope stability, bearing capacity, and earth pressure are identically formulated. Two situations regarding treatment of the moment equilibrium condition are discussed. GLEM is applied to well-known problems. The results agree well with those obtained by theoretical methods. GLEM can be used to obtain the distribution of earth pressure or bearing capacity. GLEM, Iike ordinary LEM, is very effective for the practical problems, but GLEM is more theoretical and it can result in more accurate solutions.

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The performance of single pitch and multi pitch screw anchors during the application of installation torque is presented. An experimental testing program was conducted using five models of screw anchors with different geometry. The effect of the shape of the screw element, sand properties, and installation depth on the required installation torque value was examined. A theoretical model was developed from which the required installation torque value can be calculated in terms of the influencing factors. The required installation torque can be determined in terms of the ultimate uplift resistance calculated from any of the available theories. Based on the actual installation torque value measured in the field, the anticipated pullout capacity can be back calculated from the present theory. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results showed good agreement. Also, good agreement was observed when the present theoretical results were compared with the available field results reported in the literature.

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The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–

,500 μm tall). On % modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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Static characteristics of two different structured InAlGaAs/InAlAs superlattice avalanche photodiodes (SLAPDs) cooled by liquid nitrogen were evaluated at a wavelength of . μm. The dark current of the SLAPD having a thick superlattice layer of 0.504 μm was ×10^-13 A. This was successively reduced by four orders of magnitude compared to that of the thin layer SLAPD of 0.231 μm at a breakdown voltage of around 20 V. The thickened layer was effective in suppressing tunneling dark current. An output current of .×10^-12 A at a bias voltage of 15 V was measured for an optical input with a wavelength of . μm and a signal power of ×10^-12 W. This showed a sharp distinction from the dark current.

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The possibility of attenuation of microseismic waves due to the presence of an upward folding of the ocean bottom into the liquid is discussed in this paper. The upward folding of the ocean bottom has been idealized by means of an irregularity in the form of a rectangle intruding into the liquid and the evaluation of the displacement component at any point of the solid medium has been carried out in two stages. First, the change in the incident mode of the surface wave due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity has been determined, and second, the subsequent change of the resulting displacement components due to the termination of the liquid layer and the step change in elevation of the solid medium at the continental margin has been discovered. Finally, numerical calculation has been made to determine the attenuation of the microseismic waves of different periods due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity at the ocean bottom.

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Plate anchors are the popular type of anchors used in civil engineering construction both on land and offshore. In this paper, the uplift capacity of plate anchor in a sloped clayey ground has been brought out with the help of an experimental programme, carried out on a 50mm diameter model plate anchor. The tests have been conducted at slopes of O°, 15°, 30°and 45°. From the test results, it is found that in the case of shallow anchor, as the slope is increasing from O°to 45°, there seems to be a reduction in uplift capacity. Simple expressions are suggested to arrive at the uplift capacities in sloped ground. The mechanisms involved in the reduction of capacity with slope are explained based on the observed behaviour.

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Laboratory model test results for the holding capacity of inclined shallow square plate anchors in clay (φ=0 concept) have been presented. The inclination of the anchor with respect to the horizontal was varied from zero to °. Based on the model study, an empirical relationship for estimating the ultimate holding capacity of the anchors has been presented.

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A biosynthetic pathway for (

)-methyl cinnamate formation was evaluated in Tricholoma matsutake by tracer experiments using ¹³C- and

2H

-labeled precursors. One hundred percent selective ¹³C incorporation was observed when L-[

1

,

2

,

3

,

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

, ^15/N]phenylalanine was converted to (

E

)-[

1

,

2

,

3

,

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]cinnamate and (

E

)-[

1

,

2

,

3

,

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]methyl cinnamate. Similarly, 100% selective ¹³C incorporation was observed when (

E

)-[

1

,

2

,

3

,

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]cinnamate was converted to (

E

)-[

1

,

2

,

3

,

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,

8

,

9

-

13C₉

]methyl cinnamate. In contrast, the

2H

incorporation selectivities were

82

.

1

% and

81

.

4

% when L-[

2

,

3

,

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,

7

,

8

-

2H₈

]phenylalanine was converted to (

E

)-[

2

,

3

,

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,

8

-

2H₇

]cinnamate and (

E

)-[

2

,

3

,

4

,

5

,

6

,

7

,

8

-

2H₇

]methyl cinnamate, respectively. Thus, T. matsutake synthesizes (

E

)-methyl cinnamate from L-phenylalanine via (

E

)-cinnamate. (

E

)-cinnamate was likely formed through two pathways: one was major and the other was a minor.

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The saponin fraction from the seeds of the tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. KUNTZE (Theaceae)] was found to exhibit potent protective effects on ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Five new triterpene saponins, theasaponins (), (), (), (), and (), were isolated together with 11 known saponins from the saponin fraction. The chemical structures of — were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Among the isolated saponins, theasaponins (), (), and () and assamsaponin C (10) showed an inhibitory effect on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions at a dose of .0 mg/kg, p.o. and their activities were stronger than that of omeplazole. With regard to the structure–activity relationships of theasaponins, the following structural requirements for a protective effect on ethanol-induced gastric lesions were suggested; ) the 21- and/or -acyl groups are essential for the activity, ) acetylation of the 16-hydroxyl group reduce the activity.

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Circuit techniques to enhance the linearity of input-voltage-to-current (V/I) conversion and to increase the output impedance of a current source by compensating for the low intrinsic gain of a transistor were introduced to realize a high-frequency operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) for a low supply voltage using sub-100-nm CMOS processes. Applying these techniques, a MOS th-order Gm-C linear-phase low-pass filter (LPF) was realized using a 65nm CMOS process. A simplified biquad LPF that can serve as a component of a th-order LPF was newly developed by replacing OTAs with resistors. As a result, the -dB frequency bandwidth, group delay ripple, rd-order distortion, and rd-order input intercept point (IIP) were 200MHz, .%, ≤ -55dB with a 100MHz input, and +10.dBm, respectively, all with a ±0.Vp-p input signal at each input terminal in the pseudodifferential configuration. The LPF including an output buffer dissipated 60mW in the case of a .V supply. Wide spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) characteristics were confirmed up to high frequencies.

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